PROTECTING AND PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE

Topic Background for the Committee on Protecting and Preserving Cultural Heritage

“Cultural heritage is a reflection of human history, civilization, and the coexistence of multiple peoples and their ways
of life. Its protection is a shared responsibility of the international community, in the interest of future generations.”
— Paolo Gentiloni, Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation

Statement of the Problem

From the raiding of ancient tombs in Peru and China, and the destruction and theft of antiquities and
archeological sites in Iraq and Syria, to the environmental concerns surrounding the Great Barrier Reef and the
canals and waterways of the Italian city of Venice, cultural heritage is under threat around the world. Recognizing
the importance of this problem to the global community, Ban Ki-moon, the former Secretary-General of the United
Nations (UN), recently proclaimed, “An attack on cultural heritage in one part of the world is an attack on all
humanity.” The protection and preservation of cultural heritage is essential to supporting the development of
peaceful societies, strengthening sustainable development, preventing violent extremism, and stopping the
financing of terrorism. 1

Having at one time only applying to objects, monuments and artifacts,

cultural heritage is now a wide concept that has gradually evolved over
time. Simply put, cultural heritage includes all the elements that a
community uses to construct its identity and its sense of the past, the
present, and the future. 2 Today, experts agree that cultural heritage
can be specified to include both tangible and intangible forms. Tangible
cultural heritage, or objects you can touch, includes movable cultural
heritage (paintings, sculptures, coins, and manuscripts), immovable
cultural heritage (monuments, archaeological sites, natural
landscapes, and geological formations) and even extends into certain A young Chinese boy takes photos during an
aspects of culture that can be found underwater (shipwrecks, exhibit specifically intended to raise public
awareness around the country’s progress in
underwater ruins, and cities). Intangible cultural heritage includes oral protecting both tangible and intangible cultural
traditions, the performing arts, the knowledge and skill to produce heritage.
traditional crafts, and even rituals. 3

Although concerns surrounding the protection and preservation of cultural heritage for future generations is not
new, in recent years cultural heritage has deteriorated at accelerating rates and increasingly become under threat
as a result of industrialization, rapid urbanization, technological advancements, climate change, mass tourism,
war, and conflict 4. Currently, cultural property related to world heritage is being unlawfully excavated, stolen,
looted, and exported or imported with the help of sophisticated modern technologies. These crimes are

1 Protecting Cultural Heritage: An Imperative for Humanity, Interpol, 2016.

2 “What is Cultural Heritage?” Penn Cultural Heritage Center, 2013.
3 What is Cultural Heritage? UNESCO, 2010.
4 World Heritage in Danger. UNESCO, 2015.

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increasingly linked to international criminal activity. The expanded definition of cultural heritage has made it
difficult for effective national and international action, prompting an urgent need for cooperation and
collaboration. The necessity to both define and deter the issues that threaten cultural heritage is an important
matter that transcends borders and is as important for developing United Nations Member States as for
developed ones.

History of the Problem & Past International Action

Cultural heritage and cultural properties have been destroyed, looted, and trafficked throughout history,
particularly after war has ended. Since the 18th century, and even before, protecting and preserving cultural
heritage has been recognized as an essential part of the responsibilities of a modernized society. The oldest urban
settlements in China, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Mesopotamia 5, and the Mediterranean formed some of the world’s
foremost, culturally diverse regions. In the age of early empires and kingdoms and all throughout both rural and
indigenous communities, there has always been a basis for the development of particular artistic contributions to
culture. Cultural influences from other areas of the world came through various types of contact and included the
use of early trade routes and human migration. Industrialization and technological advancements have also
greatly contributed to the diversity and spread of culture throughout early history.

Since the early 19th century, there has been a need to understand the
future of cultural heritage specifically in relation to its treatment during
times of war and conflict. Although international documents date back
as far as the 6th century AD, the Hague Conventions with Respect to the
Laws and Customs of War on Land (1899 and 1907) introduced several
modern conditions and statements that forbid the destruction of an
enemy’s property, which in some cases included cultural heritage. The
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO) was founded in 1945 with an early emphasis on
In Cambodia, a shadow theater performance conservation and is the only specialized agency within the United
featuring leather puppets takes place three or Nations system with a specific focus on culture. UNESCO assists
four times a year and has evolved from being a Member States in the implementation of certain measures for the
ritualistic activity in the fifteenth century to an
effective safeguarding of cultural heritage.
artistic form in present day.

