Heat Transfer

ME F220
Prof. Satish K Dubey
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

1
 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Course Introduction
Introduction

❑ Course No. : ME F220

❑ Course Title: Heat Transfer
❑ Instructor-in-charge : SATISH K DUBEY
❑ Lecture Instructors : Satish K Dubey, Santanu Datta
❑ Tutorial 2 Sections
❑ Practical: 04 Sections
❑ Class Schedule: Lecture (2nd Hour MWF; F107/F108)
❑ Chamber Consultation Hour: Tuesday 9th hr/ 10 th hr
(E-205)
Prior appointment through email

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus

Introduction to heat transfer

Introduction

Course Overview:
Fundamental concepts of heat transfer; steady-state and unsteady-state heat
conduction; analytical and empirical relations for forced and free convection
heat transfer; heat exchanger analysis and design; Heat transfer by
radiation; condensation and boiling,: associated laboratory.

Scope and Objective:

.This course is designed to make the students familiar with the concepts of heat
and their applications in engineering. As a part of this course, students have
to do the experiments through which they can correlate with their theoretical
knowledge on the subject.

Text Book:
T1:Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt , et al., Incropera's Principles of Heat
and Mass Transfer, Wiley India Edition, 2018

Reference Book:
R1: J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 2002, 9th Edition.

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Evaluation Component

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Lab Evaluation

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Course Plan

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Course Plan

Important Note:

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Course Plan

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

 Heat Transfer

Heat and Mass Transfer is basic science that deals with the rate

of transfer of thermal energy

Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer as a

system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another, and

make no reference to how long the process will take.

We often interested in the rate of heat transfer, which is the topic

of the science Heat Transfer

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 Applications areas & Domain
Knowledge
Broad Application are ranging from Biological
System to common household, residential,
industrial process, house hold applications,
❑ Applied
electronic devices and food processing: Mathematics
Some key application areas: for problem
Aerodynamics formulation and
l analysis
Power Plants ❑ Engineering
IC Engines Sciences such
Industrial Furnaces as
Thermodynami
Chemical Reactions cs, Fluid
Combustion Mechanics for
Electrical and Electronics Equipment Cooling problem
formulation
Environmental Engineering visualization of
Biomedical Engineering results.
And many more………. BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
 Heat Transfer:
Physical Origins
and
Rate Equations

Chapter One
Sections 1.1 and 1.2
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy

• What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature
difference.

• What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation,
vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules
that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of
microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature
of matter.
Heat Transfer and Thermal Energy (cont.)

DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature

and Heat Transfer
Quantity Meaning Symbol Units
Thermal Energy+ Energy associated with microscopic
behavior of matter U or u J or J/kg

Temperature A means of indirectly assessing the

amount of thermal energy stored in matter
T K or °C

Heat Transfer Thermal energy transport due to

temperature gradients

Heat Amount of thermal energy transferred Q J

over a time interval  t  0

Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W

Heat Flux Thermal energy transfer per unit time and q W/m 2
surface area

+
U → Thermal energy of system
u → Thermal energy per unit mass of system
Modes of Heat Transfer

Modes of Heat Transfer

Conduction: Heat transfer in a solid or a stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to

the random motion of its constituent atoms, molecules and /or
electrons.

Convection: Heat transfer due to the combined influence of bulk and

random motion for fluid flow over a surface.

Radiation: Energy that is emitted by matter due to changes in the electron

configurations of its atoms or molecules and is transported as
electromagnetic waves (or photons).

• Conduction and convection require the presence of temperature variations in a material

medium.
• Although radiation originates from matter, its transport does not require a material
medium and occurs most efficiently in a vacuum.
Heat Transfer Rates: Conduction

Heat Transfer Rates

Conduction:
General (vector) form of Fourier’s law:

q = −kT
Heat flux Thermal conductivity Temperature gradient
W/m 2
W/m  K °C/m or K/m
Application to one-dimensional, steady conduction across a
plane wall of constant thermal conductivity:

dT T −T
qx = −k = −k 2 1
dx L
T1 − T2
qx = k (1.2)
L

Heat rate (W): qx = qx  A

Thermal Conductivity

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Example

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Conduction

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Heat Transfer Rates: Convection

Heat Transfer Rates

Convection
Relation of convection to flow over a surface and development
of velocity and thermal boundary layers:

Newton’s law of cooling:

q = h (Ts − T ) (1.3a)

h : Convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2  K)

Convection

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Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation

Heat Transfer Rates

Radiation Involves radiation emission from the surface and
may also involve the absorption of radiation incident from
the surroundings (irradiation,G ), as well as convection
( if Ts  T ).
Energy outflow due to emission:
E =  Eb =  Ts4 (1.5)
E : Emissive power ( W/m 2 )
 :Surface emissivity ( 0    1)
Eb : Emissive power of a blackbody (the perfect emitter)
 : Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( 5.67 10-8 W/m2  K 4 )

Energy absorption due to irradiation:

Gabs =  G (1.6)

Gabs : Absorbed incident radiation ( W/m 2 )

 : Surface absorptivity ( 0    1)
G : Irradiation ( W/m 2 )
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Irradiation: Special case of surface exposed to large
surroundings of uniform temperature, Tsur

G = Gsur =  Tsur4

If  =  , the net radiation heat flux from the

surface due to exchange with the surroundings is:
 =  Eb (Ts ) −  G =  (Ts4 − Tsur4 )
qrad (1.7)
Heat Transfer Rates: Radiation (cont.)

