Unit – 1

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud
(Internet).

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises datacentre.

With an on-premises datacentre, we have to manage everything, such as
purchasing and installing hardware, virtualization, installing the operating
system, and any other required applications, setting up the network,
configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all
the set-up, we become responsible for maintaining it through its entire
lifecycle.

But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the

hardware purchase and maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of
software and platform as a service. We can take any required services on
rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based on usage.
 Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us
to create, configure, and customize applications via an internet
connection. The cloud technology includes a development platform, hard
disk, software application, and database.

Advantages of cloud computing

o Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and
software.
o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few
clicks.
o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of
resources according to the business requirements.
o Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational
effort. We do not need to apply patching, as well as no need to
maintain hardware and software. So, in this way, the IT team can be
more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
o Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very
fast for business continuity.
o Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies,
technologies, and controls that strengthen our data security.
What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology

that uses remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data
online rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files,
images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

o Developing new applications and services

o Storage, back up, and recovery of data
o Hosting blogs and websites
o Delivery of software on demand
o Analysis of data
o Streaming videos and audios

Why Cloud Computing?

Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to

provide the IT infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need
a Server Room that is the basic need of IT companies.

In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server,

networking, firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query Per Second
means how much queries or load will be handled by the server),
configurable system, high net speed, and the maintenance engineers.

To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To

overcome all these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost,
Cloud Computing comes into existence.
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

The characteristics of cloud computing are given below:

1) Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares

resources among users and works very fast.

2) High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances
of infrastructure failure are minimum.

3) High Scalability
Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale,
without having engineers for peak loads.

4) Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can
work more efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common
infrastructure.

5) Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone,
etc. As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and
accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere.

6) Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not

need to be installed on each user's computer and can be accessed
from different places. So, it reduces the cost also.

7) Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the
services of cloud computing, IT company need not to set its own
infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of resources.

8) Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) are provided to the users so

that they can access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay
the charges as per the usage of services.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing consists of multiple servers that host web services and
data storage. This technology allows companies to eliminate the need for
expensive and powerful computers.

The information and data of the company can store at low-cost

servers and workers can easily access that data via a common
network.

In the traditional system, the company owns and maintains physical

hardware which also costs much higher, while cloud computing
delivers a virtual platform.

In a virtual platform, each server hosts applications, and data are

powered by a separate provider. Hence, you just have to pay them for
the services.

The growth of cloud computing has been tremendous with the

advances in internet technologies. However, it is still a relatively new
concept for lower capitalization companies.

Besides that, most companies are switching to cloud computing as it’s

providing flexibility, accuracy, speed, and lower cost.

Cloud computing has many applications like infrastructure

management, application execution, and data access management.

In addition, central management of virtual systems, business

intelligence tools, desktop services, real-time processing, and rich
content delivery.

To understand cloud computing roots of cloud computing, there are

mainly four roots of cloud computing,

1. Internet Technologies
2. Distributed computing
3. Hardware
4. System management
What are the Roots of Cloud Computing? (2023)
There are mainly four roots of cloud computing internet technologies,
distributed computing, hardware, and system management. These roots help
computers to extend their capacities and make them more powerful.

Cloud computing provides 3 types of services SaaS – Software as a service,

IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service, and PaaS – Platform as a Service.

There are also four types of cloud available on the base of a cloud platform:
free, public, hybrid, and platform.

Cloud computing technology is significantly advanced and contributes to the

business to the next level.

In this article, we will see what is cloud computing and the roots of cloud
computing to determine the potential of the technology.
1️⃣ First Root: Internet Technologies
The first root is Internet Technologies from the roots of cloud computing
which contains service-oriented architecture (SOA), web 2.0, and web
services.

Internet technologies are widely accessible to the public. People can access the
content and run applications that depend on the network connection.

Cloud computing relies on the network, centralized storage, and bandwidth.

However, the internet isn’t just a network – it’s also very complex and requires
centralized management.

Hence, a person can host any website anywhere in the world. In addition,
because of the network servers, anyone can create lots of different websites.

Service-oriented Architecture or SOA is a self-contained module specially

designed for business functionalities.

It is provided for business handling, event logging, and authentication services

which are saving lots of paperwork and time.

Web Services like XML and HTTP are providing web delivery services by
using common mechanisms. It is a universal concept of web service all over the
world.

WEB 2.0 Services are more convenient for the users, as they do not have to
learn more about coding and concepts to work with it.

Information Technology companies basically provide this kind of service in

which people can use the services on the common platform.

