MATHEMATICS

(STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY)

QUARTER 3
Week 6

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

Arman T. Buyong Jr.

Teacher I
Regional Science High School-IX
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SUBJECT &
GRADE LEVEL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY (GRADE 11)
QUARTER THIRD WEEK 6 DAY mm/dd/yyyy
TOPIC SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAMPLE MEAN
The learner finds the mean and variance of the sampling
distribution of the sample mean. (M11/12SP-IIId-5)
LEARNING
COMPETENCY The learner defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean
for normal population when the variance is (a) known (b)
unknown. (M11/12SP-IIIe-1)

IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on separate
sheets.

UNDERSTAND
Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

A INTRODUCTION

Recall that if repeated random samples of a given size n are taken from a
population of values for a quantitative variable, where the population mean is μ (mu)
and the population standard deviation is σ (sigma) then the mean of all sample means
(𝑥̅ ) is population mean μ (mu). Also, the standard deviation (also called standard
error) of all sample means is directly related to the sample size, n as indicated below.

𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝜎⁄
√𝑛
Take note that since the square root of sample size n appears in the
denominator, the standard deviation does decrease as sample size increases.

You also learned in your previous topic on how to convert normal distribution to
standard normal distribution or converting raw score to z score by using the formula,

𝑥−𝜇
𝑧=
𝜎

Where, x is the raw score

µ is the mean
σ is the standard deviation

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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B Mean and Variance of Sample Mean

Mean and Variance

The mean of the sampling distribution of the mean is the mean of the
population from which the scores were sampled. Therefore, if a
population has a mean μ, then the mean of the sampling
distribution of the mean is also μ. The symbol 𝝁𝒙ഥ is used to refer to
the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean. Therefore, the
formula for the mean of the sampling distribution of the mean can be
written as:
𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇
The variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is computed
using the formula:
2
𝜎𝑥̅2 = 𝜎 ⁄𝑛
That is, the variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is the
population variance divided by n, the sample size. Thus, the larger the
sample size, the smaller the variance of the sampling distribution of the
mean.
The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling
distribution of the mean. It is therefore the square root of the variance of the sampling
distribution of the mean.

The standard error is represented by σ because it is a standard deviation. The

subscript (𝑥̅ ) indicates that the standard error that we’re looking for is the standard
error of the sample mean.

EXAMPLE 1
Suppose that a normal distribution x has a mean of 15 and standard
deviation 14. If a random sample of size n = 49 is drawn, find the mean,
standard error, and variance of the sampling distribution.

SOLUTION:
a. To find the mean, we will use the formula μxത = μ , therefore, the mean of
the sampling distribution of the sample mean is also 15.
b. To find the standard error, we will use the formula σxത = σ⁄ ,we will get:
√n
14 14
σxത = = =2
√49 7
Therefore, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean is 2.
2
c. To find the variance, we could use the formula σ2xത = σ ⁄n then we will
get:
142 196
σ2xത = = =4
49 49
Or, we could just simply get the square of the standard error to get the
variance of the sampling distribution, which in this case, 22 = 4.

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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EXAMPLE 2
A normal distribution x has mean of 100 and standard deviation of 45.
If a random sample of size n = 81is drawn, find the mean, and variance
of the sampling distribution.

SOLUTION:
Since the 𝛍𝐱ത = 𝛍 therefore, 𝛍𝐱ത = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
2
To find the variance, we could use the formula σ2xത = σ ⁄n then we will get:
2
452 2025
σxത = = = 25
81 81
Therefore, the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is
25.

C Sampling Distribution for Normal Population

Normal Population
For a normal probability distribution. Let x be a random variable
with a normal distribution whose mean is µ and whose standard
deviation is σ. Also, let 𝑥̅ be the sample mean corresponding to
random samples of size n taken from the x distribution. Then the
following are true:
a. The 𝑥̅ distribution is a normal distribution.
b. The mean of the 𝑥̅ distribution is µ.
c. The standard deviation of the 𝑥̅ distribution is 𝜎 ⁄√𝑛.

It is also important to note that when x has a normal distribution, the 𝑥̅

distribution will be normal for any sample size n. Furthermore we can convert the 𝑥̅
distribution to standard normal z distribution using the previous formula. But since the
values has changed, we can rewrite the formula into:
𝑥̅ − 𝜇𝑥̅
𝑧=
𝜎 ⁄√𝑛
where n is the sample size
µ is the mean of the x distribution, and
σ is the standard deviation of the x distribution

To fully understand this new topic, let us consider the following example:

NOTE: Get ready with your Z Distribution Table (Standard Normal Distribution)

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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EXAMPLE 1
Suppose that a team of biologists has been studying the Pinedale
children’s fishing pond. Let x represent the length of a single tilapia taken at
random from the pond. This group of biologists has determined that x has a
normal distribution with mean of 10.2 inches and standard deviation of 1.4
inches. What is the probability that a single tilapia taken at random from the
pond is between 8 and 12 inches long?

