Visit https://ebookfinal.

com to download the full version and

explore more ebooks

The Arabic Encyclopedia Vol 7 Arabic and English

Edition Boutros (Peter) Al-Boustani

_____ Click the link below to download _____

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-arabic-
encyclopedia-vol-7-arabic-and-english-edition-boutros-
peter-al-boustani/

Explore and download more ebooks at ebookfinal.com

Here are some suggested products you might be interested in.
Click the link to download

The Arabic Encyclopedia vol 5 Arabic and English Edition

Boutros (Peter) Al-Boustani

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-arabic-encyclopedia-vol-5-arabic-
and-english-edition-boutros-peter-al-boustani/

Lughatuna al Fusha A New Course in Modern Standard Arabic

Book Four Arabic Edition Louis

https://ebookfinal.com/download/lughatuna-al-fusha-a-new-course-in-
modern-standard-arabic-book-four-arabic-edition-louis/

Thinking Arabic Translation A Course in Translation Method

Arabic to English James Dickins

https://ebookfinal.com/download/thinking-arabic-translation-a-course-
in-translation-method-arabic-to-english-james-dickins/

The Ecology of Arabic 1st Edition Edition Muhammad Al-

Sharkawi

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-ecology-of-arabic-1st-edition-
edition-muhammad-al-sharkawi/
Dictionary of the Holy Quran English and Arabic Edition
Abdul Mannan Omar

https://ebookfinal.com/download/dictionary-of-the-holy-quran-english-
and-arabic-edition-abdul-mannan-omar/

Structure and Function of the Arabic Verb Routledge Arabic

Linguistics 1st Edition Maher Bahloul

https://ebookfinal.com/download/structure-and-function-of-the-arabic-
verb-routledge-arabic-linguistics-1st-edition-maher-bahloul/

Oxford Picture Dictionary English Arabic 2nd Edition Jayme

Adelson-Goldstein

https://ebookfinal.com/download/oxford-picture-dictionary-english-
arabic-2nd-edition-jayme-adelson-goldstein/

Arabic Logic from al F■r■b■ to Averroes 2nd Edition Saloua

Chatti

https://ebookfinal.com/download/arabic-logic-from-al-farabi-to-
averroes-2nd-edition-saloua-chatti/

Vagabond Vol 29 29 Inoue

https://ebookfinal.com/download/vagabond-vol-29-29-inoue/
The Arabic Encyclopedia Vol 7 Arabic and English
Edition Boutros (Peter) Al-Boustani Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Boutros (Peter) al-Boustani
ISBN(s): 9781593337766, 1593337760
File Details: PDF, 72.06 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
The Arabic Encyclopedia
The Arabic Encyclopedia

Volume 7

Boutros (Peter) al-Boustani

1
gorgias press
2009
Gorgias Press LLC, 180 Centennial Ave., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
www.gorgiaspress.com
Copyright © 2009 by Gorgias Press LLC

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may
be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC.

2005 • A

ISBN 978-1-59333-776-6

Printed in the United States of America

loi lor
ut «tv
m in
 ri

irr iri
 1Á

»V I.,
 VVT
Ayo-jè

loi.n ri° r« JM-^

ru lor.ri rov iii.ro
tu lor.ri u-^/rìrtoli - • roY iio.ro
rir i«»i : ri iXtji^m.. * n - »ii.ro
ru loo.ry ri. iiY.ro
ri. loi.ry SjfWj ryr i ìa: ^ . A . ) ^

rn \°Y:TY h .» rYi ut.ro

ru l®A:rY 'j-a •1 r.i io-:ri

m rr. a**
io. > r®Y i i-ij*-
tu nr 11
iYo TY1 ùl*?-
u. r.r ri
iAA r. o ol
tir ni] ir
Oli m ^ Ji 1» 1Y <¿.¡.¿¿>- j-
orA ni Al jL»-
o^r riA At i-^ï»- J
©ir S-oV ¿jV«.^». t.
oli JWV» roy 1 -V >-
oyi ni £>> nr
i
°A1 rYl J> J"
irò rYY L_?> irr «ÀSs». 1
ti*»
IH Ut ir.
1YI Jjj-* m Lj^i.»- irr
Iti tSjP* rtY irò
V.o i.i ut SVì*
Y>t i.A lYi l*-
Yro ilo IVY (
Yn ir- rit J
YrY iri rrY i
 vv\

lA 11 ^ ; r - Jii J LTÌj- - Ukj* a

¿ o r ^ b c 0 As ^ uot'
r- iii:r.

n Wo.X.

i»is r- ÔÏ-

i.Y 11 A: r* s - ^ J

I IA:r. <11. •

u t . n i ^ J c ^ o v i . •

Iii iro:ri
tV;|Y « ¿ r ü ^ V
lio irti ri '
oAI 1i:lY '
lio \rr:n ù^ôbî-
n ? t o.\Yi^^u^v^rj^Vi
i ir
• 11° I l i 1Y é^cíy'-IÍL»V
iri.-n tfiU•
• 1Y: IY isj^»-- '
m iro.ri
1A: l A "
iri¡ri - •
lYo 11-IA Si/tj^.U^.
fü¡>r.,i JîV-^fV- •
1Y1 l . . ! IA - '
iiy líY.-rrJ i^jò^^aiL^kij
Y.1 I. I M A
L ¿ M ^ ù - ù ^
i-r¡iA
n i ITAiTÍ
v u i.r:ii ^Jjí.jujo.
IIV in-rr
• l • i : 11 •
n i ir.:rr
* Yir i.o<n Ji/'o^- •
m ; r r
Yi° l-l-.r. •
111 irr.rr
Yot i . Y t 11 J U ^ r ^ i . ^ i o
lYi

lYi Yoi •

rr. i^-o.rt
Y00 l •1 :11 •
rrY i n ¡ r r
l l. : 11 Jò,j\t*\jt>. •
tía irY-.rr u r W f^«" - fV?"
: 11 v¿-Mvil0¿y*\jo.l , •
lu-.ri
: II •
m : r i

li..ri i oifrß a-jé

r n iti.ri jSA\U> j A
ur.ri
I \ V r. r. *\> j>-
 VV<
^ i i ili
¿i—JÍ\ s ^ j j N Cr-S
J^.-iM *W À.^JÈ V1 O fU¿\ JÍ\ ^
(J-"* f ^ jM vl ->•* „^"b"*!
V»^^ L—à! JW UbU» l^jî .5 f <i (Or5, w-î"
flr4>H> f j r r J - ^ Ù ^ f j ^ J=°,>

¿AU j. -ic»j
¿¿»m >

Domremi
O ^ LW V^b u-i^í (JA J o j ). j e jryN ^ i. i y J - y M i¿>o ^
jL ¿^Hrr L - j > y
J p^il ^ ViM o. J isl^ju- ^y*—^
^ ( o V ) 4>-3 ÙV l^J
fC* ti^ j<\i*! ¿(U'A; Jjs» ìli Ifcj-¿>\>
jf j^Üa! ^ ¿¡.Jai. £
idJUwÀ)^»^
¿ ^ j Domriansk
<iU ^ ( i V j ^ W j li ÍJ4:V

V=>\> ^ ti1—-^ij W^J

le Damsa
J-Uc Vij j -XÏ9 ^ All ¿ í r Cl?? 4 ^ ^ O*
> '

ftPj*? 4 - ¿r-« AW^b^j^v»? Dumustuk

OÍ*<—«•:«
 .Jlo vai

» dlYlj ¿ JJjyO j j
U^w il \fAi~ Je *Ji ;V>VC, * f ò t . .