The first international treaty to specifically address the protection of cultural heritage in conflict zones was the
Hague Convention of 1954. It was created in light of the destruction of cultural heritage, both tangible and
intangible, during the Second World War. During the 1950s and 1960s, efforts were made to encourage
international cooperation to protect cultural heritage and extraordinary natural areas for the benefit of future
generations, and additionally for all humankind. In light of the increasing number of international crimes related
to the looting and trafficking of cultural heritage in the late 1960s and early 1970s, one of the first international
responses was the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer
of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970), established by UNESCO. The first national response was the formation,
in Italy, of the world’s first police force specialized in the protection of cultural property.

As the protection of cultural heritage became a more pressing matter, UNESCO passed the Convention Concerning
the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972). The Convention defined what cultural heritage
and natural heritage are along with why and how they should be protected. It also established an assumption of
responsibility to protect cultural heritage through the development of designated World Heritage Sites, or
examples of cultural heritage. The Convention also established a World Heritage Fund from which assistance is

5The Indus Valley extends from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Mesopotamia roughly corresponds
to what today is Iraq and Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, and Southeastern Turkey.
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available to Member States for the identification and conservation of the world's heritage. Toward the end of the
1980s and beginning of the 1990s, there were a variety of armed conflicts across the globe that forced UNESCO
to realize that the 1954 Convention was not enough to fully protect world heritage. In 1999 the Second Protocol
to the Hague Convention was added to outline procedures and impose sanctions on Member states who violated
the Convention and potential conditions for individual criminal responsibility for damaging or destroying world
heritage sites. 6 In 2015, the 1972 Convention was strengthened to include preventative measures as well as return
and restitution procedures.

Discussion of the Problem and Examples of Threats

International conventions, along with their resolutions, aim to
safeguard tangible and intangible cultural heritage by attempting
to create a universal code of conduct. However, if the participants
of crimes against cultural heritage do not abide by the laws of their
country, one cannot expect them to conform to international
codes of conduct and ethics. 7 In the Middle East, many historical
landmarks – including designated World Heritage Sites – have
been damaged or destroyed, while archaeological sites have been
ruthlessly and systematically looted, usually for illegal profit gains.
The Bamiyan Buddhas, carved out of sandstone cliffs,
The recent destruction of world heritage sites includes that of were built in the 6th century when Bamiyan was a
Palmyra by ISIS in Syria as well as the well-known Bamiyan holy Buddhist site. After being declared idols, the
Buddhas in Afghanistan, which were destroyed in March 2001 by Taliban reportedly spent 25 days demolishing the
the Taliban after being declared idols against Islam. revered statues in 2001. This before/after photo
shows the extent of the destruction.

Within the last century, the United Nations has assumed a more prominent role with regard to the protection of
world heritage sites. However, critics claim that outside influences and bureaucracy have tarnished the world
heritage program and that the “World Heritage Site” label has simply become a marketing tool aimed at increasing
a Member State’s tourism revenue.8 Additionally, critics claim that an increase in tourism to these same sites can
be damaging, particularly if tourism rates increase faster than a Member State can keep up with. Tourism is not
the only concern, with some believing that a World Heritage Site label makes sites an easy target during armed
conflicts. In recent years, ISIS has actively destroyed all UNESCO World Heritage Sites that they deem to be
blasphemous throughout Iraq and Syria. 9 While some protective measures have been put in place, there is still
much to be done to ensure these sites remain a part of the world’s heritage.