Predefined blocks or templates make their work easy and they can work
together by the centralized cloud computing system.

Some examples of WEB 2.0 services are host services like Google Maps,
microblogging sites like Twitter, and social networking sites like Facebook.

However, all cloud computing applications suffer from the inherent unreliability
of the Internet. This is because the Internet is a shared public resource that is
subject to a variety of problems, including congestion, outages, and security
threats.

2️⃣ Second Root: Distributed Computing

The second root is Distributed Computing from the roots of cloud
computing which contains grids, utility computing, and cluster.

To understand the second root, let’s take an example, a computer is a general

store, and documents in the form of files.

Each document stored in the computer has a specific location, either on

the local hard disk or it is stored over the internet.

Now, when someone visits your website over the internet, the person browses
through the files on the browser without downloading them.

This means users can access the files to the specific location after processing;
they can also send that file back to the server.

Thus, it is known as distributed computing of the cloud. It is distributed in a

manner so people can access it anywhere in the world.

With the help of this root, all the related resources like memory space,
processor speed, and hard drive space are utilized in the best possible
manner.

A company using this technology will never face a problem and will always
stay in competition with other companies.
3️⃣ Third Root: Hardware
The third root is Hardware from the roots of cloud computing which
contains multi-core chips and virtualization.

When we talk about Hardware for cloud computing, it is usually virtual and
people do not need to buy it.

Generally, computers do require hardware such as CPU, RAM, ROM, and

Motherboard to process, store, analyze, and manage the data.

In Cloud Computing there are no hardware devices or components because the

applications are all managed via the internet.

If you are using a large amount of data then it becomes very difficult for your
computer to manage the constant increase in data.

On the other hand, the cloud stores data on its own computers rather than
having the computer that holds the data physically.

In cloud computing virtualization allows users to use resources from multiple

virtual machines. It makes it easier and cheaper for customers to use cloud
services.

Moreover, In the Service Level Agreement (SLA) based cloud computing

model, each customer gets their own virtual machine called Virtual Private
Cloud (VPC)

In short, a single cloud computing platform provides all the requirements of

hardware, software, and operating system.
4️⃣ Fourth Root: System Management
The fourth root of cloud computing (System Management) contains data
center automation and autonomic computing.

System management root handles the operations to improve the productivity

and efficiency of the system.

To achieve this system management ensures all the employees have easy access
to all the necessary information.

For that, employees can change configurations, obtain/resend information and

perform other related functions from any location.

This makes it possible for the system admin to respond to any user demand
instantly. Moreover, the admin can restrict or deny access for the different
users.

In an autonomic system, admin work becomes easier as the system is autonomic

or self-managing. Additionally, data analysis and monitoring are handled by the
sensors.

Based on that data, the system responses perform various tasks such
as optimization, adaptation, configuration, and protection.

Hence, at this root, human involvement is less and the computing system
handles most of the operations.

What are the roots of cloud computing?

The roots of cloud computing are connected to each other to make a cloud
computing infrastructure for the enterprise.
There are four roots of cloud computing
1. Internet Technologies
2. Distributed Computing
3. Hardware
4. System Management

What are the types of cloud computing?

There are 4 types of cloud computing available for the users.
1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
4. Multi-clouds
Layers and Types of Clouds
Cloud computing services are divided into three classes, according to the
abstraction level of the capability provided and the service model of providers,
namely:
(1) Infrastructure as a Service,
(2) Platform as a Service, and
(3) Software as a Service .
Figure 1.3 depicts the layered organization of the cloud stack from physical
infrastructure to applications. These abstraction levels can also be viewed as a
layered architecture where services of a higher layer can be composed from
services of the underlying layer.

Infrastructure as a Service
Offering virtualized resources (computation, storage, and communication)
on demand is known as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) . A cloud
infrastructure enables on-demand provisioning of servers running several
choices of operating systems and a customized software stack. Infrastructure
services are considered to be the bottom layer of cloud computing systems .
Platform as a Service
In addition to infrastructure-oriented clouds that provide raw computing
and storage services, another approach is to offer a higher level of abstraction to
make a cloud easily programmable, known as Platform as a Service (PaaS)..
Google AppEngine, an example of Platform as a Service, offers a scalable
environment for developing and hosting Web applications, which should be
written in specific programming languages such as Python or Java, and use the
services’ own proprietary structured object data store.
Software as a Service
Applications reside on the top of the cloud stack. Services provided by this layer can
be accessed by end users through Web portals. Therefore, consumers are increasingly
shifting from locally installed computer programs to on-line software services that
offer the same functionally. Traditional desktop applications such as word processing
and spreadsheet can now be accessed as a service in the Web.
Features of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is becoming popular day by day. Continuous business expansion and
growth requires huge computational power and large-scale data storage systems. Cloud
computing can help organizations expand and securely move data from physical locations to
the 'cloud' that can be accessed anywhere.