^ ^ Vi-9 W c f l w J ^ V
j
/JU\
y
jjí\ ( y^V. ) j\A 1
+
¿
_
^Ull ^«J J^lJu ^ j ^ b ¿^..A,
j j • oV\ V ¡¿U\ J b ^ j f Y ^
¿J K- ¿^J)

w lis I i^l

P
Daiiih
jy^

oW* J k • ^ Otjjlp ^ Jrr ^ Dampier

>

il^UlA. ^ ^ f U ^ £> ^ J
\ js i , ^ Li. u,
Dompaire
Ojilj il\i . i - j ^ i j Ì.J,
jfj^ö' Vjp ^ i; y^J «.a.
£
^ ^ .
Damkh iAaii

JlA^ je4 ^ ^ O : j ^ ù i J ^ ^ J ^ * , ^
Datn pierre
J \ j j . -rUjM j i i i y v«i¡ ^
J.« li \l i yo \ 11 ¿y*, j\. ¿

O j ^ J*1?1 * l i.^lj (ij |f u i¿¿\

o y l illi

Jl* J r- ¿j Ja». J i i . vii5j

f
Damdam
• i i • i nani
\M y V JÜbM
 òr .^o VAA

. I Ai A àì- V^f^l? ^J* ^ i^»-

^jjlW^J k^iioVji Jjiij Dambeling
a> ¿j LAU ¿sj i \0U^ LÌ> À ^V^
t A LSJ^ ¿>yj> à^-sS*i J^ ìj,c li: ^ ¿Aï V U J U y l ^ j

^tJVi-fc

Dembinski

C^ljCr'^'lj d - ù* ^ u^V-* f-u^'jf i - jJj li^ J W

I Ali ^ i.jV Ì__ o l j \Y1I ^ ò/y

s-1 ^ iiéjV»¿\ o ^ ^ ¿ m i

trita «âtOp^v (lt^-^J')

Je J JÏ ^
S-»^ li V ^ ^ l ? -A*"* ^ LÍ/V^

(i ila?-
^ J ^ Jj • À.A.»- (3 JàO J. 4.;
iLo-j^lujfUjV^ 1A1 r Je i
>
I íS^t. j ¿iCi Ji-Jj.í- J iî. JîVi J o ^ - ^ í ^ 1
Dumpo Wj^-lí ^ ^
, ,
l à y r i ^ j J ê i - Jp jJu úl¡CífU\trU\i_rá«l^¿ \

Al'lOj ^ > \1j ^ ' J • ^

ü 1 0
dAÒ^ O'W^ ^ ( ) v y ^

Dombovar
JVJ »—.o L - J^U» ¿ j L . i » , » oli
JU ü ^ J CP- r1
^ £ Je ^ ¿ilj^

^ t i ^ i i l U J e ^ J-jV• ^ J ^ ^ f f - ^ j c r ^ j
C-ü ^ ^ • ^í^v^^sjlJj?-^.Wvi, ¿¿M i ^ jiiAi
a
J ^^ i LT^^ ^Jb i'- V J - ^ J
Damboul j er ^ ^j-jj ¿>y ( ^
¿f- i • -Usi j'A.w ¿«^ J i . y j i:i»!üVj u^-^r^ 4 - O^í/^ ^O*
S e l ^ ^ ^ ^ Jl«J Jc, JVwW I ( j •
í^htJIj ^ . o ci"A, j J e J\ Caí O O. I. J\ ji- i. J\ JÜ:
 ¿.«.¡.o v"W òjjy'

-Í.S-J • ic -Xs i;. jó (j'j l àj^ i

Dombes
.> ^ l i JS? Je ¡J ^Ul ¿ ¡jy^iW ¿)V\ U ¡y <i j i 4-a.V.

Jt- CJcl* ^S- j-JvS O. . _J¿ Vltíj^j íiü—« ¿ j V » ¿ j » ¿u . ¿r-^

A^i* I • • • '-Xa islï lin^S'TjA; i J-i4

il L o
J j j1 Damback

Cü O A UVC

V , ^ vir; ^ 3

¡j-^. Donibai
i L 1 • J.«.: L J J ¿K^-^Í

Ij^yV)
i.

Domburg Dumbravicze
(jp öiMy» ¿ hl,

J l i i \ «¿\ ^ J l ^ 1 Je Cr-^1,

\ .. >
ùj-Vy ^
Dombrovitza Dumbarton
I ° • J* l^j j ¿ ^ j i - ^

r u » VVC jun J U a W y ^ ^ iL Je ^ ¿ j y j L i CJt'\.9 U

Lij \ ^ A«.! Je ^ s-i/«-. i S O ^ ^ ' r

\i u i V ' C ^ ^ SL

Dembea
V—i-Äi Je, J.,jv» ülj.» l—sj

ro J .j ^ i ^/iv'ioj !• ^jí-IJ JÍÜ. j cSjZy-í

ye Va f-'^ ti A j O U ^ ó i \.¡, SL. ! o - ' ^ ^ J 0 '-jyi J"^- o b L , :
 Ao VW s-lo

ff
^UM uJLxJ\ 0\ dlli

cA-fcJ-Î^D Vi^i \ J w \yyb ^L J wJ Us, Je • Îjî ^rirf j ^ j

ile j O ^ Afc^jlîjJùU^ Ojrr1"^ J e J-iaJl t5y tali • U-' (j-i) Ci»

*jsL\ di!j> J.«.) Ju^gAaji^ ¡jSy&f- *>y>- ii^L.
1
v_y\SàJ(j Jl^-V^ ¿L.Wfli J U \ ¿,f z j ile Je U t J A* l^Vi. U \ j V \ ^ ^..jt J
4
^Lîj ^ ¿ j V V - ? ' t}*"^ „ )A«i\ ^ ^Jj S>J L ^ c ^ U e
vii^J5. J1«j d i u ¿s- "bLs ^-iM • j ilo • Ub <U¿
o-jl^ W Jj, . r\ i U l ¿a -Ijj

¿..J,. v - V o ^ ^ ¿ U Ü diijÀ^^ ^ « j
J J cx^ j\ o^ J i \ j j j D_> t>;

^ u JIjjII^j j ü \ J j i j J j j ^ % U ÀU 1 ^ le • jJl

1 Au Jlaiì Jlr) • ¿_ Sì*^. Nj

jliïy. L T ^ J ^ ^V'Vl .
dAUV, Je.
O ^ i i l ^^ d ì o Je iàA
J U 1 Lîyl, ^

Demak ^^ JU\

<i ¿"j W ^ i ^ l í o
ji^UL ^fr i o Je io jíJJ • ^ j U L (i
iilo Ôel5 u J i (j^W di.^ -i, ^C Y j . J • J.\\
j jU ÛJy J,*l LS1 \ ^i-W
J (JJ¿5 -XsjV«¿U.-

Damamin ^fciyU- \Je^f-JiIV^ÀJlU\

\J"y 3 y Jc ¿jt ê/^i; J> Í L J l¡ i^YVj ^ L ^ V l ^ U i j j CAÁ»
ü^jf J U \ Je^lJ^

Dumanis
Ai!, -Ui ui,«." ji iß\ tí "^i^r^l}

r
 ¿•Li V"\o lo

^¿W <^JL\ ¿Si \A

jc- kA.A\
^ L r ^ J ^ ^ " ^ O* J'*1 y ^
JC ^ ^^VV,
A
dili li-. ^ . t3 ki\ Ji> U U . j ( aphasia )
Sji\ o^ cA> ^ ^
vV; ¿V. ji\ L_ • u-^l?
oy y ^Aftjjjkil V^. p i . J 1 Y o ' S ^
cf £> (aphonia) sVAV, L-V>\

tiX. J\\ o ^ ^ i i i j j i ;>-\ «¿o/j, • J1

¿ ^ ^li L-ViV . ¿r-^ij • ^¿¿lW uo\<(c.\ U^J. ^ \ O ' ^ M-t-Vl ^
«J^Us-Jc.^' iaV^jJ-AJi ¿^.o^Ul-a&V^
¿kM f s j\ % • ^ ij-A

\{ ¿ A O*/^

Jp jXv ^ ¿i. sAiis «U\ cjjb_j.

viilil,. ^IL»<ri\ V (ja^t iUi

^ Ji» ii\i\j • ¿)\jui f j i j J *

L - lyuA\ & . & *li £ l ^ A j i M Cii«i\ J t i*ya*

¿¿UM Al . 1 i^iU o^aii J ju a « ^ViJ V. iil'ji ^J^U.^JUTI J i i j ^ » ^

^ jWAi iN Jii i J t f T U J V\cwj • iiVae
sO* ^ ^ lij-i u®/*^ •

•Ao 0 \ Jut • ii-M OJ> £ <\iU\ tsyil ^bUi Jc Jjw-.lV. vU\ iaja) ^
W J\ Uto/i ^
¿M^ s ^ - ' J W ^ UUYi o U i

• ^ Jiill
o/ J W^ \ <vt\ j 01

^ ^

U Jo

iAi
 VM <^0

tiw j. iic of j-rjli. iiW<j

. i.o\jV\ yao j y 1 \ u J l J l i o^UP J j j 0\ ^Vii^ J ^

(f ^SUiiSV.. ¿iSj ^ J^-.'J

^jV^Vi ^ ¿ A U l a W
¿ ^ ¿ ¿ ¿ s j-i. .y^iyu 0 • ^ ^ ¿ - ^ o J -a*!
iU\ Jc^Jj^.V? O^IJ
Of. O'JJ • O'i'^ J
^ ^ ^ u ^ y a* 0 •
i.^j.Wij.jMV i ^ U ^ ^ L M *
neuroglia) U ? ¿ V i gr5 i ^
L, ¡¡¿¡,J>\ JLc» iu.

