Network Models: OSI Reference Model

School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology

Bennett University
Greater Noida – 201310
 Outline

➢Network model : Layered Architecture

➢ OSI model
 Network Model: Layered Architecture

➢Network model describes the architecture, components, and design used to

establish communication between the source and destination systems.
➢A communication system is a complex piece of hardware and software.
➢A single, complex, unstructured program with many interacting components is
very difficult to test and modify.
➢To overcome such problem, the ISO has developed a layered approach.
 Network Model: Layered Architecture

➢Why do we require Layered architecture?

➢Divide-and-conquer approach: It divides the unmanageable tasks into small and manageable
tasks and reduces the complexity.
➢Modularity: Layered architecture is more modular. Modularity provides the independence of
layers, which is easier to understand and implement.
➢Easy to modify: It ensures the independence of layers so that implementation in one layer can
be changed without affecting other layers.
➢Easy to test: Each layer of the layered architecture can be analyzed and tested individually.
 Network Model: Layered Architecture

➢In a layered approach, networking concept is divided into several layers, and each
layer is assigned a particular task.
➢Each lower layer adds its services to the higher layer to manage communications and
run the applications.
➢The number of layers, functions, layer contents will vary from network to network.
➢The purpose of each layer is to provide the service from lower to a higher layer and
hiding the implementation details.
 Network Model: Layered Architecture
➢Elements:

➢Service: It is a set of actions that a layer provides to the higher layer.

➢Protocol: It defines a set of rules that a layer uses to exchange the information with peer entity.

➢Interface: It is a way through which the message is transferred from one layer to another layer.

➢There are 2 predominant models available based on layered approach.

1. Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model

2. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Model

 Layered Architecture Example

➢Networking devices
➢ Network types
➢ Network topologies
 Network Model: OSI Model

➢OSI is a reference model that describes how information from a software application in one
computer moves through a physical medium to the software application in another computer.

➢It was developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1984.

➢It divides the whole task into seven smaller and manageable tasks.

➢Each layer is self-contained, and task assigned to the layer can be performed independently.
Interaction between the layers
Exchange using OSI Model
 OSI Model: Physical Layer
➢Physical layer transmits the individual bits from one node to another node.
➢It is the lowest layer of the OSI model.
➢It establishes, maintains and deactivates the physical connection.
➢Hub, Repeater, Modem, Cables are Physical Layer devices.
Functions:
➢Line Configuration: It defines the way how two or more devices can be connected physically.
➢Data Transmission: It defines the transmission mode between two devices on the network.
➢Topology: It defines the way how network devices are arranged.
➢Signals: It determines the type of the signal used for transmitting the information.
OSI Model: Physical Layer
 OSI Model: Data Link Layer
➢ Packet in Data Link layer is referred to as Frame.

➢ Responsible for the error-free transfer of data frames.

➢ It provides a reliable and efficient communication between two or more devices.

➢ Provides unique identification of each device that resides on a local network.

➢ Data Link layer is handled by the NIC (Network Interface Card) and device drivers of host machines.

➢ Switch & Bridge are Data Link Layer devices.

➢ It contains two sub-layers:

➢ Logical Link Control Layer: Transfer the packets to the Network layer and provides flow control.

➢ Media Access Control Layer: Provides link between the Logical Link Control layer and the network's
physical layer and is used for transferring the packets over the network.
 OSI Model: Data Link Layer
Functions:

➢Framing: Conversion from raw bit stream into packets. Frame contains header, packets and trailer

➢Physical Addressing: Providing address to source and destination device.

➢Flow Control: Technique through which the constant data rate is maintained on both the sides so that
no data get corrupted.

➢Error Control: Error control is achieved by adding a calculated value CRC (Cyclic Redundancy
Check)

➢Access Control: Used to determine which device has control over the shared link at a given time.
OSI Model: Data Link Layer
OSI Model: Data Link Layer
 OSI Model: Data Link Layer
Example:
➢In following Figure, a node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with
physical address 87. At the data link level this frame contains physical addresses in the
header. The trailer usually contains extra bits needed for error detection
 OSI Model: Network Layer
➢It manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network.

➢It determines the best path to move data from source to the destination based on the network
conditions, the priority of service, and other factors.

➢Routers are used to provide the routing services within an internetwork.

