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On the Movement of Quantum Particles Suspended in Stationary Spacetime

Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Gravitational Heat and
Spacetime Phases

Preprint · April 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34396.60807

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 Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology (JHEPGC), 2023, *, *-*
http://www.scirp.org/journal/***
ISSN Online:****-****
ISSN Print:****-****

On the Movement of Quantum Particles Suspended

in Stationary Spacetime Liquids Required by the
Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Gravitational Heat
and Spacetime Phases

The Theory of General Singularity

Alessandro Rizzo

Independent Researcher, Brescia, Italy

Email: [email protected]

How to cite this paper: Rizzo, Abstract

A. (2023) On the Movement of We propose a framework in which the low-energy effective structure of space-
Quantum Particles Suspended in time emerges from a quantum condensate of spin-2 quanta. These spin-
Stationary Spacetime Liquids Re- 2 excitations, identified as gravitons, can form as bound states of two pho-
quired by the Molecular-Kinetic tons under appropriate conditions, thereby providing a geometric interpreta-
Theory of Gravitational Heat and tion of gravity. Within this condensate, quantum test particles experi-
Spacetime Phases, According to ence random fluctuations of their trajectories, a phenomenon analogous to
the Theory of Spacetime Heat and Brownian motion in classical fluids. This quantum analog manifests as
Spacetime Phases, Journal of High a Zitterbewegung-like effect: rapid, stochastic position fluctuations governed
Energy Physics, Gravitation and by quantum uncertainty and the underlying spacetime granularity. By in-
Cosmology (JHEPGC), *, *-*. corporating Einstein-Cartan torsion, we introduce intrinsic spin-curvature cou-
http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2. pling and the possibility of stable nontrivial topologies. These topologi-
2.34396.60807 cal configurations can produce dark matter candidates without additional fun-
Received: **** **, *** damental particles. We present a clear, step-by-step derivation of the
Accepted: **** **, *** Brownian-like equations of motion and show how the resulting mean-square
Published: **** **, *** displacement mimics standard Brownian behavior. We discuss experimen-
Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and tal analogies, phase transition universality, and recent indications of chi-
Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ral spin-2 modes in condensed-matter analogs. Our approach extends Ein-
This work is licensed under the Cre- stein’s 1905 molecular-kinetic logic—used to infer atomicity of matter—to the
ative Commons Attribution Inter- quantum gravitational domain, suggesting that spacetime itself has a mi-
national License (CC BY 4.0). croscopic “molecular” structure revealed by stochastic quantum fluctuations.
http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords
Planck mass, gravity, light, phonons, phonon field, vacuum hydrodynamics, sonolu-
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, con- minescence, Hawking radiation, quantum black holes, theory of general singularity.
sectetuer adipiscing elit. Ut purus
elit, vestibulum ut, placerat ac, adi-
piscing vitae, felis. Curabitur dic-
tum gravida mauris. Nam arcu li-
bero, nonummy eget, consectetuer 1. Introduction
id, vulputate a, magna. Donec
vehicula augue eu neque. Pellen- A fully consistent quantum theory of gravity remains elusive. One promising line of
tesque habitant morbi tristique se- thought treats spacetime not as a fundamental continuum, but as an emergent, effec-
nectus et netus et malesuada fa- tive medium arising from an underlying quantum substrate. Analogies with condensed
mes ac turpis egestas. Mauris ut matter systems, Kaluza-Klein theories, and Einstein-Cartan geometry suggest that the
leo. Cras viverra metus rhoncus
sem. Nulla et lectus vestibulum
DOI:
urna10.4236/***.2023.***** ****eu**, 2023
fringilla ultrices. Phasellus
tellus sit amet tortor gravida pla-
cerat. Integer sapien est, iaculis
in, pretium quis, viverra ac, nunc.
Praesent eget sem vel leo ultrices bi-
bendum. Aenean faucibus. Morbi
dolor nulla, malesuada eu, pulvinar
A. Rizzo
gravitational field could emerge as a collective, low-energy excitation of more fundamental
constituents.
In this work, we consider a scenario in which gravitons—massless spin-2 particles me-
diating gravitational interactions—emerge as bound states of two photons in a higher-
dimensional or torsion-modified geometry. This construction is analogous to forming
Cooper pairs in superconductors, except here the “pairing” occurs in an exotic, geomet-
ric context. The resulting spin-2 quanta condense, forming a spacetime Bose-Einstein
condensate (BEC). Quantum test particles moving through this condensate experience
fluctuations in their trajectories due to quantum uncertainty and interactions with col-
lective modes. This leads to a phenomenon analogous to classical Brownian motion:
we observe a Zitterbewegung-like jitter in their trajectories, whose statistical properties
mirror those of particles suspended in a fluid.
We also incorporate the Einstein-Cartan extension of general relativity to include
torsion, which couples to spin. The presence of torsion and non-orientable topologies can
yield stable, non-luminous configurations, providing a natural geometric interpretation
for dark matter. We present a rigorous mathematical derivation of the Brownian-like
equations of motion for a test particle. Our results offer a new perspective on the quan-
tum structure of spacetime, relating microscopic quantum gravitational fluctuations to
emergent gravitational phenomena, and drawing parallels to Einstein’s molecular-kinetic
reasoning that established the atomic theory of matter.