Jc l^J, • ^Uv^j • v-Ui' ^IfJV, jJU'il j^-x^W j^W

^•'Wj V-^--^ i^i ¡ ^ « - M j «¡^ '
i\A5 CjjLaP^ii^.»- ¡uLas Ocj lis-j ^¿y ji\ oj) ^ i/iw ^v^'ii. ¿.¿i
CUl, Upd" J ^ |T • \i
% ¿WV ¿¿c yrt J ^ ir-j • or^V
o\,Y\ ^ ^ £ ¿ S j 3 ^ V\
J i5y; ^oVSlll. ;
JLsJV^. Jbl^AU^ ¿¿^
u ^ V l ti* jyf* ¿¿s-h J • i/-6^

^ V l tAii J C»
^ £>W Ct. ^ ¿\jjiSi #f J w r U V \ I v J w c S ^ \^M^O'J O ^ a-
j-U^fy-'J • eJSjj^ -i-s- ji.^'l ^r-i-f ^ Jc v^ • ¿j^V^y

A ^

V Jy^l . \1 j j l d j ^ j\\ J^U. sUi j

J^o^ !^ i- ^ j JjYl d^ Jo ^ |;
 vir 2lo
-i-;,.; j jO jjJjyJjji vA«®Vl yàu Jli, "Su.9
^ ji.Xi j-WjV. ^ • vOj^í -^í ¡i
jjj • ô W ò f J U L v ^ x o lis-^H Ic'jj • oV- CL^JJj.«.) j D 1¿
^ L <i\ 0 l¿ ^ ^ U & ¿ M ^ W J ^ M ^ U»

¿j Jl¿ «À» ^ Jj ¿jJ¿ J\ Je Jj¿ M^

X, ^JPV\ JS ^ \JaJ ^ X) V'l-Ji^ ¿ ^ ( i VeJJ . ¡Jj-A ky^^

¿Ciil'U- AU;|f v-'Víi I Cr^j üy. uò^'V ¿

VN u-^v, ^ A,uy\ ^ : • Q!¿ ^ oç- j. O^J

i¿yj\ JíAJ.l, olLul'i •

^J^ J, xi-^ ^ . U ^ ' J t l O t ^ V ^ ^rV ¡s^LkW
gV.ji\í¿U ^ ^• J^ ! Jl; Jíu ¿ ù^Uj •
?\ i Ja . ^ ^ - A i ^ i J ] ^VTdi^Jlj
'-V^C J^V. \ i i A í - x W . ¿ — j>
jài . ^A-iVl ¿UJi\ i Vr JùjA;, 0¿ ^ ^
^..AW jVí .w ê^V. ^jljJl^fc ^A» Ùi ' ; . ¿ iU\ Iíía >V*Í>

• ûj^ û" t } ' ^ ¡ L ^jCj

jj ¿V-iiV(i íjíV^ví ! í^jáA ^«o- o^l?

ci ! ¿— ^fiiu. -VX4 jV:ç

- ¡

J ^ L ^ ^ O ' L T ^ ^ C ^

i »A) 1 A,
 5-V.J VIT

O'^» Á J ^ jp W - ^ l ^ ^ AJ 0 W \ (> iiU\ V ^ ^ V i l -

(i-Vi U ¿V. CjiiV^
^•Jt^Aij bAS u à i j êA^ V\

^ U i l i ? ^ ü Ju, Jytf u ¿\

ol^i^ ^¿^ ^

S-^W jJlij o V H ^ ^ ^Aaj J1

.ju^joj, O^LÍP-Jli
cdi J&f-b (^¿ViVi <»jJ»\ ^
io» Itjij •
t5\ ^Vj» (i V\ ^-.tl *Vü3
JL.0 V 0 ^o'cL^a). J ^ 1» J U 1 oU líJJ5

^ C V * ^ ¿i ¿ U
J ^ ^ <Ac Al\ ^ ^ A< y>j ji~\ ^y •

. Í^U ^La^jjr, L_ <¡ 0*¿> • j / ^ ¿) S^V^ er V ks\.J\\

O-0.Ï' VÇJJ - - X p ^ J j M ¿JJ-Ü ¿y* tsiVl jJ\

^ Ç11¿ Oj^C ^ ^ JUI'j^,.

jjí,. . ¿UA <¿U-¿\
ur>\t¿\ V—V, . ^¿p.
J l ü \t\¿\ J\ ^J-VU^ j U J ^ d j - i ^
ci s A ^ U^-l^i?

iJíO'l (j.» <lli> -Xüj . düj

IU-.Í1

u*^ ¿ ( l ^ U ^ J ^ . Ou jï&l Jaijj ij\j- ^Vpji?

 f-Ui vu ¿•Vo
t)

4L
¿j . »Ud\ J
0*° ¿y^ i f ^
• v^fV^i-^lJI av. . rJ\\ y ^ l o l ? . jit H
0 W UM J-UJ¿\ ^ i¡UJU» ^
^«jt a j í ^

^ dJ» jé*

•/¿UjH ¿ . oUI ^ o/l J^j JW ^tsyW

. ¿ \ f ¿ u i i g i¿ i;» U ai ^Vi. Aij^ £\.JÍ\ ^iê1 ^
«iiw. w vlÜJJ,. l..l£=>
(.-iil • ^ ci— J ^ aij Jj '\i\ ^
• ^ «j ú/í_>
. ovu^ J^QWoÁ
. j JÍ d» c^o
V\ vi^l (jó
ex. ¿ Ojll 0\ • ^ V. UJ,
Je ¿S^M _iL>\ íkaj
urí^ ¿Ó-J i-I) ^ÌJJAJ^ ù^-Je IjJÙ*
O* O^«-1' Jt^ 0 U Jp ¿f^i J ' OViV-ai^
^lí- í y V - J ^ o - V ^ JíJij

-j J^j^^-r— •
JJui\ ¿Si* LÎ^O ' ^ i j j J - j Ü í j . SJ^üj* C^'s-
Víjj . <-iÍÍLN ^¿V\ jIJJÍV» . iill
ap^.AiWíj iUlo^j^ . ex- ÍÍ-xí-U
uoLai.\ Je. iWbÜ ¿ f - ^ j i V • ylUl^o^

\i\ ue>r^£\ Jo i i - f Ji\

o"" î-jU\ i- f
 VV ' vO

3>W ^ ^ ^ O t j l ; S j / Ä \ t ó CLJj 2__ j u»\)\ t i ^

• ^ ¿ ¿UJM o í ! ^ i * U L J J e J e i5JÍ\ . j-lft^

¡r-^ o - ¿ £Ui\ l » o ç i i ^ U l j J l ¿P
. ^
. j.jiksli^. IfcAÍÍ^a,¿Ui>-Y\ v¿Jt\

0fe . ci, ^ j ü \ ^ j j N fjJ\ J p w-iüj À.^,« il 1¡> ¿ j ¿1« JÍ\ j Y\ U

êk> ¿y « 1 U » J u j . ^ ¿ W p-s-j u^y ¿ v ^

Êx* -^«îijàjt^ - i í j - í á ) i-idiW^^-

€

f À\ ¿5 ^ i ò i - i l t * J a > . VÍJj3í>JJ ¿ j j - ^

2— <. U^í < ¡ ¿ U ¿ i \1\ ¿1$ - J j j l,jjci\ ^ L a i i-j. lió d i U , ^ JÍ\

• lo^i'jdl i ^ t l « <11> j\ h

o A * ' ¿ U J , . ¿L.Ji\ ^ (> f ^ j ; J1^

ViV^UI

.J1\ - (J VCi\ ^ ^ U i joí ^ U J Í \ ^ V.J,

^ j i ^ ^ A Jà-Vs

¿ o/; ^ .
<-rV V' • ^Ujlli-ii^U d i l i ^ . J . Üy f jM^ Jp

• üU j f J1\ 0 1 dili ^ Ac L> . ¿l.-^ crv

i f ja.