Cloud computing has many features that make it one of the fastest growing industries
at present. The flexibility offered by cloud services in the form of their growing set of tools
and technologies has accelerated its deployment across industries. This blog will tell you about
the essential features of cloud computing.
1. Resources Pooling
Resource pooling is one of the essential features of cloud computing. Resource pooling
means that a cloud service provider can share resources among multiple clients, each providing
a different set of services according to their needs. It is a multi-client strategy that can be
applied to data storage, processing and bandwidth-delivered services. The administration
process of allocating resources in real-time does not conflict with the client's experience.

2. On-Demand Self-Service
It is one of the important and essential features of cloud computing. This enables the client to
continuously monitor server uptime, capabilities and allocated network storage. This is a
fundamental feature of cloud computing, and a customer can also control the computing
capabilities according to their needs.

3. Easy Maintenance
This is one of the best cloud features. Servers are easily maintained, and downtime is minimal
or sometimes zero. Cloud computing powered resources often undergo several updates to
optimize their capabilities and potential. Updates are more viable with devices and perform
faster than previous versions.

4. Scalability And Rapid Elasticity

A key feature and advantage of cloud computing is its rapid scalability. This cloud feature
enables cost-effective handling of workloads that require a large number of servers but only
for a short period. Many customers have workloads that can be run very cost-effectively due
to the rapid scalability of cloud computing.

5. Economical
This cloud feature helps in reducing the IT expenditure of the organizations. In cloud
computing, clients need to pay the administration for the space used by them. There is no cover-
up or additional charges that need to be paid. Administration is economical, and more often
than not, some space is allocated for free.

6. Measured And Reporting Service

Reporting Services is one of the many cloud features that make it the best choice for
organizations. The measurement and reporting service is helpful for both cloud providers and
their customers. This enables both the provider and the customer to monitor and report which
services have been used and for what purposes. It helps in monitoring billing and ensuring
optimum utilization of resources.

7. Security
Data security is one of the best features of cloud computing. Cloud services make a copy of the
stored data to prevent any kind of data loss. If one server loses data by any chance, the copied
version is restored from the other server. This feature comes in handy when multiple users are
working on a particular file in real-time, and one file suddenly gets corrupted.

8. Automation
Automation is an essential feature of cloud computing. The ability of cloud computing to
automatically install, configure and maintain a cloud service is known as automation in cloud
computing. In simple words, it is the process of making the most of the technology and
minimizing the manual effort. However, achieving automation in a cloud ecosystem is not that
easy. This requires the installation and deployment of virtual machines, servers, and large
storage. On successful deployment, these resources also require constant maintenance.

9. Resilience
Resilience in cloud computing means the ability of a service to quickly recover from any
disruption. The resilience of a cloud is measured by how fast its servers, databases and network
systems restart and recover from any loss or damage. Availability is another key feature of
cloud computing. Since cloud services can be accessed remotely, there are no geographic
restrictions or limits on the use of cloud resources.

10. Large Network Access

A big part of the cloud's characteristics is its ubiquity. The client can access cloud data or
transfer data to the cloud from any location with a device and internet connection. These
capabilities are available everywhere in the organization and are achieved with the help of
internet. Cloud providers deliver that large network access by monitoring and guaranteeing
measurements that reflect how clients access cloud resources and data: latency, access times,
data throughput, and more.
Platform as a Service | PaaS
Platform as a Service (PaaS) provides a runtime environment. It allows
programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications. You can
purchase these applications from a cloud service provider on a pay-as-per use
basis and access them using the Internet connection. In PaaS, back end scalability
is managed by the cloud service provider, so end- users do not need to worry
about managing the infrastructure.

PaaS includes infrastructure (servers, storage, and networking) and platform

(middleware, development tools, database management systems, business
intelligence, and more) to support the web application life cycle.

Example: Google App Engine, Force.com, Joyent, Azure.

