Name : Ulisses Odinelau Bento Tomas Sekundja

Student Number: 231590986

Group: DF

Date: 13/08/2024

Qualification: Dip (Electrical Engineering)

Subject Name: Control systems (CNS216D)

Experiment/Practical Work Heading: Experiment 2.

Lecturer : S HLUNGULU
Table of Contents

1. DESCRIPTION: .................................................................................................................................................3

2. PURPOSE/AIM: ......................................................................................................................................................3

3.1. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT: .......................................................................................................................3

3.2. METHODS: ..........................................................................................................................................................3

3.3. LAB: .......................................................................................................................................................................4

[Link] AND CONCLUSION: ....................................................................................................................15

5. REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................15

2
1. DESCRIPTION:

In the current task, we investigated how to analyze and develop control systems using
MATLAB and the Symbolic Math Toolbox. In the context of control systems, the
experiment was created to provide students with the basic ideas of Laplace transforms,
transfer functions, poles, zeros, and system reactions (step and impulse)

2. PURPOSE/AIM:

This experiment's main goals was to:

-Learn how to handle control system-related problems with MATLAB and its
toolboxes.
-Gain a deeper comprehension of system behavior by analyzing gain, zero, and pole
values.
-Use step and impulse response techniques to analyze the dynamic response of
control systems, paying special attention to systems with unity feedback.

3. EXPERIMENT OR PRACTICAL WORK DESIGN:

3.1. EXPERIMENTAL EQUIPMENT:

• MATLAB
• Control System Toolbox

3.2. METHODS:

Before starting the lab, familiarize yourself with MATLAB commands, especially those
related to control systems and polynomial manipulations.

3
3.3. LAB:

1- Obtain the poles, zeros and gain values for the transfer function:

𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 3
𝐺(𝑠) =
(𝑠 + 5)(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 7)

MATLAB Code:

num = [1 4 3];

den = conv([1 5], [1 4 7]);

G = tf(num, den);

disp(G)

zeros = zero(G);

poles = pole(G);

gain = dcgain(G);

disp("Zeros:");

disp(zeros);

disp("Poles:");

disp(poles);

disp("Gain:");

disp(gain);

4
Results:

2-Obtain the pole zero plot of the function above:

MATLAB Code:

num = [1 4 3];

den = conv([1 5], [1 4 7]);

pzmap(num, den)

5
Results:

3- Verify your results theoretically from 2. And discuss the significance of a transfer
function:

A mathematical tool that connects the input and output of a system in the Laplace
domain is called a transfer function. It is necessary to comprehend frequency response,
analyze system behavior, and establish stability using poles and zeros. Transfer
functions help with control system design and feedback analysis by breaking down large
systems into smaller, more manageable components. They are essential for creating
reliable and effective systems and enable the prediction of system performance.

6
4- Obtain step response of a unity feedback system having forward path transfer
function of 𝐺(𝑠):

1
G(s) =
𝑠+1

MATLAB Code:

syms s

G=tf ([1],[1 1])

step(G)

Results:

7
5-Obtain impulse response of a unity feedback system having forward path transfer
1
function of 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝑠+9

MATLAB Code:

syms s

G=tf ([1],[1 9])

impulse(G)

Results:

8
6. Obtain step and impulse response of the following systems with unity feedback
connection. Also verify your result theoretically

1 1
G(s) = ; G(s) =
𝑠+11 𝑠+2
Matlab code:
syms s

G_1=tf ([1],[1 11])

G_2=tf([1],[1 2])

H= 1

sys= feedback(G_1*G_2,H)

impulse(sys)

% after getting the graph change the impulse(sys) for step(sys)

Results:

9
10
7. Explain why a series RL circuit with high inductance has a slow response?

The reason behind the slow response of a series RL circuit with high inductance is that
the inductor resists changes in current. The current rises gradually because the inductor
produces a magnetic field that opposes any abrupt changes in current. A slower overall
response is the result of the current taking longer to reach its maximum value when the
inductance is bigger.

8. Obtain step response of a unity feedback system having forward path transfer
1
function of G(s) =
(𝑠 2 +4𝑠+7)
Matlab code:

G= tf ([1] , [1 4 7])

H= 1

sys= feedback(G , 1)

step(sys)

Results:

11
9. Obtain impulse response of a unity feedback system having forward path transfer
1
function G(s) =
(𝑠 2 +4𝑠+7)

10. Explain the following: What is the rise time of a second order system. Derive its
expression for unity feedback second order system. Why is less overshoot desired for a
practical control system?

12
[Link] for the loop currents in the figure bellow.