SOLUTION:
For this problem, we will use the same method in converting raw
score to z score then find the area under the standard normal curve using
your z distribution table.
8−10.2 12−10.2
Pሺ8 < x < 12ሻ = Pሺ 1.4 < x < 1.4 ሻ
= Pሺ−1.57 < z < 1.29ሻ
= 0.9015 − 0.0582 = 0.8433
Therefore, the probability is about 0.8433 that a single tilapia taken at
random is between 8 and 12 inches.

EXAMPLE 2
Consider the problem in example 1. What is the probability that the
mean length xത of five tilapia taken at random is between 8 and 12 inches?

SOLUTION:
If we let μxത represent the mean of the sample mean distribution then
this tells us that,
μxത = μ = 10.2
If σxത represents the standard deviation of the xത distribution, then we
get,
σ 1.4
σxത = = ≈ 0.63
√n √5
To create a standard z variable from xത, we subtract μxത and divide it
by σxത to get,
xത − μxത xത − 10.2
z= =
σxത 0.63
To standardize the interval 8 < xത < 12, we use 8 and then 12 in place
of xത in the preceding formula for z.
8 < xത < 12
8 − 10.2 12 − 10.2
<z<
0.63 0.63
−3.49 < z < 2.86
Since x has a normal distribution, then xത has a normal distribution.
Therefore,
Pሺ8 < x < 12ሻ = Pሺ−3.49 < z < 2.86ሻ
= 0.9979 − 0.0002 = 0.9977
The probability is about 0.9977 that the mean length based on the
sample size of 5 is between 8 and 12 inches.

Looking at the result of example 1 and 2, we see that the probabilities are quite
different. This is because the standard deviation of xത is smaller than the x distribution.

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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SAQ 1: How can you apply your learnings about sampling distribution in real-life?
SAQ 2: Do you think it’s important to learn this new topic? Why?

Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on separate sheets.)

ACTIVITY
TERM 1
Directions: Find the mean and variance of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean of the following problem.

The scores of students on the WMSU college entrance examination in a recent

year had a Normal distribution with mean µ = 18.6 and a standard deviation of σ = 5.9.

1. Now take a simple random sample of 50 students who took the test. What is the
mean of the sample mean score of these 50 students?

2. What is the variance of the sample mean score of these 50 students?

ACTIVITY
TERM 2
Directions: Read and understand the given problem carefully. Answer each problem
on the space provided for.

A certain strain of bacteria occurs in all raw milk. Let x be the bacteria count
per milliliter of milk. The health department has found that milk is not contaminated,
then x has a distribution that is more or less mound-shaped and symmetrical. The
mean of the x distribution is µ = 2500, and the standard deviation is σ = 300. In a large
commercial dairy, the health inspector takes 42 random samples of the milk produced
each day. At the end of the day, the bacteria count in each of the 42 samples is
averaged to obtain the sample mean bacteria count 𝑥̅ .

1. Assuming that the milk is not contaminated, what is the distribution of xത.

2. Assuming that the milk is not contaminated, what is the probability that the
average bacteria count xത for one day is between 2350 and 2650 bacteria per
milliliter?

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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REMEMBER
Key Points
⚫ If a population has a mean μ, then the mean of the sampling distribution of the
mean is also μ. The symbol 𝝁𝒙ഥ is used to refer to the mean of the sampling
distribution of the mean. Therefore, the formula for the mean of the sampling
distribution of the mean can be written as: 𝜇𝑥̅ = 𝜇.
⚫ The variance of the sampling distribution of the mean is computed using the
formula:
2
𝜎𝑥̅2 = 𝜎 ⁄𝑛
⚫ Also, the standard deviation (also called standard error) of all sample means
computed using the formula below.
𝜎𝑥̅ = 𝜎⁄
√𝑛
⚫ For a normal probability distribution
a. The 𝑥̅ distribution is a normal distribution.
b. The mean of the 𝑥̅ distribution is µ.
c. The standard deviation of the 𝑥̅ distribution is 𝜎 ⁄√𝑛.
⚫ It is also important to note that when x has a normal distribution, the 𝑥̅ distribution
will be normal for any sample size n.
⚫ The 𝑥̅ distribution will be normal provided that the x distribution is normal. The
sample size n could be any fixed sample size wish. Furthermore, the mean of the
𝑥̅ distribution is the same for x distribution, but the standard deviation of the 𝑥̅
distribution is smaller than the x distribution.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!