PaaS providers provide the Programming languages, Application frameworks,

Databases, and Other tools:

1. Programming languages
PaaS providers provide various programming languages for the developers to
develop the applications. Some popular programming languages provided by
PaaS providers are Java, PHP, Ruby, Perl, and Go.
2. Application frameworks
PaaS providers provide application frameworks to easily understand the
application development. Some popular application frameworks provided by
PaaS providers are Node.js, Drupal, Joomla, WordPress, Spring, Play, Rack, and
Zend.

3. Databases
PaaS providers provide various databases such as ClearDB, PostgreSQL,
MongoDB, and Redis to communicate with the applications.

4. Other tools
PaaS providers provide various other tools that are required to develop, test, and
deploy the applications.

Advantages of PaaS - There are the following advantages of PaaS -

1) Simplified Development

PaaS allows developers to focus on development and innovation without

worrying about infrastructure management.

2) Lower risk

No need for up-front investment in hardware and software. Developers only need
a PC and an internet connection to start building applications.

3) Prebuilt business functionality

Some PaaS vendors also provide already defined business functionality so that
users can avoid building everything from very scratch and hence can directly start
the projects only.

4) Instant community

PaaS vendors frequently provide online communities where the developer can get
the ideas to share experiences and seek advice from others.

5) Scalability

Applications deployed can scale from one to thousands of users without any
changes to the applications.
Disadvantages of PaaS cloud computing layer
1) Vendor lock-in

One has to write the applications according to the platform provided by the PaaS
vendor, so the migration of an application to another PaaS vendor would be a
problem.

2) Data Privacy

Corporate data, whether it can be critical or not, will be private, so if it is not

located within the walls of the company, there can be a risk in terms of privacy
of data.

3) Integration with the rest of the systems applications

It may happen that some applications are local, and some are in the cloud. So
there will be chances of increased complexity when we want to use data which in
the cloud with the local data.

Popular PaaS Providers

The below table shows some popular PaaS providers and services that are
provided by them -

Providers Services

Google App Engine App Identity, URL Fetch, Cloud storage client library,
(GAE) Logservice

Salesforce.com Faster implementation, Rapid scalability, CRM Services, Sales

cloud, Mobile connectivity, Chatter.

Windows Azure Compute, security, IoT, Data Storage.

AppFog Justcloud.com, SkyDrive, GoogleDocs

Openshift RedHat, Microsoft Azure.

Cloud Foundry from Data, Messaging, and other services.

VMware

Architecture of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing , which is one of the demanding technology of the
current time and which is giving a new shape to every organization by
providing on demand virtualized services/resources. Starting from small to
medium and medium to large, every organization use cloud computing services
for storing information and accessing it from anywhere and any time only with
the help of internet. In this article, we will know more about the internal
architecture of cloud computing.

Transparency, scalability, security and intelligent monitoring are some of

the most important constraints which every cloud infrastructure should
experience. Current research on other important constraints is helping cloud
computing system to come up with new features and strategies with a great
capability of providing more advanced cloud solutions.
Cloud Computing Architecture:

The cloud architecture is divided into 2 parts i.e.

1. Frontend
2. Backend

The below figure represents an internal architectural view of cloud

computing.

Architecture of Cloud Computing

Architecture of cloud computing is the combination of both SOA

(Service Oriented Architecture) and EDA (Event Driven Architecture). Client
infrastructure, application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure,
management and security all these are the components of cloud computing
architecture.

1. Frontend :
Frontend of the cloud architecture refers to the client side of cloud computing
system. Means it contains all the user interfaces and applications which are used
by the client to access the cloud computing services/resources. For example, use
of a web browser to access the cloud platform.
 Client Infrastructure – Client Infrastructure is a part of the frontend
component. It contains the applications and user interfaces which are
required to access the cloud platform.
 In other words, it provides a GUI( Graphical User Interface ) to interact with
the cloud.

2. Backend :
Backend refers to the cloud itself which is used by the service provider. It
contains the resources as well as manages the resources and provides security
mechanisms. Along with this, it includes huge storage, virtual applications,
virtual machines, traffic control mechanisms, deployment models, etc.
1. Application –
Application in backend refers to a software or platform to which client
accesses. Means it provides the service in backend as per the client
requirement.
2. Service –
Service in backend refers to the major three types of cloud based services
like SaaS, PaaS and IaaS. Also manages which type of service the user
accesses.
3. Runtime Cloud-
Runtime cloud in backend provides the execution and Runtime
platform/environment to the Virtual machine.
4. Storage –
Storage in backend provides flexible and scalable storage service and
management of stored data.
5. Infrastructure –
Cloud Infrastructure in backend refers to the hardware and software
components of cloud like it includes servers, storage, network devices,
virtualization software etc.
6. Management –
Management in backend refers to management of backend components like
application, service, runtime cloud, storage, infrastructure, and other security
mechanisms etc.
7. Security –
Security in backend refers to implementation of different security
mechanisms in the backend for secure cloud resources, systems, files, and
infrastructure to end-users.
8. Internet –
Internet connection acts as the medium or a bridge between frontend and
backend and establishes the interaction and communication between
frontend and backend.
Benefits of Cloud Computing Architecture :
 Makes overall cloud computing system simpler.
 Improves data processing requirements.
 Helps in providing high security.
 Makes it more modularized.
 Results in better disaster recovery.
 Gives good user accessibility.
 Reduces IT operating costs.

