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The document explains the concepts of hypothesis and hypothesis testing, detailing the null (H0) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses. It discusses the types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing, including Type I and Type II errors, and introduces statistical tests like Z-tests and T-tests for evaluating claims about population parameters. Additionally, it provides examples of formulating hypotheses in various research scenarios.

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fujoshi0815
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6 views

Quarter 4 Week 1

The document explains the concepts of hypothesis and hypothesis testing, detailing the null (H0) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses. It discusses the types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing, including Type I and Type II errors, and introduces statistical tests like Z-tests and T-tests for evaluating claims about population parameters. Additionally, it provides examples of formulating hypotheses in various research scenarios.

Uploaded by

fujoshi0815
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis is an assertion or

a conjecture about one or


more populations.
Hypothesis testing is a decision
making process for evaluating
claims about a population
based on the characteristics of
a sample purportedly coming
from the population.
ALTERNATIVE
NULL (𝑯𝑶 ) (𝑯𝒂 )
A statement of “zero” difference
between two means. It is a
statement that there is no
significant diference between a
parameter and a specific value, or
that there is no difference between
two parameters.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2
A statement that assumes there is a
significant difference between two
means. It is a statement that there is
a significant difference between a
parameter and a specific value, or
that there is a difference between
two parameters.
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
The average screen
time of all five-year
old children is 4 hours
daily.
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 4
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 4
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 > 4
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 4
𝑯𝒐 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
between the parameter and the average screen time
of all five-years old children which is 4 hours daily.
𝑯𝒂 : 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
between the parameter and the average screen
time of all five−years old children which is 4 hours
daily.
Nash, the owner of the Awesome Milk Tea
Company, claims that the average
capacity of their medium size product is
250ml. Is the claim true? To test this claim,
Carl and his friends bought a sample of
100 bottles of milk tea. They calculated the
capacity of each bottle and found out the
contents to be 240ml.
Population mean = 250 ml
Sample mean = 240 ml
𝑯𝒐 : The medium sized milk tea
contains 250ml.

This can be interpreted as: ‘the


sample comes from a population
whose mean μ is 250ml.
𝑯𝒂 : The medium sized milk tea does
not contain 250ml.

This can be interpreted as: ‘the


sample comes from a population
whose mean is not equal to the
population mean 250ml.
𝑯𝒂 : The medium sized milk tea
contains less than 250ml.

This can be interpreted as: ‘the


sample comes from a population
whose mean is less than the
population mean 250ml
𝐻𝑜 : 𝜇 = 250
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 ≠ 250
𝐻𝑎 : 𝜇 < 250
A test of any statistical hypothesis, where
the alternative hypothesis is one-sided. In a
one-sided test, it is a directional statement
of the alternative hypothesis wherein only
one meaning can be interpreted from it. It
could be a left-tailed (less than, at most,
etc.) or a right-tailed (more than, greater
than, at least etc.).
A test of any statistical hypothesis,
where the alternative is two- sided. It
means that the statement is stated as
non-directional. Non-directional means
that there are two ideas that could be
interpreted from the way how the
alternative hypothesis is stated.
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old
children is not 4 hours daily
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old
children is more than 4 hours daily.
Ha: There is a significant difference between the
parameter (𝜇) and the average viewing time of
all five-year old children which is 4 hours daily.
Ha: The average viewing time of all five-year old
children is less than 4 hours daily.
If the null hypothesis is
true and accepted or if it
is false and rejected, the
decision is correct,
otherwise, wrong.
DECISION ABOUT Ho
Do not Reject
Reject
(Accept)
Ho is true Type I error Correct Decision
Ho is false Correct Decision Type II error
The first type of error
committed is when the
null hypothesis is true,
but you reject it.
The second type of error
committed is when the
null hypothesis is false,
and you accept it or
failed to reject it.
• An innocent person goes to jail
– Type I error

• Guilty people are set free – Type


II error
α- Probability of committing Type I Error. It is
called the level of significance which is
usually 0.05 or 0.01.

β - Probability of committing Type II Error.


(1- β) is called the power of statistical test.
This means that this is the confidence level
of committing the correct decision.
If the level of significance α
is .05 or 5%, the researcher is
95% sure that he commits a
correct decision.
It refers to the region where the
value of the test statistic lies for
which we will reject the null
hypothesis. It is also called
critical region.
So, if you computed statistics is
found in the rejection region,
then you reject Ho. If it is found
outside the rejection region
(acceptance region), you
accept Ho.
Appropriate Test Statistics:
There is specific and appropriate test statistics when the population
variance is assumed to be known or to be unknown.

1. Z- test. A Z-test is any statistical test for which the distribution of the test
statistics under the null hypothesis can be approximated by a normal
distribution. Z-test tests the mean of a distribution in which we already
know the population variance 𝜎². Because of the central limit theorem,
many test statistics are approximately normally distributed for large
samples (n ≥ 30). For each significance level in confidence interval. The z-
test has a single critical value (for example, 1.96 for 5% two tailed) which
makes it more convenient.
2. T-test. A Student’s T-test is used, when the population variance is unknown
(and therefore it has to be estimated from the sample itself) and the
sample size is not large (n<30).
Illustration 1. In a recent survey, the average
salary of sales managers in Metro Manila is more
than Php 40,000 per month and the standard
deviation is Php 6,400. A sample of 30 sales
managers has a mean salary of Php 41,800. At
𝛼 = 0.05 as the level of significance.
Illustration 2. A recruitment agency claims
that the average starting salary for call center
agents in Pampanga is Php 24,000 a month.
A sample of 10 call center agents has a
mean salary of Php 23,220 and a standard
deviation of Php 400. Is there enough
evidence to reject the claim at a = 0. 05?
Rowen, the researcher,
believes that cooking
improves his mood.
ONE-TAILED TEST
Friends affect students’
scores in modular learning
modality.
TWO-TAILED TEST
Elicia thinks that the
average of babies’
weight upon birth is
3.5 kg
According to a factory worker, the
mean working time of workers in the
factory is 6 hours, with a standard
deviation of 0.5 hours. A researcher
reviewed 50 of the employees and
found out that their mean working time
is 8 hours, with a standard deviation of
1 hour. The level is 0.05.
Jane, the researcher, wants to test
the significant difference in the
leadership performance of public
and private school student leaders.
Can you help her formulate the
hypotheses for her study?
Help Garry formulate the
appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses on his study focusing on
the significant relationship between
his classmates’ attitude scores and
academic performance.

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