General Directions: Study the following assessments carefully and write your
answers on separate sheets.

Assessment 1.
Directions: Read and analyze each problem regarding mean and variance of
sampling distribution carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on the space
provided before each number.

For numbers 1 – 2, refer to the following problem:

A normal distribution x has a µ = 25 and σ = 5

1. If a random sample of size n = 10 is drawn, find 𝜎𝑥̅2 .

A. 2 B. 2.5 C. 5 D. 25

2. What is the 𝜇𝑥̅ ?

A. 5 B. 6.25 C. 10 D. 25

3. The mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean is _________ the
population mean.
A. greater than B. less than C. equal to D. not equal to

For numbers 4 – 5, refer to the following problem:

The population has a mean of 15 and a standard deviation of 2. The sample
size of your sampling distribution is 10.

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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4. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 0.4 B. 2 C. 10 D. 15

5. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 0.4 B. 2 C. 10 D. 15

For numbers 6 – 7, refer to the following problem:

The population has a mean of 35 and a standard deviation of 6. The sample
size of your sampling distribution is 15.

6. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 2.4 B. 6 C. 15 D. 35

7. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 2.4 B. 6 C. 15 D. 35

For numbers 8 – 10, refer to the following problem:

The population has a mean of 115 and a standard deviation of 12. The sample
size of your sampling distribution is 18.

8. What is the standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
A. 8 B. 12 C. 2√2 D. 115

9. What is the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?

A. 8 B. 12 C. 2√2 D. 115

10. What is the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean?
A. 8 B. 12 C. 2√2 D. 115

Assessment 2.
Directions: Read and analyze each problem carefully. Write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided before each number.

1. If the x distribution is normal, then the xത distribution is ________.

A. normal B. not normal
C. either normal or not D. cannot be determine

2. The mean of the xത distribution is _______ the mean of x distribution.

A. less than B. greater than
C. equal to D. cannot be determine

3. The standard deviation of the xത distribution is _______ the mean of x distribution.

A. less than B. greater than
C. equal to D. cannot be determine

For numbers 4 – 9, refer to the following problem:

Let x be a random variable that represents the level of glucose in the blood
(milliliters per deciliter of blood) after 12 – hour fast. Assume for people under 50
years old that x has a distribution that is approximately normal with mean µ = 85 and
estimated standard deviation σ = 25. A test result x < 40 is an indication of severe
excess insulin, and medication is usually prescribed.

4. What is the mean of the xത distribution?

A. 25 B. 40 C. 50 D. 85

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX

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5. What i the probability that on a single test x < 40?

A. 0.0036 B. 0.0359 C. 0.359 D. 0.36

6. Suppose a doctor uses the average xത for two tests taken about a week apart. What
is the probability that xത < 40?
A. 0.0054 B. 0.006 C. 0.054 D. 0.06

7. Suppose a doctor uses the average xത for three tests taken about a week apart.
What is the probability that xത < 40?
A. 0.0009 B. 0.0054 C. 0.009 D. 0.054

8. Suppose a doctor uses the average xത for five tests taken about a week apart. What
is the probability that xത < 40?
A. 0.0054 B. 0.002 C. 0.0009 D. 0.0002

9. Compare your answers for items 6, 7, and 8. What have you observed?
A. The probabilities decrease as n decreases.
B. The probabilities increase as n decreases.
C. The probabilities decrease as n increases.
D. The probabilities increase as n increases.

10. If the population is normal then the sample mean also has a normal distribution
for _______ sample size.
A. the same B. any C. fixed D. larger

Brase, C.H., and Brase, C.P,Understandable Statistics Concepts

and Methods Enhanced Edition. Houghton Mifflin
Company,2008,293-298.
REFERENCE/S
Zita VJ Albacea, et. al., Teaching Guide for Senior High School
Statistics and Probability, Quezon City: EC-TEC Commercial, 2016,
204 – 299.

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LEARNING RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

ARMAN T. BUYONG JR.
WRITER
Regional Science High School – IX
LAYOUT ARTIST Abdurauf J. Baldomero

LEARNING TEAM / Mercelita M. Medallo Dr. Deborah E. Bandahala

EVALUATORS Enrico P. Miniao Dr. Dickenson L. Canizares

MANAGEMENT AND Dr. Roy C. Tuballa, CESO VI Dr. Norma T. Francisco, CESE
SPECIALIST Dr. Jay S. Montealto, CESO VI Dr. Vilma A. Brown

“No hay cosa imposible. Cree, junto junto puede!”

Arman T. Buyong Jr., Teacher I, Regional Science High School-IX