^ s ^ - o W L £0) j yJÄ ' o

s ^ * íiii^ ^ W j ^ Ju. iV\ ^jj» j i i j

. tr.^^iVAu.

^bUp J i ^ uUoil J f JÍ\ i IAA JJ\

 elo vo^ ¿-lo
u à j ù J V r t , Y\ o *

JÍLjJ'Í

•) I j J b ¿ M W !o X ^ l ? • J í o* ^ ^ ^ V f ^ V C i V ^

¿ • U V A ¿ . j ? . o l & is\ f i \ ( j l ^ M f Ji\ J ^ ä . ¿ U M

ili^p C¿A V ^ O •^ f ù^ W ' ¿jUvv^ j a ì ^ U j^toiy\ w^i«, ^»i ^

W ^ • y ^ j Q f

J á » ^ Â ^ J l l &S ¿ ^ C d i i j , J c j • y è V ' l r t . J ^ W I o . f U \

<1 V. J J Î y V,:\ ^ ' l ßz_J .

LAJ^CTJ • O ' ^ à b ^ U L l U V

JÍ\

) U \ 3 ó» ¿ j . (j-ÜiM ^Jo- i^jli IjAí L f . y i J ' J

U*lJ
á» J - J j ' O ^i » V \ J e « f A.

" >- o'

^ y ; uhj^ ú W ! J - u - * ^
¿ 9
<

t^J^S l i .O

ój g - J 0\ • J . jJaN 0 U j í \ ¿P-
^W U ¿ \ f l i e

d l U . J \ ¡ V.J l t . 6 ^ \¿[j. ^
o í r %. j\ c>l ; J o

^ » J A x N ^ f i O ^ ^V-jj - ^ . u k W JKbU l i j U i íx,

l u ^ l ' .^ J e
^^J. i J J , ^¿Jyi\j~¿>\ ls\

À.tUài l ^ L - b l;,-.'« ^ ¿ J j ^ á í À..U1 ; i l l J.-S-J bÂ\ J íjá')^' J'S^'

\ ^ J j J Î •i y - 1

I;
 VoA lo

(5J.» J¿\ fcUiJl i,ó¿") jvi íJWALcja» i^jViji^i; ¿.sW^'j^jl c'"-^^

öjlj ¿UM U *

o¿\i .vu .¿Vi ji\ o/í jc\á\

¿jj\\ f » ¿ JjUI ^\ ¿JI ¿iji ÂS-

jJ-lcj i SlJ OJ J JW. ^«ü ¡uA? *

I^ÍÍIlJj^ J ^ s j O-Í'-L^ U-ix^i. Sj j-v\\ y> UÖ j•J ^
ê/cf fl_«ì\ «oçîJK
v^i i v o ^ -VJÍ^J S u
4>J\ Í__vOi^j^ J)5 ¿)Vii-\^^ ' ^Jsm.

i
LcUXi *^UJjiJlyH Uûj^C V. ¿u\\ j ^»W \ le»

f J0Î r-l; ¿l!j> • t^0 ^ ¿\ fJÍ\ J ^ J ^ ¿^ i JcV¿\

. JiiJ Je. JXJ\ uUl ù Ä • ^ ti ^Vj» /*J ^ ùr' ù^Ui b b j ^
^ ¿U¡Y\ ¿ j U ^ j • V. ijÄ l—-'i
o' o*

. SjjiA ^\ ^ Jc¿\ ^ • ^ ^ C ^ *
Jo U Jyi» ^¡jV-i. oiij j AJÍJ i,-^

A
b5 J^' f •J^" 11 J'i
* * ^ í o ^ J ^

L- y o*1 c^i à • Vt> ojLl & lü. Jij ¿L-ilí

- J ß J* ò ^ f •^ ùV^ J ¿ ^ JU\

• (^^N^lo^ll»»^ -i«.; JiüjVí^/jS^W

y 1 da 4- f jl^Uui j
(ji^Vl d^j • Jí"' Uy O" j^A -«.i
^¿^ Wi;
V\ ÍJUj v-S-S
 ¿Ao 5>lo
t VoV

. jjWVk ^

j J-Ulj. jUl\ ^ Vi.. J

i*^! j J y t f A ^ K - ti o f * . ¿ y ^ 4»¡\: ^ t j ^ i Jl«»V\

Jk f ¿y^gAsSH, o
¿r- JJ. ¿ y ^ f J0l\

l A i I v ^ O* Sis-V j J ^ - o ^ i » Ja* U
y»
i , . ^U',

l^átj , JiiP

(i• o V . ^ j LíyVv £ diiü J J Í ijli;

O ^ A o Ü^Lí JltS • oVo^yolu^V? 1 jVy- V.VÍ ^ Ú'Í-^W ¿z-js*

o* O Á J^ O ^ V ^ ' ^ b
W U ^ ¿ ï • j ¿ \ i \f j i o ¿\\ r

ialí ^
v
Vi >ií: J o U l < f V* ( i li1^ ^

^ U ^ V * J'UV o U ^ I i : , J

\1<¿ íljic.V\ U C , . L. L..J J>nj>y vi)\!t\

¿__ ó\¿¡J\ J U \ i • Ifc

ju ^ j s ^

• ( j ^ íil ^
> i l ¿Lj1\ A ^ csy • ^ ^ ^ o* O ^ ''tr J j ^ k » y tí

jo . ¿ . ¿ M .

JJc ( _ r ,jLi\. if-"* j\

j ^U^-VSJ^AlUJu oWVlW

LS^uô jJ\ J ^JLM s A j J t J j. Je !¿J¿\

ù Â (hyperaemia) Jc^r-Ui^ W - u ^ W j ^ i • i. jV¡i\ ^ U

0Ç3

jíj ^ ^ j»u\
À
<»««1«
 s-Vo Vo"\

Jp ^ . ,VW

f Li\ .rV ^ J 6
J - ^ ) _> • V ^oV\ri\ ,> ^ i Ù/^ ^ ^ • o y *

J.U». l e ( t - i ^ a- j C r " * f ^ ^ M S ; \ o - J -i'» i i ^ J c •

^ ^ J ^ . Jc a C U J V'^U.:.

f UJ\ ^ * u A > ^ J & i - ^ ti "» f^-'-i J j ^ ^ /V. J«*. U o ^ ì '

J j j i ^ • sy ^ J>

\_s\j. o v v i '

J - • slsU ¿ A i • ^

\ J u J U Ì ^ V * ^ ¿U

^jJlUA i x i u-ijuà'i Jcij LÌjil jO,. 3 i U ^

^ ow ^ s o ^ ^ •

> 0 f . J sy 4 VI J U ^ ^
^ l ^ i J » • ^ j cri: i v M ^ lo

• V ^ ^ ^ \ J^l ^
M i ^ ( i j - ^ i ? cri)

.¿\à\ ( m a r s u p i a l i a ) jJL

¿ U a i ^ i-C^i J t u l ^ ^ i ) Jtélo
 yoo LVo

íLldV t * ^ ^ Cr*

X
oJi'i ^ . CUj»- ¿¿A, Je
J Vrf oLUl
Jull Jo - V_j.il J o5- li11 s
^

» j ^ fj^. \Io\ ¿UíY\

Ç f r J ^ li j f ^ l ^ ' ^C»-

o f <¿b •o s ï ù j S * ' ?
Jyuji ^-J a j j V t^JV.frV:
^ £ U U;
CsLä^i h' JU.V1 uij«J0-
N
J iSl; ¿A. CV«ls i— ¿jUJ- ^lo
ti-' ' oOj-'^S^I
^ií • V-C5*- o/-' bz.\}¿ 6UU¡U¿\óy.\\ ¿ y l g L j \ \

O U r i i , oUJl\ o U f l i hr>W\
J^J \ y \ ÁL¿)V.