Because of their transnational dimension, cultural trafficking offenses involving antiquities and artifacts can
involve multiple national jurisdictions presenting an even more challenging problem. Trafficked items are looted
in one country and travel across several others before reaching their final destination. If items are intercepted,
local authorities do not always have the necessary expertise to identify them, assess their value, or grasp the scale
of the criminal operation behind a single act of trafficking. National responses at the legislative and law
enforcement levels have proved insufficient and have indicated that these threats require action at the regional
or global level. Combined with a lack of resources and public interest in protecting and preserving cultural
heritage, archeological sites and artifacts that might represent over 2,000 years of history could irreversibly be
destroyed in a matter of seconds. 10

6 UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Background Guide. Mace, Deacon, and Taton, 2015.
7 Protecting World Heritage Sites in Conflict Zones. London International MUN, 2016.
8 "Is UNESCO Damaging the World’s Treasures?" The Independent, 2009.
9 ISIS Video Confirms Destruction at UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Shaheen, Kareem, 2015.
10 Protecting Cultural Heritage: An Imperative for Humanity. Interpol, 2016.

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 Aside from trafficking, other events have
threatened cultural heritage and World Heritage
Sites, as well. In 2014, experts declared climate
change to be the most serious potential threat to
natural World Heritage Sites worldwide. Looking
more widely at all types of threats, the report
also noted that only half of all natural sites were
routinely monitored; more than a third had
serious concerns about the levels of
conservation; and 13% had ineffective levels of
protection and management. Experts say that
monitoring threats and impacts of all types is
critical for ensuring cultural heritage is protected
and preserved. 11

Possible Solutions
Many international guidelines about cultural
heritage, including UNESCO’s official definition,
involve a complex strategy to protect and
preserve cultural heritage. However, getting
countries to agree to the same strategies is not a
very realistic solution because what works in one
country or region may or may not work in
another. One of the biggest obstacles to ending
threats to cultural heritage is the UN’s respect of
each country’s national sovereignty. The UN
cannot step in and interfere with how a
government is running a country unless it is clear
that the government is neglecting or harming the
people.

Countries and international organizations have

made some progress with regard to combating
the illegal trafficking of antiquities. These efforts
target law reform, the role of customs and law
enforcement authorities, museum practices, and
public education. A prime example of this
progress is the Emergency Red List of Syrian
Cultural Objects at Risk. This list helps to alert
international customs authorities to the illicit
trafficking of Syrian artifacts and has produced a map featuring 1,000 important museums, historic buildings, and
archaeological sites. Although this list certainly raises awareness of the threats specifically pertaining to Syrian
cultural heritage, there are many other areas of the world that could benefit from the same type of effort.

Advancing sustainable conservation policies and strategies among member countries is another possible solution.
The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage recognizes the ‘importance of intangible
cultural heritage as a mainspring of cultural diversity and a guarantee of sustainable development’. We know that

11
World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate. UNESCO and UNEP, 2016.
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today, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development addresses the three dimensions – economic, social and
environmental – of sustainable development through the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition,
the sharing of effective sustainable tourism practices can support the SDGs and promote the preservation of both
natural and cultural heritage. However, balancing preservation and economic development could present
challenges to Member States, especially the less developed ones.

Increasing community engagement and public awareness is another possible solution. UNESCO has worked with
youth, educators, and other like-minded organizations that encourage efforts that promote adherence and aim
to strengthen international regimes through conferences, workshops and publications. Launched by the United
Nations in 2015 in response to the growing use of social media by violent extremists, the
#Unite4Heritage campaign uses the power of social media to create a global movement for young people to take
action for the safeguarding of heritage under threat. Although it does raise awareness about cultural heritage in
general, the #Unite4Heritage campaign has a main focus on countries in Africa and the Middle East. 12 Equally
important as education is the importance of investing in technology. For example, with recent advancements in
3-D light projection, the cultural heritage of the Bamiyan Valley in Afghanistan that was destroyed by the Taliban
can be revived even as the reconstruction of the massive statues is considered impossible. 13 Encouraging the
exchange of knowledge and resources both locally and globally, while keeping in mind the power social media,
technology, and the importance of education could certainly help to solve this pressing matter.