Matlab code:
syms s I1 I2 I3 V

%V = IZ

%A = V

%B = I

%C = Z

%I = V/Z, B = A/C

A = [V;0;0]

B = [I1;I2;I3]

C = [(7+1*s+0.2*s^-1) (-2-s) -5; (-2-s) (4+2*s+0.33*s^-1) (-2-s); -5 (-2-s) (8+1*s+0.25*s^-

1)]

B = inv(C)*A

pretty(B)

13
Results:

14
[Link] AND CONCLUSION:
The experiment clearly demonstrated the importance of system responses, poles,
zeros, and transfer functions in control system analysis and design. For the purpose
of simulating and displaying these ideas, MATLAB proved to be an important tool
that helped to clarify the dynamic behavior of the system.

Important outcomes from the experiment include:

• A system's response and stability are directly impacted by the positions of its
poles and zeros.
• Step and impulse responses are useful tools for analyzing unity feedback
systems to evaluate their performance.
• Slower response times in RL circuits are caused by high inductance, which is
an important factor to consider while designing circuits.
• Reducing overshoot in second-order systems is essential to maintaining
steady controlled performance.
• The experiment highlighted the real-world applications of theoretical ideas
while offering a strong basis in control system analysis.

5. REFERENCES

• MATLAB Documentation. Available at:

[Link]
• Control System Toolbox Documentation. Available at:
[Link]
• K. Ogata, Modern Control Engineering, Prentice Hall, 2010.
• R. C. Dorf and R. H. Bishop, Modern Control Systems, Prentice Hall, 2011.

15
 Criteria (4) Excellent (3) Exceeds minimum (2) Meets minimum (1) Does not meet (Mark) Weight / Result
requirements requirements minimum 25 (Mark x
requirements weight)
Description: Excellent, original Very good, interesting, Average, superficial; Below average, thin,
A short overview of the (depending on nature of material or only the obvious insufficient
practical/experiment assignment); insight subject/section well present. material/information;
should be given under this shown. To industry covered technically; unconvincing.
2
heading. standards. omissions only minor.

Purpose Excellent, original Very good, interesting, Average, superficial; Below average, thin,
Why was the study (depending on nature of material or only the obvious insufficient
undertaken? What was assignment); insight subject/section well present. material/information;
the research question or shown. To industry covered technically; unconvincing.
2
the purpose of the standards. omissions only minor.
research?
Method of Excellent, original Very good, interesting, Average, superficial; Below average, thin,
Experiment or (depending on nature of material or only the obvious insufficient
Practical Work assignment); insight subject/section well present. material/information;
shown. To industry covered technically; unconvincing. 5
Design
When, where, and how standards. omissions only minor.
was the study done? .
Results / Findings Excellent, original Very good, interesting, Average, superficial; Below average, thin,
What answer was found (depending on nature of material or only the obvious insufficient
to the research question; assignment); insight subject/section well present. material/information; 4
what did the study find? shown. To industry covered technically; unconvincing.
standards. omissions only minor.
Comments and Excellent, original Very good, interesting, Average, superficial; Below average, thin,
Conclusion: (depending on nature of material or only the obvious insufficient
What might the answer assignment); insight subject/section well present. material/information;
imply and why does it shown. Work is to covered technically; unconvincing.
matter? How does it fit in industry standards. omissions only minor. 5
with what other
researchers have found?
What are the perspectives
for future research?
Organisation of Excellent. Logical, Very good. Logically, Organization and Organizations and
systematically systematically system need some system need much
work, strategy, organized. Links clear, organized with minor attention, but one can attention; difficult to
logic coherent. Key ideas faults. Links mostly still follow. Some links follow. Links
supported, developed. clear, almost totally appear, but not infrequent and not
Well-integrated coherent. With only a everywhere they should. always meaningful.
introduction and few exceptions, all key Some worrying Frequent incoherence.
conclusion. ideas supported, incoherence. Key ideas Key usually not 2
developed, although not somewhat supported, supported, developed or
always fully. Some developed and arranged. well arranged.
incoherence. Introduction and Introduction and
Introduction and conclusion still conclusion unacceptable
conclusion acceptable acceptable but not so and/or missing.
but not fully integrated. well integrated.

Language, style Distinctive, sparkling, Pleasant to read, use of Conveys message with Clumsy or careless;
sophisticated, language entirely some difficulty; tone style and tone
and tone resourceful. appropriate to content. sometimes inappropriate; meaning
Pleasingly fluent. inappropriate/irritating, clouded; stylistically
jerky; slight limitations poor; chatty, hazy,
2
in style and mastery of woolly; wordy.
idiom.

General look of Professional Neat but not quite Acceptable but not Unacceptable. Untidy;
appearance; neat professional in impressive in illegible; typing errors
report writing/typing and appearance; appearance; some impede reading; many
spacing; hardly any typing/spacing/numberi untidiness, a few typing/ errors/omissions in
typing errors. All ng inaccurate but not spacing/numbering formatting.
required parts/pages obtrusive; minor errors; errors/omissions
(e.g. table of contents, errors/omissions in in formatting.
3
page numbers) supplied; formatting, but
correct numbering, generally to format per
format per study guide. study guide.

TOTAL

16