^ J^ i •

^ ¿ j V ^ U , St> d» iiV-Vi
JJti ^ 4- }y.
1
^ j j ¿JAJ».¿>\ li .^
JW.i^ - -Ate
li ^ cr^lí ^ J f y b • -i-l.W
u/n^ ¿V* f

ti* iJUi\
O • ^J:"«-^
a J l Ji 1 ^-il ii' • . i-f- %
sir y V*^ V'iyj

• ^ ií'o
. J ¿ J \ ^ ^ V , ß \ ¿ W W J v ^ J / ' i (ji

¿ . y / o ^W Oj-"': O ^ li Ù ^ - ' O
^ ú/í^ ^ ^^ i ^
L . II«! d i ^ \ Je "jl;.. ioV,V\
 y» t

» U I OV . Cs U. » %\¿IV

¿ i ¿ J ^ Ub^o J J S j C i J e i ^ v i

• • íiiistf oVfcí- <»>• i f JÍ\

f-illUJ^. <pU j í \ Vlbyo J j t^i-o ^ y

( ^ J . ; Ù ' i v ^ ^ l i ^ ' - ^ i

v^jy ¿jSft) \ j ç Ï T L s ^ A ¿iL" lili

A» j oV¿;VLa'\\

6
ti^ J l ^ w á t jXt.N J e i.;Uu\\

i y J - \ Ç.V1 u X ? • ¿ r - l

Ù ^ j , - i U V j ^ w X - i j i W i y V\ ; ^ ¿ iníS'ij Jl ; j j IÜÍ»-^

v i » ^ O l í O i A l j dry»-Vjí.l\¿>s—s¿V. üLa' Ov. t ' i ^ ^ r f Ir""0! t^-"*»

•^ ^ a- ^ ^ o ' ^ b ^ Sí^
C - y V\ ^ - y c ^ CXf» • s - » , ^

vJjs-Yl A ; l i » Ju.1 iJ>J¿\¿\j>

¿ l i ^ J Q *

j \ iaj.i—1 •

îi_j.À«i\ j ¿Ait o l '

• y \ a- ^ ^ J ^ O '

0 - j . i j U ^-A-^-Yl d i • \y>_. L» j J A
¿ ¡ ^ "^i? i
fU\ \ÍA L. ^Ul -x^Ji,
^ j U - J u U ^
où^ui j u v i e? ¿ u i I je j. ^ ¿ j a u irt ¿ Í Í \ J
 9 lo vor ¿•lo

^ Ülí J p J ^ o *

I^ÚmA^ ^Ü »-lu* »Uäj. îrfj» ^ J^V J ^ y

¿ r ^ ^ ¿ f V . ^ Ú J ^ y ^ . ¿¿'i,

^U^liil;. i

uJuai ^ O-^i» Vvf

^ o U \ i^X-^ls
a
JJ-\ ¿ y j ,_iU\i. í¿\¿>\ <J>\i\)

^ ^ ^ í ¿J J é - ^ j ¿ ¿ k

^ f ^

i ^ l L l »j ^ í j f t J 1 3 -

^ ^ a* ^ • ê A Li^VV, J ^ y eiUV^

vjUv^ ¿AB,. ^ \ e y, ^ J l í V* ¿ y ^ ' u ^ ' . V^H ^ tí

t i W - H y » O W ù - i ^ j J^aA^

j L ¿vW (3 ^ Jil\

¿ j í - c ; ( j y ;J i \ VV^IA» iÜU o» o^v^ ílilj

o u i ^ u ^ v ^

^ J ¿ \ ¿ M \ W

0 . i ^ J ^ ^ ¿1 ¿ f JúuV o U V \

^ ¿J5 j ^ J ^ A «À*
víii cfV.
Ju f IL J V i ) \
(.-aíli; ¿)\ j • o*

• Cf' Je ¿11; gV.JÍ\ ¡ve: w i S L i y « . ; ^

Uv c i • Ä:^,*-—' Ì.'lo- Ì . A I .

j^Ov, ^ ^ ^ o--' V^. Í j l J

3
ùïW^ ù* l/^ j^ Oj^ Í ^ j f^*10e Vj^ » j y *

CLai

iAis- üo-Jj î j j - ô ù i o J * ^ * O t " 1 ^ ^

tA *(• V JO*«
 ç-U; vor pU

^V^âJUÏ^
^jo. L_ l ^ Je j l ^ j .
• tS-iVVj C^v-a.^ Je

y -ioli j j • (JÒM (jà») (J^ri i ^iisVi (já^.l V/b^ltlià' ¿jl;

Siisjuy ^-ji uiVs-i Jîl-
V-J_}• oVwajj C.V^^Tj
. ¿\J\ J j ^ . (ilf-^^

Je J j ^ ^ ^ of'.
¿s g l * (J¿*¡ airWM ¿J • i.^; ü-i-W (jV-, \JU\
A jii¿\ 4^-5 Li«) Jaij ^
^ ^ J lio • t^b ^ JJ ^ • 0>\\
o-; J i - ^ j ¿jW í" 5¿ J-^IJ uJ¿\¿\ ^ LS-'VÌ

. ojLAJ
AUS Jc\ ¿ ¿U j
¡yàJ&.JÙ Jl ¿la* d»• ù v ^ ti
Ji-Vljj.« i^'^iijW Ì.^Ì.^-'Vào UUlí-s-ljjil j.Uo>-VlJi_i\ JpV'i • ÔtU
J O uÀJ-3 /JapJ..O- ik-^í i t ^ l J.L.YI ^ 1¿J\ s^iVj
ij/j\.\ ^ ¿u\ il j i i •^^ÍjO^VIJW^^ jvíVij iaZ^ioV.
lij • L v^^AXcVW i ^ J.S.» ijP".A

-ci)Vi o ^ l O ! ^ jl?-^ (i -Ari?

jfc^ ¿rç.; J.UI ¿Ti CWÍ ¿Uu; O'. ^ O - j i J - " j r ' . j úi¡j f j* jT

¿l^M o* íU\ Jais

U. jVi.

Jjk jU,« lai- ^Cj ^ ^ 4.0 ¿i (iW-

Lj. U.U ix. ^ ^JJ) J=LJ>*^

4."-ici' Axç. ÍJ^Pj i«.) Jivuil

ijlbSJ^ (jyaJll ^JoVl,

aíAi ¿«ai»
 Ao VoN

U • J^UJVí f j¡L\ i ¿L
^-jjT^Jua} JfxS ¿y? ¿-¿li & J J - o ^ j ^ Í ^ V^l?
JU¿Y\y ¿> jCLô^JiM l a ^ U l a ^ J jbLai

^.-iiU ¿y o t j ò j ^ tSyk
1
^jàji ^iàP v ^ i > — J e Ji^ ÌAÌ^Ì
jvJ-lj f ^ jIUl LA »-ij grf- ¿J • JJH.» S
i
4.ü¿\Je Jl»¿U^».j Ö; SAs ; ; G j J ùv.I/^
AÁ¡¡ À1»1> j¿¡¿ti • ixJ^ V jj
iílili vJ^J^i j
^TVl ^ i í l J ^ ü tóUl

U¿J\ yid ^ . iLai." ¿P\ la-.yi.l yi ^àpjj

ùJsjjfï'jSü

¿Xj V y O ^ v^W:. JL.V\ ^ ^rSS^l ¿ ) J e

>»Uá}\*>¿Vi Sjtú JwA^ Je oUVl
y^p-dílj • krJüsS\ jV-^ JiiP (ja'Ü ti üVÄV, .