➢The protocols used to route the network traffic are IPv4 and Ipv6.
 OSI Model: Network Layer
Functions:

➢Internetworking: Provides a logical connection between different devices.

➢Addressing: Source and destination address are added to the header of the frame to identify the
device on the internet.

➢Routing: It determines the best optimal path out of the multiple paths from source to the destination.

➢Packetizing: Process of converting the upper layer data into packets using Internet protocol (IP).

➢Congestion control
OSI Model: Network Layer
OSI Model: Network Layer
 OSI Model: Network Layer
Example:
➢ We want to send data from a node with network address
A and physical address 10, located on one LAN, to a
node with a network address P and physical address 95,
located on another LAN. Because the two devices are
located on different networks, we cannot use physical
addresses only; the physical addresses only have local
influence. What we need here are universal addresses
(network/logical address) that can pass through the
LAN boundaries.
 OSI Model: Transport Layer
➢It ensures that messages are transmitted in the order in which they are sent and there is no
duplication of data.

➢The main responsibility of the transport layer is to transfer the data completely.

➢It receives the data from the upper layer and converts them into smaller units known as segments.

➢This layer can be termed as an end-to-end layer as it provides a point-to-point connection between
source and destination to deliver the data reliably.

➢It is a part of the OS and communicates with the Application Layer by making system calls.

➢It is called as Heart of OSI model.

➢Protocols: Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol

 OSI Model: Transport Layer
Function:

➢Service-point addressing: The header that contains the address known as a service-point address or
port address to transmit the message to the correct process.

➢Segmentation and reassembly: Message is divided into multiple segments with a unique segment
number at sender side and reassembled at the destination side based on their sequence numbers.

➢Connection control: Provide Connection-oriented service and connectionless service.

➢Flow control: Performed end-to-end rather than across a single link.

➢Error control: The sender transport layer ensures that message reach at the destination without
error.
OSI Model: Transport Layer
OSI Model: Transport Layer
 OSI Model: Transport Layer

Example:
➢Data coming from the upper layers
have port addresses j and k (j is the
address of the sending process, and
k is the address of the receiving
process). Since the data size is
larger than the network layer can
handle, the data are split into two
packets, each packet retaining the
port addresses (j and k). Then in the
network layer, network addresses (A
and P) are added to each packet.
 OSI Model: Session Layer
➢It is used to establish, maintain and synchronizes the interaction between communicating
devices.
Functions:

➢Authentication: Once a user logs in, he/she should remain logged in until he/she logs out.

➢Authorization: Access rights to specific parts of a website are given to super-users and admins.

➢Dialog Control: Allows various systems running applications like WebEx to communicate.

➢Synchronization: It ensures the timestamps of the audio and video received are in the right order.
OSI Model: Session Layer
 OSI Model: Presentation Layer
➢It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the information exchanged between the two
systems, so it is called as syntax layer

➢It acts as a data translator for a network.

➢It converts the data from one presentation format to another format.

Functions:
➢ Translation: It handles the interoperability between the different encoding methods.

➢ Encryption: A process of converting the sender-transmitted information into another form and sends the
resulting message over the network.

➢ Compression: A process of compressing the data, i.e., it reduces the number of bits to be transmitted.
OSI Model: Presentation Layer
 OSI Model: Application Layer
➢It serves as a window for users and application processes to access network service.

➢It handles issues such as network transparency, resource allocation, etc.

➢This layer provides the network services to the end-users.

➢Application Layer is also called Desktop Layer.

➢Functions of Application layer:

➢ File transfer, access, and management (FTAM): Allows a user to manage files in a remote computer.

➢ Mail services: Provides the facility for email forwarding and storage.

➢ Directory services: An application provides the distributed database sources and is used to provide that global
information about various objects.
OSI Model: Application Layer
OSI Layer Summary
 OSI Layer Summary
OSI Model

Data unit Layer Function

7. Application Network process to application

User support
Data
layers 6. Presentation Data representation and encryption

5. Session Inter-host communication

User
Segment 4. Transport End-to-end connections and reliability
Network

Packet 3. Network Path determination and logical addressing

Network
support Frame 2. Data Link Physical addressing
layers
Bit 1. Physical Media, signal and binary transmission
 References

➢ https://www.javatpoint.com/computer-network-models

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv4y_uOneC0

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBXmbJZQ5rY

➢ https://www.javatpoint.com/osi-model

➢ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/layers-of-osi-model/