Cloud Computing Challenges

Cloud computing is the provisioning of resources like data and storage on

demand, that is in real-time. It has been proven to be revolutionary in the IT
industry with the market valuation growing at a rapid rate. Cloud development
has proved to be beneficial not only for huge public and private enterprises but
small-scale businesses as well as it helps to cut costs. It is estimated that more
than 94% of businesses will increase their spending on the cloud by more than
45%. This also has resulted in more and high-paying jobs if you are a cloud
developer.
Cloud technology was flourishing before the pandemic, but there has been a
sudden spike in cloud deployment and usage during the lockdown. The
tremendous growth can be linked to the fact that classes have been shifted online,
virtual office meetings are happening on video calling platforms, conferences are
taking place virtually as well as on-demand streaming apps have a huge audience.
All this is made possible by us of cloud computing only. We are safe to conclude
that the cloud is an important part of our life today, even if we are an enterprise,
student, developer, or anyone else and are heavily dependent on it. But with this
dependence, it is also important for us to look at the issues and challenges that
arise with cloud computing. Therefore, today we bring you the most common
challenges that are faced when dealing with cloud computing, let’s have a look at
them one by one:
1. Data Security and Privacy

Data security is a major concern when switching to cloud computing. User or

organizational data stored in the cloud is critical and private. Even if the cloud
service provider assures data integrity, it is your responsibility to carry out user
authentication and authorization, identity management, data encryption, and
access control. Security issues on the cloud include identity theft, data breaches,
malware infections, and a lot more which eventually decrease the trust amongst
the users of your applications. This can in turn lead to potential loss in revenue
alongside reputation and stature. Also, dealing with cloud computing requires
sending and receiving huge amounts of data at high speed, and therefore is
susceptible to data leaks.

2. Cost Management

Even as almost all cloud service providers have a “Pay As You Go” model, which
reduces the overall cost of the resources being used, there are times when there
are huge costs incurred to the enterprise using cloud computing. When there is
under optimization of the resources, let’s say that the servers are not being used
to their full potential, add up to the hidden costs. If there is a degraded application
performance or sudden spikes or overages in the usage, it adds up to the overall
cost. Unused resources are one of the other main reasons why the costs go up. If
you turn on the services or an instance of cloud and forget to turn it off during the
weekend or when there is no current use of it, it will increase the cost without
even using the resources.

3. Multi-Cloud Environments

Due to an increase in the options available to the companies, enterprises not only
use a single cloud but depend on multiple cloud service providers. Most of these
companies use hybrid cloud tactics and close to 84% are dependent on multiple
clouds. This often ends up being hindered and difficult to manage for the
infrastructure team. The process most of the time ends up being highly complex
for the IT team due to the differences between multiple cloud providers.
4. Performance Challenges

Performance is an important factor while considering cloud-based solutions. If

the performance of the cloud is not satisfactory, it can drive away users and
decrease profits. Even a little latency while loading an app or a web page can
result in a huge drop in the percentage of users. This latency can be a product of
inefficient load balancing, which means that the server cannot efficiently split the
incoming traffic so as to provide the best user experience. Challenges also arise
in the case of fault tolerance, which means the operations continue as required
even when one or more of the components fail.

5. Interoperability and Flexibility

When an organization uses a specific cloud service provider and wants to switch
to another cloud-based solution, it often turns up to be a tedious procedure since
applications written for one cloud with the application stack are required to be re-
written for the other cloud. There is a lack of flexibility from switching from one
cloud to another due to the complexities involved. Handling data movement,
setting up the security from scratch and network also add up to the issues
encountered when changing cloud solutions, thereby reducing flexibility.