< iíUÜ 2 ¿ ¿ o \ ¿ \ y
^ JúU yiaiV, ôyi-ûl Cr?\? O'J fV^j. ¿J
ù ^ l i • Otí^^M Cí^.yJ V* O j ^ 1 ' ti^ pl.
^ Ù^J-
1
^¿^M. (i* fV^ ur^-J ^j
* ^ jcv^
iH ^ r ^ ^ ^ ^ viJ¿« . ^éj ç.Jù\.\

wJL ô ^ ^ j i Ji-W J-ai: ¿ii. •^^ yjj

¿bVsí •
¿ ^ pio ^SLÓ J-a* CrüaJl J • Â^ia-jil
¿ryuàlì ^ Jiíl\ u i ^ o/^' .^ n J jó ^
 Vo.

f a •s , ^ » b * ^ £ u - ^ b ¿yiî c ^ M ^ ¿ i j.* J ^ Y l

• (iVf-^ y r ^ w 4 - • , J L \ {3. y.

e c
J^j^j.ÁíjjO^^' j ^ ^ U l • d- ¿Wi a* ^
g ^ ^ j U ^ p J . i f c ^ O a - ; ^ J - J - i ; i - k s - ef-^" ^ -AäUj ^ J d à A j * ^ ¿ r ^ W y - i * * ^

.^fí Ì O o J 1 ' O^2^1 J l V ^ fW» k J ) ^ O* k

p. ù ì ^ o• jjs^ n • ^¿joj m•
«y ^ ß u * ^ U**. í ^ 5 ^ ' f t * > ß \ ^aJ'l c s• ¿fe"' r

a* (t.-^^

I-i» ¿ j ^ Ç j • ^ J i U Jcù^/**»—i^^

¿ 1 j l ^ • ¿A\ ¡^jixil ííjV-j J • ÀjàAc ¿JA

\
j JiWiJ J U jv: ^ ^ f "••yiajW. ^ r4- u ^ * ( ¿ ^

o y - ^ à* „ J ^ J

JiUi Jiu » l ü ) iS

^ y i (jòlsi-Vl j ¿Là* ii^V p^IJ tnua^ (¿^-a^^-i^ iWl. iV,

 io^i. ia-y-U ^j^c- ^/îaii ^ i.» j .^JÁS^jatil
1
i l ^ j V J ^ l J ^ ¡ 5 - X i . Y\ J i i ^ i U ^ . "^j-

-xy ¿ \ <¿\ jtVl

a* ^ ^ ^ ô*-* ê / ^ c i l i v ^ j • ^
iîiiW ij-o'W . À»

^ s ^ * iXk ^ V
Jxl}\ ^yix^ ^ i i L io^s ^

Í.&5V1 V^J^t ÀlJ 5 ¡ i í l ^ í <i)l

\d\ i _ À^-M .
u ^ À^yi j ^ i V, ^

c y c ^ - i ^ cry.
î o L « Jc\ ¿ ^ ^ ù laU\ (jà^ J^iî ^ Cr" ^ f ^
c s ^ î i ^ * y,?- »—»•¿i i_Ju¿\
içya.ÀÀ.J» C^AÏ£\ iaW: ^ ¿ Y l ¡ y * c r o ^ V l ¿n>. d k h ^ ^ ^

Ir ù» ¿íJa^^^ój^ O ^ ì O S ^ . V l OH—ärlj
•M 4Jy^W 2<>y¿\ (jà^Vi

j.jáb ife^

ùv. y . uJuJl ¿rkij

¿^v^ íJ1^
j\ ¿,VAüV\ OW^IÍ • o-* tí^
y y * ù v ^ ™ ' ù'^^i*-^ ¿ A ^

>—»»-• tí-j^A

j ^
O'wirhj j->~-rjf
4 - cSrO ^ try"
jê>ftU(i,\ Cr^aù] u J i ^ ^ JlwVlti\ ilîV.
 ¿lo VÌA ¿lo

oWrfo^b^ ^ ¡ ¡ r 4 \ j ^ ^ v ' M ^ 4 í " ^

--ß\jlüiS J b j f . o-»11, (K
( j à j i V l w i i y (jò/*— jriáS- iol;^: Vy-i!

ÌL'j í.uis Ity^í

Jtyé? ¿A'!/*" «-r-^ \-sUj

O» S^j &

0. bu-
OÁ <¡ tf^U
^ CTiUi Ji-M ^ ^ lSj-a}\ j^H? «-r1.?^ u"
f -X3\
l ^

0 ;C 4 . flil u¿ . Juà\ 2 • ^Uì ^

 ¿Ao VIV

vi-Ja.» ^iai CJ^UU) yí»!»^!

¿à* 1&.J ^LaJI y<> U J^i, ^ ^

¿¿¡M J y* C^Jp ^ W*. O^oJ^

¿-jil ¿J (.Uvl^^l, j1\ ôtl» J¿~Y1 i Op-fL)^ ^J ^ ^
(Joji'-,«IJTLWiljli; ¡jó • uijll^Wl ^ J o - J i ^ O u - ^ j y e J ^
. eia, 4_ J¿\ • Jo\ • UU p^i J i j ÍÍJJÍI^ j j JÍ\ -új
^.Vl J L » f j > i \ ¿yX^h J¡xíj 4u¿jV\ iy- a ^ ^ c>\ ^ y i j
i_juaAJ \ {yi ( j ò ^ ÜjWj ^ J A ÜyV, S.U.Vi
\¿\i • ^ ^ i i i ^Uv,
Cy.¿^-í J ^ ^ ií Jl«¡ j Ji" «»j.j tí>-V\ (3UÍ\ \ j>ls l; j*-J \ o
Üa-yil, o í f ^ ^ c-liai
^ - Je

^ijj^l-ü _ybUa\\ -tç.^ \Sjtj . jüiüÉ

Cr« o / - l S J 1 ^
¿jWfr-^' yy^lj •
¿^sUailj . jVijUio jViij ¿jVi^l^-jV-o: l^.
<r¿r>i-\ lAi." iisJc. a^jf ^Uu *U •
l_jU\ ff AÁjI

B • ¿ O/' f ^^ A ¿y ^ •
mjm
II • lál» t_5 d o • JV-Al
s¡>^«.\\ a • ¿jI-ú-jY!
•teli) <ìa-yU ¿ ^ Jo f JíU ^jtfíJjUÍ p .ioUiít^ h • t s u • íS
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Capulus, 31
Cardita, 160
Cardium, 192–194
Carinaria, 94
Cassis, 55–56
Cerion, 129
Cerithiidæ, 42–44
Chætoderma, 3
Chama, 196
Chitonidæ, 1–3
Chrysodomus, 64
Circe, 187
Clausilia, 129–130
Clavagella = Bryopa, 204
Columbella, 69
Conus, 89–94
Coralliophila, 76
Corbicula, 164
Corbis, 163
Corbula, 198
Crassatella, 161
Crenatula, 147
Crenella, 145
Cucullæa, 140
Cuma, 75
Cuspidaria, 204
Cyclophoridæ, 23, 25
Cyclostomatidæ = Pomatiidæ, 28, 29
Cylindrella, 127
Cypræa, 32–35
Cyprina = Arctica, 162
Cyrena, 164
Cythera = Meretrix, 185

Delphinula, 12
Dentalium, 136
Despoena, 22
Diplodonta, 163
Dolium, 56, 57
Donax, 182
Dosinia, 188
Dreissensia, 179
Eburna, 67
Emarginula, 7
Ennea, 103
Eucalodium, 129
Eulima, 46

Fasciolaria, 59
Ficula = Pirula, 57
Fissurella, 8
Fulgur, 61
Fusus, 57, 58
Gadinia, 99
Galatea, 165
Galeomma, 163
Gastrochæna, 201
Gena, 11
Glandina = Oleacina, 102
Glauconome, 192
Glycymeris, 141

Haliotis, 9–11
Haminea, 95
Harpa, 84
Helicarion, 104
Helicidæ, 107–121
Helicina, 21
Hemifusus, 61
Heteropoda, 24
Hinnites, 159
Hydatina, 96