2. Emergent Gravity from a Spin-2 Condensate

Consider a (4 + n)-dimensional manifold M4+n with suitable compactification leading
to an effective four-dimensional world. In this scenario, photons may acquire effective
interactions mediated by the internal geometry or torsion fields. Under certain conditions,
two photons (initially massless spin-1 bosons) can form a bound state with total spin
J = 2. We identify this bound state as a graviton-like excitation G:

|G⟩ ∼ |γγ⟩J=2 . (1)

We assume a stable BEC phase of these G excitations at low temperatures T < Tc .

The macroscopic condensate wavefunction ΨG (x) serves as an order parameter for the
emergent gravitational field.
In analogy with superfluid or superconducting states, the effective gravitational ac-
tion in 4D resembles:
 2
4 √
Z 
ℏ 2 2
Seff = d x −g |Dµ ΨG | + U (|ΨG | ) , (2)
2meff

where Dµ is a covariant derivative, meff is an effective mass scale from the binding mech-
anism, and U encodes self-interactions ensuring condensation. Expanding around the
ground state ΨG,0 yields gapless spin-2 excitations identified as gravitons. The emergent
metric gµν reflects the collective, long-wavelength behavior of the condensate.

3. Einstein-Cartan Torsion and Dark Sectors

Einstein-Cartan (EC) theory extends general relativity by allowing torsion S λµν , which
couples to spin density Σλµν . This modifies the connection:

Γλµν = Γλνµ + Sµν

λ
. (3)

Torsion can stabilize non-orientable topologies and produce nontrivial vacuum states.
These configurations may not couple to electromagnetism, creating “dark” states in the
gravitational condensate. Such torsion-induced states serve as natural dark matter can-
didates, requiring no additional fundamental fields.

4. Zitterbewegung as a Brownian-Like Phenomenon

Classical Brownian motion arises when a particle is bombarded by random molecular
collisions, leading to a mean-square displacement (MSD) linear in time. We now derive
an analogous result for a quantum test particle interacting with fluctuating quantum
gravitational degrees of freedom.

2
 A. Rizzo
4.1. Equation of Motion and Stochastic Force
Consider a test particle of mass m propagating in the emergent gravitational background.
Let x̂(t) be its position operator. At low energies, the particle effectively “feels” random
quantum impulses due to interactions with gravitons and underlying spin-2 fluctuations.
Write the non-relativistic limit of the particle’s equation of motion as:

d2 x̂
m = F̂ (t), (4)
dt2

where F̂ (t) is a stochastic operator force arising from quantum fluctuations of the space-
time condensate. We assume:
δ(t − t′ )
⟨F̂ (t)⟩ = 0, ⟨F̂ (t)F̂ (t′ )⟩ = ℏ2 , (5)
τc
where τc is a characteristic correlation time related to the shortest length scale of the
condensate (akin to the inter-“molecular” spacing in a fluid).

4.2. Mean-Square Displacement Derivation

Integrating once: Z t
1
v̂(t) = v̂(0) + F̂ (t′ )dt′ . (6)
m 0

Integrating again for position:

Z t Z t′
1
x̂(t) = x̂(0) + v̂(0)t + dt′ dt′′ F̂ (t′′ ). (7)
m 0 0

Consider the displacement from uniform motion, ∆x̂(t) = x̂(t) − x̂(0) − v̂(0)t. Its
mean-square expectation:
Z t Z t′
1
⟨[∆x(t)]2 ⟩ = ⟨ dt′ dt′′ F̂ (t′′ )F̂ (t′ )⟩. (8)
m2 0 0

Exchange integrals and use δ(t′′ − t′ ):

t
ℏ2 ℏ2 t2
Z
⟨[∆x(t)]2 ⟩ = dt′ (t − t′ ) = . (9)
m2 τc 0 m2 τc 2

For t ≫ τc , the growth is approximately linear in t when considering the coarse-

grained scale. To align with standard Brownian notation, define an effective diffusion
coefficient D = ℏ2 /(2m2 τc ). Then:

⟨[∆x(t)]2 ⟩ ≈ 2Dt, (10)

at long times. This matches the classical Brownian motion form. The particle’s trajectory
is “jittery” due to zero-point gravitational fluctuations—this is the Zitterbewegung-like
behavior.

