State and Non-State Institutions
What is an Institution?
It is composed of a formal rule, informal norms, or agreed upon understanding that
constraint and prescribe political actors’ behavior and interaction with one another.
Main function: keep society in order and implement specific tasks assigned to them.
E.g. educational, economic, political and social institutions.
Characteristics of an Institution
A cluster of social usage.
Relative degree of permanence.
Well known and defines objectives.
A bit resistant to social changes due to well solidified beliefs.
Transmitter of Social Heritage.
State Institutions
These are organizations that are created and regulated by the government. They operate
under the authority of the state.
Examples: Government agencies, public schools, law enforcement, and the military.
Funding: They are typically funded by taxpayer dollars and government budgets.
3 Branches of the Government
Office of the President
Office of the Vice-President
Congress of the Philippines
• Senate
• House of Representatives
Supreme Court of the Philippines
Constitutional Commissions
CHR, COA, COMELEC, CSC
Local Government Units
National Government Agencies (i.e. DILG,DAR,, DA, DOH, Deped, etc.)
Government owned or controlled corporations (i.e. GSIS, PAG-IBIG, NFA, PHIC, SSS etc.)
Also under the Office of the President
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
National Statistics Office (NSO) / Philippine Statistics Office (PSA)
Tariff Commission
National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
National Security Council (NSC)
Office of the Press Secretary
Philippine News Agency (PNA)
Philippine Anti-Graft Commision
State Institutions
Functions: Their primary functions include governance, law enforcement, public education, and
the provision of public services.
Accountability: They are accountable to the government and, by extension, to the citizens.
Non-State Institutions
“Non-State actors”
These are organizations that operate independently of government control. They can be
private or community-based
Examples: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private schools, religious institutions,
and community groups.
Funding: They often rely on donations, grants, membership fees, or income from services.
Functions: They can address social issues, provide education, offer health services, and
more, often filling gaps left by state institutions.
◎ Accountability: They are accountable to their stakeholders, such as donors, members, or the
communities they serve.
Non-State Institutions
1. Banks
It is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of
costumers.
2. Corporation
It is owned by a group of people but has a separate legal identity
(the owners of a corporation are not responsible for its own debts).
Corporations offer stocks (determines level of ownership), as well as bonds
(allows one to earn interest). These generate large amounts of capital, which is needed for
growth (Contreras et al. 2016).
3. Trade Unions
It is an organization composed of workers or employees from related fields, which aims to
represent the interests and rights of its members, both in the workplace and in the society.
4. Cooperatives
These are made up of people with common interest who agreed to work together for easy, safe,
and affordable access to commodities, loans, and other services. They are created to help and
empower one another with a minimum help from the government.
5. Development Agencies
These are agencies that promote progress by engaging in projects, policymaking, and dialogue
(Contreras et al. 2016). Some countries with active agencies in the Philippines are Japan (JICA),
Canada (CIDA), and U.S.A. (USAID). Those providing financial assistance include the Asian
Development Bank (ADB).
6. Civil Organizations
These organizations are created to expose the conditions of the marginalized sector of the
society by using mass media as its platform as they raise critical
issues to the government. They provide facts about the life’s various realities to influence policy-
making.
7. Transnational Advocacy Group
It influence the government to take action on matters commonly neglected. A group maybe a
national or an international organization that promotes and advocates progress and
development related to particular issues of the society.