Heat Transfer Rates

Alternatively,

 = hr (Ts − Tsur )
qrad (1.8)

hr : Radiation heat transfer coefficient ( W/m 2  K )

hr =  (Ts + Tsur ) (Ts2 + Tsur2 ) (1.9)

For combined convection and radiation,

 + qrad = h (Ts − T ) + hr (Ts − Tsur )

q = qconv (1.10)
Fourier’s Law
and the
Heat Equation

Chapter Two
Fourier’s Law

Fourier’s Law
• A rate equation that allows determination of the conduction heat flux
from knowledge of the temperature distribution in a medium

• Its most general (vector) form for multidimensional conduction is:

→
q = − k  T
Implications:
– Heat transfer is in the direction of decreasing temperature
(basis for minus sign).

– Fourier’s law serves to define the thermal conductivity of the

→
medium  

 k  − q /  T 
 
– Direction of heat transfer is perpendicular to lines of constant
temperature (isotherms).

– Heat flux vector may be resolved into orthogonal components.

Conduction Heat Transfer

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Conduction Heat Transfer

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Conduction Heat Transfer

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Conduction Heat Transfer

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Heat Flux Components

• Cartesian Coordinates: T ( x, y , z )
→ T → T → T →
q = −k i −k j−k k (2.3)
x y z
q x qy q z

• Cylindrical Coordinates: T ( r, , z )

→ T → T → T →
q = −k i −k j−k k (2.24)
r r z
qr q q z

• Spherical Coordinates: T ( r,  , )
→ T → T → T →
q = −k i −k j−k k (2.27)
r r r sin  
qr q q
Heat Flux Components (cont.)

• In angular coordinates ( or  , ) , the temperature gradient is still

based on temperature change over a length scale and hence has
units of C/m and not C/deg.

• Heat rate for one-dimensional, radial conduction in a cylinder or sphere:

– Cylinder
qr = Ar qr = 2 rLqr [W]

or,

qr = Ar qr = 2 rqr [W/m]

– Sphere
qr = Ar qr = 4 r 2 qr [W]
Heat Equation

The Heat Equation

• A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution in a
stationary medium.
• Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.
• Cartesian Coordinates:

  T    T    T  T
 k  +  k  +  k  + q = cp
(2.19)
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

Net transfer of thermal energy into the Change in thermal

Thermal energy
control volume (inflow-outflow) energy storage
generation
Heat Equation (Radial Systems)

• Cylindrical Coordinates:

1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr + 2  k  + k  + q = cp (2.26)
r r  r  r     z  z  t

• Spherical Coordinates:

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
  + +    + = 
r  r 2 sin2      r 2 sin   
kr k k sin q c (2.29)
 
p
r 2 r  t
Heat Equation (Special Case)

• One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant Properties

and No Generation

  T  T
k  =  c p
x  x  t

becomes

 2T 1 T
=
x 2  t

k
 → thermal diffusivity of the medium  m2 /s 
cp  
Boundary Conditions

Boundary and Initial Conditions

• For transient conduction, heat equation is first order in time, requiring
specification of an initial temperature distribution: T ( x,t )t=0 = T ( x,0 )
• Since heat equation is second order in space, two boundary conditions
must be specified for each coordinate direction. Some common cases:
Constant Surface Temperature:

T ( 0,t ) = Ts

Constant Heat Flux:

Applied Flux Insulated Surface

T T
-k |x=0= qs |x=0= 0
x x

Convection:

T
-k |x=0= h T - T ( 0,t )
x
Properties

Thermophysical Properties
Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a material’s ability to transfer thermal
energy by conduction.

Thermal Diffusivity: A measure of a material’s ability to respond to changes

in its thermal environment.
Property Tables:
Solids: Tables A.1 – A.3
Gases: Table A.4
Liquids: Tables A.5 – A.7
Conduction Analysis

Typical Methodology of a Conduction Analysis

• Consider possible microscale or nanoscale effects in problems involving
small physical dimensions or rapid changes in heat or cooling rates.

• Solve appropriate form of heat equation to obtain the temperature

distribution.

• Knowing the temperature distribution, apply Fourier’s law to obtain the

heat flux at any time, location and direction of interest.

• Applications:

Chapter 3: One-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction

Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional, Steady-State Conduction
Chapter 5: Transient Conduction
 Reference

Text Book:
T1:Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt , et al., Incropera's Principles of Heat and
Mass Transfer, Wiley India Edition, 2018

Reference Book:
R1: J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, McGraw Hill, 2002, 9th Edition .