Ianthina, 38
Isocardia, 162
Isognomon = Melina, 147

Kellia, 163

Latiaxis, 74
Latirus, 59
Leda = Nuculana, 137
Lepeta, 4
Lepton, 163
Lima, 156
Limax, 106
Limnæidæ, 99–102
Limopsis, 141
Lithodomus, 144
Littorina, 27
Loligo, 207
Lotorium, 53, 54
Lucinidæ, 162, 163
Lutraria, 199
Lyonsia, 203

Mactridæ, 183–185
Magilus, 77
Malletia, 137
Malleus, 146
Marginella, 83, 84
Melaniidæ, 38–41
Meleagrina, 146
Melina, 147
Melongena, 61
Meretrix, 185
Mesodesma, 182
Mitridæ, 61–64
Modiola, 143, 144
Modiolarca, 145
Modiolaria, 145
Monoceros = Acanthina, 75
Montacuta, 163
Murex, 70–73
Mutela, 177
Mya, 198
Myadora, 203
Mycetopus, 176
Myochama, 203
Mytilus, 142, 143

Nassa, 67, 68
Naticidæ, 36, 37
Nautilus, 208
Navicella = Septaria, 20, 21
Neæra = Cuspidaria, 204
Neomenia, 3
Nerita, 18, 19
Neritina, 19–20
Nucleobranchiata = Heteropoda, 84
Nucula, 137
Nuculana, 137
Nudibranchiata, 97
Octopus, 205
Oleacina, 102
Olividæ, 81–83
Ostrea, 152–154
Ovulum = Amphiperas, 35

Paludina = Vivipara, 22
Paludomus, 41
Pandora, 202
Panopea, 201
Partula, 126, 127
Patella, 4–7
Pectinidæ, 156–160
Pectunculus = Glycymeris, 141
Pedum, 156
Periploma, 203
Petricola, 192
Philine, 96
Pholadidæ, 201, 202
Pholadomya, 204
Pholas, 201, 202
Phorus (= Xenophora), 49
Physa, 101
Pinna, 148–152
Pirula, 57
Placuna, 138
Planaxis, 44
Planorbis, 100
Pleurotomaria, 9
Pleurotomidæ, 85–87
Plicatula, 154
Pomatiidæ, 28, 29
Proserpina = Despoena, 22
Psammobia, 197
Pteria, 145
Pterocera, 51, 52
Pteropoda, 96
Puncturella, 7
Pupa, 128
Purpura, 74, 75
Pyramidellidæ, 45

Ranella, 54
Ricinula = Sistrum, 76
Ringicula, 95
Rissoiidæ, 30
Rocellaria, 201
Rostellaria, 52
Rotella, 15, 16

Saxicava, 201
Scala, 44, 45
Scalaria = Scala, 44, 45
Scaphander, 95
Scaphopoda, 136
Scintilla, 163
Scutum, 7
Semele, 181
Sepia, 206, 207
Septaria, 20, 21
Septifer, 143
Siliquaria, 47
Siphonaria, 98, 99
Sistrum, 76
Solarium, 45
Solenidæ, 199–201
Solenomya, 137
Sphærium, 165
Spirula, 207
Spondylus, 154–156
Stenogyra, 133
Stilifer, 46
Stomatella, 11
Streptaxis, 102
Strombus, 49–51
Strophia = Cerion, 129
Strophocheilus, 120
Struthiolaria, 49
Succinea, 135
Sunetta, 187
Sycotypus, 61
Tapes, 190,191
Tellinidæ, 179–181
Terebellum, 52
Terebridæ, 87–89
Teredo, 202
Testacella, 102
Tethys, 96
Thracia, 203
Trichotropis, 37
Tridacna, 195
Trigonia, 141
Triton = Lotorium, 53, 54
Trochidæ, 12–15
Trophon, 70
Truncatella, 30
Tugonia, 198
Turbinellidæ, 60,61
Turbinidæ, 16–18
Turritella, 48
Typhis, 70

Umbraculum, 97
Umbrella = Umbraculum, 97
Ungulina, 163
Unionidæ, 166–178

Valvata, 30
Vanicoro, 49
Velutina, 37
Veneridæ, 185–191
Venerupis, 192
Venus, 188
Vermetidæ, 46, 47
Vitrina, 106
Vivipara, 22
Volutidæ, 78–81
Vulsella, 147

Xenophora, 49

Yoldia, 137
 POLYZOA.

(*) An asterisk against names of species denotes that specimens of

these species are in the upright part of Case A and preserved in spirit.

From a casual glance at the contents of Upright Table-

these cases, it might be supposed that many Cases A and B, at
of the specimens exhibited therein were south end of Shell
Gallery.
seaweeds; but a closer inspection, especially
with a lens, will reveal structure of a kind not to be found in any
plant.
Let us select for examination Flustra foliacea, the Broad-leaved
Hornwrack or Sea-Mat (Fig. 1), (Case A 1), commonly to be found
among heaps of seaweed cast up on sandy shores round our coasts.
 Fig. 1.

Flustra foliacea. A, natural size; B′, portion

magnified in B; B, magnified 30 diameters.

a, avicularium; o, ovicell.

[‘The Cambridge Natural History.’]

The brown horny fronds, which vary in width, branch upwards

from a narrow flat stem attached at its base to stones and shells.
Both surfaces of the fronds show a fine network pattern formed by
the edges of little oblong boxes or cells termed zoœcia,[10] arranged in
longitudinal parallel rows and forming a double layer back to back.
The cells are broad and rounded above, narrow and truncate below,
and each is roofed in by a transparent membrane with a semicircular
lid or operculum situated near the upper end; four short stout spines
spring from the margin in this neighbourhood. When the surface of a
living frond is examined in sea-water, here and there a bundle of
tentacles may be observed pushing up a lid, slowly emerging and
expanding into a bell-shaped coronet; on the least alarm the
tentacles are rapidly withdrawn into the cell and the lid shut. The
flexible protrusible region of the cell is termed the tentacle sheath.
The relation of the cell to the tentacle sheath (Figs. 2, 3) may be
roughly compared to a glove finger, stiff below, but flexible at the
end, and surmounted by a crown of bristles; on pulling down the
glove-finger tip, the tentacles will also be drawn in, and will lie in a
sheath formed by the invaginated portion of glove finger. The lid
which closes over the tentacle sheath is only found in the Sub-order
Chilostomata to which Flustra belongs. The area of the tentacle
sheath whence the tentacles arise is termed the lophophore.[11]

Figs. 2, 3, diagrams representing polypide in cell. Fig. 2, tentacle-sheath

protruded. Fig. 3, ditto, retracted; a, tentacles; b, tentacle-sheath; c, mouth; d,
gullet; e, stomach; f, vent; g, retractor muscle; h, funiculus; l, ovary; k, testis; l,
lid or operculum; nerve ganglion is between mouth and vent. Fig. 4, polypide
extracted from cell; d, pharynx; e, stomach; f, anus (after Van Beneden). Fig. 5,
section (partly diagrammatic) of frond of Flustra, showing cells back to back.