6. High Dependence on Network

Since cloud computing deals with provisioning resources in real-time, it deals

with enormous amounts of data transfer to and from the servers. This is only made
possible due to the availability of the high-speed network. Although these data
and resources are exchanged over the network, this can prove to be highly
vulnerable in case of limited bandwidth or cases when there is a sudden outage.
Even when the enterprises can cut their hardware costs, they need to ensure that
the internet bandwidth is high as well there are zero network outages, or else it
can result in a potential business loss. It is therefore a major challenge for smaller
enterprises that have to maintain network bandwidth that comes with a high cost.

7. Lack of Knowledge and Expertise

Due to the complex nature and the high demand for research working with the cloud
often ends up being a highly tedious task. It requires immense knowledge and wide
expertise on the subject. Although there are a lot of professionals in the field they need
to constantly update themselves. Cloud computing is a highly paid job due to the
extensive gap between demand and supply. There are a lot of vacancies but very few
talented cloud engineers, developers, and professionals. Therefore, there is a need for
upskilling so these professionals can actively understand, manage and develop cloud-
based applications with minimum issues and maximum reliability.
Types of Cloud
Cloud computing is Internet-based computing in which a shared pool of
resources is available over broad network access, these resources can be
provisioned or released with minimum management efforts and service-provider
interaction.
Types of Cloud
1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud

Public Cloud
Public clouds are managed by third parties which provide cloud services over
the internet to the public, these services are available as pay-as-you-go billing
models.
They offer solutions for minimizing IT infrastructure costs and become a good
option for handling peak loads on the local infrastructure. Public clouds are the
go-to option for small enterprises, which can start their businesses without large
upfront investments by completely relying on public infrastructure for their IT
needs.
The fundamental characteristics of public clouds are multitenancy. A public
cloud is meant to serve multiple users, not a single customer. A user requires a
virtual computing environment that is separated, and most likely isolated, from
other users.

Public cloud
Advantages of using a Public cloud are:

1. High Scalability
2. Cost Reduction
3. Reliability and flexibility
4. Disaster Recovery
Disadvantages of using a Public cloud are:
1. Loss of control over data
2. Data security and privacy
3. Limited Visibility
4. Unpredictable cost
Private cloud
Private clouds are distributed systems that work on private infrastructure and
provide the users with dynamic provisioning of computing resources. Instead of
a pay-as-you-go model in private clouds, there could be other schemes that
manage the usage of the cloud and proportionally billing of the different
departments or sections of an enterprise. Private cloud providers are HP Data
Centers, Ubuntu, Elastic-Private cloud, Microsoft, etc.

Private Cloud

The advantages of using a private cloud are as follows:

1. Customer information protection: In the private cloud security concerns

are less since customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out
of private infrastructure.
2. Infrastructure ensuring SLAs: Private cloud provides specific operations
such as appropriate clustering, data replication, system monitoring, and
maintenance, disaster recovery, and other uptime services.
3. Compliance with standard procedures and operations: Specific
procedures have to be put in place when deploying and executing
applications according to third-party compliance standards. This is not
possible in the case of the public cloud.
Disadvantages of using a private cloud are:
1. The restricted area of operations: Private cloud is accessible within a
particular area. So the area of accessibility is restricted.
2. Expertise requires: In the private cloud security concerns are less since
customer data and other sensitive information do not flow out of private
infrastructure. Hence skilled people are required to manage & operate cloud
services.
Hybrid cloud:
A hybrid cloud is a heterogeneous distributed system formed by combining
facilities of the public cloud and private cloud. For this reason, they are also
called heterogeneous clouds.
A major drawback of private deployments is the inability to scale on-demand
and efficiently address peak loads. Here public clouds are needed. Hence, a
hybrid cloud takes advantage of both public and private clouds.

Hybrid Cloud

Advantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:

1) Cost: Available at a cheap cost than other clouds because it is

formed by a distributed system.

2) Speed: It is efficiently fast with lower cost, It reduces the latency

of the data transfer process.

3) Security: Most important thing is security. A hybrid cloud is totally

safe and secure because it works on the distributed system network.
Disadvantages of using a Hybrid cloud are:

1. It’s possible that businesses lack the internal knowledge necessary to create
such a hybrid environment. Managing security may also be more
challenging. Different access levels and security considerations may apply in
each environment.
2. Managing a hybrid cloud may be more difficult. With all of the alternatives
and choices available today, not to mention the new PaaS components and
technologies that will be released every day going forward, public cloud and
migration to public cloud are already complicated enough. It could just feel
like a step too far to include hybrid.