The Challenge
The intentional destruction of cultural heritage is by no means a uniquely new problem, but rather it is as ancient
as the many aspects of heritage, both tangible and intangible, being targeted. Threats to cultural heritage are
more diverse and destructive than ever before and the need for an organized response from the international
community to protect and preserve it so that traditions and culture persist through generations is a central
concern. It is critical that the international community act quickly and cooperatively to address the issues
surrounding the protection and preservation of cultural heritage, including but not limited to encouraging the
exchange of knowledge and resources both locally and globally, combating the illegal trafficking of antiquities,
increasing community engagement and public awareness, and advancing sustainable conservation policies and
strategies. In this committee, delegates will come together to discuss these issues and debate the responsibilities
that individual countries have with respect to this growing global concern.

12 Unite4Heritage CAMPAIGN. UNESCO, 2015.

13 UNESCO Background Guide. Gaucho Model United Nations Conference, 2016.
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Questions to Consider
1) Why is cultural heritage under threat in certain parts of the world more than others? What are some
examples of work being done to protect and preserve cultural heritage in your country?
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2) What cultural heritage is under threat in your assigned country? Are there any designated World Heritage Sites in
your country or global region? What (if any) are the immediate or emerging threats and how is cultural heritage
being protected?
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3) What should be done to diminish and prevent the effects that recent conflicts have caused to World Heritage
Sites?
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4) After conflicts that threaten world heritage end, what should be done to restore or continue to protect the
sites that were damaged by conflict?
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5) Have individuals or organizations within your assigned country either knowingly or unknowingly, helped to finance
modern terrorism by purchasing or being a country of transit with reference to looted antiquities off of the black
market? Please describe what you have found in your research.
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6) Has your assigned country signed on to the Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import,
Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property? If so, how is this enforced and regulated in your country?
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7) Who can be helpful in creating solutions to this problem? Would working with museums, governments,
academics, the tourism industry, or non-governmental organizations (NGOs) be most helpful?
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8) How can protecting and preserving cultural heritage occurring outside of your assigned country’s borders
have an impact on the well-being of people living within your country?
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9) If an individual or group of people is found to have destroyed cultural heritage, what happens to them in
your assigned country?
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10) Are there any international organizations or regional alliances (with neighboring countries) from which you
would seek support in order to achieve your assigned country’s goals?
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Quick Facts
• UNESCO’s strategy for protecting tangible cultural heritage focuses on least developed countries and
countries in emergency situations (post-conflict or post-natural disaster), with an emphasis on Africa. 14
• Currently there are more than 1,000 World Heritage designated properties in over 163 different countries. 15
As of 2016, the 55 world heritage sites currently in danger span nearly every world region.
• Most World Heritage Sites are tourist destinations, and tourism is one of the world’s largest and fastest-
growing economic sectors, responsible for 9% of GDP globally and providing 1 in 11 jobs. 16

Helpful Resources
• The World Heritage List: Interactive Map (UNESCO)
An interactive map containing detailed information about the world heritage sites around the world.
• The World Heritage List in Danger: Interactive Map (UNESCO)
An interactive map containing detailed information about the 55 properties which the World Heritage
Committee has decided to include on the List of World Heritage in danger.
• Ethical Principles for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage (UNESCO)
Created in 2015, these are a set of 12 overarching principles that are widely accepted as good practices
for governments, organizations and individuals directly or indirectly involved with protecting and
preserving intangible cultural heritage.
• In What Ways are Attacks on Cultural Heritage, Attacks on Human Rights and Humanity?
A short video of Irina Bokova, Director-General of UNESCO as she answers a question on protecting
cultural heritage for peace at a recent UNESCO Conference (3 min; June 2016).
• Damaged by War, Syria’s Cultural Sites Rise Anew in France
A New York Times article explaining how 3-D technology in France is being used to bring attention to the
rising threats against world heritage (December, 2016).
• Looting and Conflict: The ISIS Antiquities Pipeline
An animated, graphic rendering that illustrates how ISIS has organized and regulated looting in order to
help finance their operations (National Geographic Magazine; June 2016).
• A Few Regional Bloc Positions and Helpful Points a Resolution Should Address
Refer to pages 10 & 11 for short paragraphs on the positions of Europe, USA/North America, Middle East
and the Rest of the World with regards to the topic.
• Additional Regional Bloc Positions
Refer to pages 12-15 for short paragraphs on the positions of the African States, Asia-Pacific States, Arab
States, European and North American States, and Latin American and the Caribbean States.
• The Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict
The convention text itself provides helpful examples of existing preambulatory and operative clauses. The
list of state parties to the convention can be found here.
• The Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage
The convention text itself provides helpful examples of existing preambulatory and operative clauses.
• The Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of
Ownership of Cultural Property
The list of state parties to the convention can be found here.
• The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions

14 Tangible Cultural Heritage. UNESCO, 2015

15 World Heritage and Tourism in a Changing Climate. (2016)
16 Ibid.

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Glossary of Terms
• Antiquities: objects, buildings, and works of art from the ancient past.
• Archeological Sites: the location where archeological digs are taking place.
• Blasphemous: speaking badly about a religion or god.
• Bureaucracy: a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials
rather than by elected representatives.
• Convention: an agreement under international law entered into by States that establishes rights and
obligations.
• Conservation: refers to the process of looking after a site so as to retain its special values. Conservation may
include maintenance, preservation, restoration and reconstruction.
• Climate change: a long-term change in the earth's climate, especially a change due to an increase in the
average atmospheric temperature.
• Cultural heritage: the legacy of physical artifacts and intangible attributes of a group or society that are
inherited from past generations and maintained for the benefit of future generations.
o Intangible cultural heritage: Such as oral traditions, performing arts, social practices, rituals, festive
events, knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe or the knowledge and skills to
produce traditional crafts.
o Tangible cultural heritage: includes the heritage you can touch like buildings and historic places,
monuments, artifacts, etc., which are considered worthy of preservation for the future. These include
objects significant to the archaeology, architecture, science or technology of a specific culture.
• Deter: to discourage someone from doing something, typically by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences.
• Developing countries: a poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and
socially.
• Developed countries: Nations that has a lot of industrial activity and where people tend to have higher
incomes.
• Extremism/Extremist: a person who holds extreme political or religious views, especially one who resorts to
or advocates for extreme action (or extremism).
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP): one of the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's
economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period.
• Human Migration: the movement of a person or group of people from one place to another.
• Indigenous: being a member of the original inhabitants of a particular place.
• Industrialization: the process in which a society or country (or the world) transforms itself from a primarily
agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services.
• International regime: international treaty and/or collections of rules.
• Implementation: the process of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution.
• Islam: One of the three largest religions in the world. Followers of Islam are known as Muslims. Known to be
one of the most peaceful religions.
• ISIS: A militant group of individuals who hold a rigid and extreme view of Islam and are trying to create an
Islamic government throughout the world. Also known as Daesh or ISIL.
• Jurisdiction: the extent of the power to make legal decisions
• Legislative: having the power to make laws.
• National sovereignty: the authority of a government to care for, protect, and provide for its people without
other countries or the U.N. interfering.
• Non-governmental organizations (NGOs): a non-profit, citizen-based group that functions independently of
government.

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• Oral traditions: a community's cultural and historical traditions passed down by word of mouth or example
from one generation to another without written instruction.
• Restitution: giving something lost or stolen back to its proper owner.
• Sanctions: punishments or penalties imposed upon another country.
• Sustainable tourism: responsible travel that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local
people, and involves education.
• Sustainable development: economic development or growth that is conducted without the total reduction of
natural resources or harm to the natural environment and local people.
• Sustainable development goals (SDGs): A universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN member states
are expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.
• States Parties: States which are bound by certain Conventions and among which a Convention is in force.
• Taliban: Islamic extremists waging a political and religious war in Afghanistan
• Transnational: between nations.
• Trafficking: the illegal movement of objects, people, etc, in a particular place or for a particular purpose.
• Transcends: to go beyond the range or limits of something.
• The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO): an organization that
contributes to peace and security by promoting education, science and culture.
• Urbanization: the process of making an area more urban or city-like.
• Underdeveloped: having high rates of poverty and few industries.
• World Heritage Site: a natural or man-made site, area, or structure recognized as being of outstanding
international importance and therefore as deserving special protection. Sites are nominated to and
designated by the World Heritage Convention (an organization of UNESCO).
• World heritage fund: a trust fund composed of contributions, including those made by the Member States.
The Fund provides the financial resources for different types of international assistance.

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