4.3. Physical Interpretation

Just as Einstein’s analysis of Brownian motion provided empirical evidence for molecular
granularity, this quantum gravitational Brownian analogy suggests spacetime’s granular
structure at microscopic scales. The “molecules” here are quanta of the gravitational
condensate (gravitons formed from photon pairs), and their zero-point fluctuations mimic
the random kicks molecules give to a pollen grain in water.

5. Universality and Phase Transitions

The gravitational condensate undergoes phase transitions with universal critical expo-
nents, akin to standard BECs and critical phenomena [44, 45, 46]. Near the critical tem-
perature Tc , correlation lengths diverge, altering diffusion parameters D. These universal
behaviors underscore the robustness of the analogy with known quantum many-body sys-
tems.

3
A. Rizzo

Figure 1: A schematic spacetime diagram of a quantum particle’s trajectory exhibiting rapid directional changes
(Zitterbewegung). Each “zig-zag” corresponds to quantum gravitational fluctuations imparting random impulses,
analogous to molecular collisions in Brownian motion.

6. Chiral Spin-2 Modes and Experimental Hints

Recent experimental observations of chiral spin-2 edge modes in fractional quantum Hall
systems [1] show that emergent graviton-like excitations can appear in strongly corre-
lated electron systems. These condensed matter analogs lend credibility to the notion
that gravity-like degrees of freedom can emerge from underlying quantum structures.
Holographic principles further suggest that spacetime geometry is encoded in boundary
qubits, making the bulk gravitational field a collective, emergent phenomenon.

7. Dark Matter from Torsion-Induced Nontrivial

Topologies
In the presence of torsion, certain excitations remain electromagnetically inert but still
gravitate. Such torsion-induced vacuum solutions provide a geometric scenario for dark
matter. Like vortex excitations in superfluids, these topological states are stable and non-
radiative, influencing large-scale gravitational dynamics without direct electromagnetic
signatures.

4
 A. Rizzo
8. Comparison with Einstein’s 1905 Article: A
Molecular-Kinetic Analogy
Before concluding, it is instructive to draw a parallel with Einstein’s 1905 work [47],
in which Brownian motion provided empirical evidence for the existence of atoms and
molecules.

Einstein (1905) This Work

Particles suspended in a stationary liquid expe- Quantum particles in a stationary spacetime con-
rience random thermal motions due to molecules densate experience Zitterbewegung due to quan-
of the fluid. tum gravitational fluctuations.
Brownian motion analysis leads to the diffusion Zitterbewegung leads to a Brownian-like mean-
equation: square displacement:
⟨x2 ⟩ = 2Dt,
⟨[∆x]2 ⟩ ∼ 2Dt,
providing indirect evidence of molecular granu-
larity. suggesting a discrete, quantum structure of
spacetime and spin-2 quanta (gravitons as γ2 G).
Molecular-kinetic theory of heat underpins the The molecular-kinetic analogy in spacetime sup-
derivation, confirming the atomic hypothesis. ports a “quantum-molecular” picture of grav-
ity, with gravitons as bound states analogous to
emergent quasi-particles.

Table 1: Conceptual and Formal Parallels Between Einstein’s 1905 Brownian Motion Analysis and the
Present Quantum Spacetime Framework

The core idea is that just as Brownian motion revealed the granular atomic structure
of matter, the quantum Brownian-like Zitterbewegung in a spacetime condensate hints
at a discrete, quantum structure underlying gravity. Einstein’s logic, extended here,
replaces molecular collisions with quantum gravitational fluctuations, unveiling gravitons
as emergent spin-2 modes and providing a window into the microstructure of spacetime.

9. Conclusions
We have shown that treating spacetime as a quantum condensate of spin-2 quanta (gravi-
tons emerging from photon-photon bound states) leads to a natural interpretation of
Zitterbewegung as Brownian-like motion. The mathematical derivation closely mirrors
Einstein’s original approach for Brownian motion, now applied to quantum gravitational
fluctuations instead of molecular collisions.
This approach provides a conceptual framework linking quantum gravity, torsion,
dark matter, and universal scaling laws. The analogy with well-studied many-body
phenomena suggests that the quantum microstructure of spacetime can be probed in-
directly through stochastic fluctuations of test particles. As experimental techniques
advance, searching for subtle quantum gravitational signatures—possibly in condensed
matter analogs—could test this picture.

Acknowledgments
The author acknowledges the foundational ideas of Einstein, Cartan, Kaluza, Klein, and
the ongoing efforts of the theoretical physics community in bridging quantum mechanics
and gravity.

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