The mouth is situated in the centre of the lophophore, surrounded

by the circle of tentacles; and the latter, by the action of their cilia,
set up currents which convey food to the mouth.
The mouth leads into a pharynx and gullet, the latter opening into
a stomach, whence the intestine ascends to terminate in the vent
opening below and outside the circle of tentacles; the intestines, in
fact, form a U-shaped tube (Figs. 4, 5) suspended in the body-cavity
in the interior of the cell. A cord, the funiculus, passes from the
stomach to the base of the body-cavity. A small nerve ganglion is
situated within the upper part of the loop of intestine.
The tentacles, intestines, and other organs constitute the
“polypide,” the cell being simply the protective house formed by the
latter.
The body-cavity, which contains fluid, is in direct communication
with the interior of the tentacles, which are hollow, and which act as
respiratory organs by bringing the fluids of the body-cavity in
proximity to the water. In Flustra the body-cavities of the cells are
shut off from each other, but pores and sieves in the partition walls
allow of the junction of the inner linings of these cavities. The male
and female reproductive elements are formed in the body-cavity. The
egg develops in a helmet-shaped brood-pouch, the ovicell, situated at
the summit of the cell and almost immersed in the cell above. The
ciliated embryo swims about for a few hours and settles down to
form the first polypide and cell; from the latter there arise buds
which remain attached, and produce other buds, till a colony like
that of Flustra results.
Among the ordinary cells are certain smaller cells (Fig. 1, a)
slightly raised above the general level, different in shape from the
ordinary kind and with thicker lids. These peculiar cells are termed
avicularia, and chiefly contain muscles for opening and shutting the
lid. They arise by modification of the ordinary cells, whereby all the
organs of the polypide have become atrophied except the muscles.
The Polyzoa[12] were so named by Vaughan Thompson, who, in 1820,
discovered that certain plant-like animals, which had previously
been classed with the zoophytes, possessed a much higher
organisation, in that the intestine was separate from the body-cavity
and not continuous with it as in Sea-Firs, Sea-Anemones, and Corals.
In 1834, Ehrenberg named the group Bryozoa[13] or Moss Animals.
With the exception of one genus (Loxosoma), all Polyzoa form
colonies, which arise by the continual budding of the cells, the buds
remaining attached to the parent cells. The colonies vary endlessly in
form and habit, occurring as crusts on rocks, etc., masses, broad
fronds, branching tree-like growths, bushy tufts, etc.
The texture and consistency may be gelatinous, cartilaginous,
horny and flexible, or stony.
 The great majority of species are marine, but a considerable
number inhabit fresh water. The Polyzoa are classified as follows:—

[14][15][16][17][18][19][20]
 Sub-order 1.—Chilostomata.
The Chilostomata, which contain many Cases A and B 1.
more species than all the other groups put
together, are divided into three sections:—A. Cellularina, in which
the cells are more or less boat-shaped or cornucopia-shaped, and
joined together to form flexible branching colonies; B. Flustrina, in
which the cells are typically shaped like oblong boxes with
membranous front walls; and C. Escharina, in which the whole front
wall is calcified.
Case A 1.
 Fig. 6.

A, Bugula turbinata, natural size, B, portion

× 50.

a, avicularia; m, mouth; o, ovicell.

[‘The Cambridge Natural History.’]

Section A. Cellularina.—Bugula turbinata, or the Bird’s-head

Coralline (Fig. 6) grows attached to rocks near low water mark in the
form of spiral tufts about two inches in height, composed of narrow
flat branches in which the cells are arranged from two to six abreast
and all facing upwards. Each cell is boat-shaped and with nearly the
whole front surface membranous; the globular bodies at the head of
certain cells are the ovicells. Attached to the outer edge of each cell is
a remarkable object resembling a bird’s head, and hence termed
avicularium, seated on a short stalk. The head and beak contain
powerful muscles for opening and shutting a horny lid or mandible
hinged on below. In life, the avicularium sways to and fro on its stalk,
with the lower “jaw” continually snapping up and down in the most
ludicrous fashion. The beak is capable of seizing and holding quite
large objects.
The function of these curious appendages is partly to warn off
trespassers and partly to capture and retain small animals till
decomposition has set in; in the latter case, the currents set up by the
tentacles draw in the particles to the mouths of the polypides. The
avicularia have arisen by modification of the ordinary cells, in which
the muscles have developed at the expense of the degenerated
polypides, the cells have become much smaller, of different shape,
and separated out from the rest; the mandible represents the lid or
operculum of the ordinary cell. The avicularia vary greatly in size and
shape in the different genera; in Flustra, for instance, these organs
closely resemble the ordinary cells.
 Fig. 7.

Bugula bicornis. Cells

magnified. (After Busk.)

In Bugula bicornis(*) (Fig. 7), from 1950 Case A. Upright

fathoms in the Southern Indian Ocean, each part.
cell is provided with two avicularia with remarkably long stalks. The
graceful vase-shaped Kinetoskias cyathus(*) (Fig. 8), one of the
treasures of the “Challenger” Expedition, was dredged from 1525
fathoms off Cape St. Vincent. The stem, which tapers gradually
upwards, rises from a tuft of root fibres. The cup is formed of slender
branches supported at the base by a delicate membrane. The
branches are composed of biserial rows of cells (Fig. 9) opening
towards the interior of the cup. The avicularia are pear-shaped and
pedunclate. Probably, in life, the cup is capable of being opened out
to a considerable extent. Specimens of this species were also
obtained from 2160 fathoms in the South Atlantic.

Fig. 9.

Kinetoskias
cyathus. A branch
magnified.

a, an avicularium.
(After Busk.)

Scrupocellaria reptans, or the Creeping Case A 1.

Coralline (Fig. 10 A, B) forms branching
colonies, creeping over rocks and seaweeds, and attached by horny
fibres often provided with curved hooks. The branches are composed
of cells arranged in a double row. Each cell has the membranous area
of its front surface protected by a branched flattened spine or
operculum, and is produced and narrowed below; at the upper outer
margin is a minute triangular avicularium. At the base of the back
surface is a small sack-shaped cell with a cleft at the upper end, in
which a horny bristle is articulated. The little cell is termed a
vibracular cell, and the bristle a vibraculum.[21] This organ has arisen
by a further modification of an avicularium, whereby the horny lid of
the latter has become a long bristle. The bristles by their motion keep
off intruders, and possibly act as scavengers by sweeping the surface
of the cells.
 Fig. 8.

Kinetoskias cyathus. (From Voy. Challenger, Atlantic: Wyv. Thomson.)

Fig. 10.

Scrupocellaria reptans. A. Creeping over seaweed, natural size; B. Front

surface, magnified.

a, branched spine covering front of membranous area; b, avicularium; c,

vibraculum.

C. Back surface; a, vibracular cell; b, vibraculum.

In Caberia ellisii the vibracular cells are very large. The vibracula,
which are long and serrated, have been observed to move in unison
like a double row of oars.
Section B. Flustrina.—In this group the Case A 1, 2.
colonies form leafy lamellæ, crusts, etc., in
which the individual cells are typically in the form of oblong boxes
with their front walls wholly or partly membranous. Flustra foliacea
has already been described. In Flustra Case A 1.
carbasea the fronds are formed of only one
layer of cells, and not of two layers back to back as in F. foliacea. The
fine specimen of Flustra nobilis from S. Africa is so called from the
large size of its long hexagonal cells which form a honeycomb pattern
clearly visible to the naked eye.
In Flustra cribriformis(*) (Fig. 11), from Case A 1.
Torres Straits, the fenestrated frond forms a
beautiful spiral. Flustra florea, from S. Australia, grows in the form
of branching tufts of narrow spiral fronds. Electra pilosa [dry and
spirit specimens exhibited] (Fig. 12) forms a delicate silvery lace-
work, encrusting shells and seaweeds (especially red algæ) on almost
every shore. The long horny spine at the base of the membranous
area of each cell gives the crust a pilose appearance. In Electra
verticillata from West Africa, the cells form an elegant branched
colony, the branches being composed of regular verticils of cells.

Fig. 11.

Flustra cribriformis.
 Fig. 12.

Electra pilosa. A, incrusting a seaweed,

natural size; B, cells magnified; a, lid or
operculum.

Membranipora membranacea occurs in Case A 1.

the form of horny incrustations on bladder-
wrack, which, owing to their flexibility, are able to adapt themselves
to the swaying of the fronds of the Fucus.
The Selenariidae (Case B 2) form free colonies, usually orbicular
in shape, convex above and concave below. In Lunulites capulus
alternating rows of cells and vibracula radiate from the centre of the
colony.
Section C. Escharina.—In this group, the front walls of the cells
are wholly calcareous. Many species form patches or crusts on shells
etc., and hence the name of the section; other species, again, form
stony tree-like growths, or thick plates. Frequently one and the same
species occurs in the form of crusts or of erect lamellæ, the identity
being recognised by the characters of the individual cells.
Often a large number of species may be found on one shell. Two
good examples of this are exhibited in Case A 2.
 Lepralia pallasiana (Fig. 13) forms sub- Case A 2.
circular vitreous patches on stones and
shells; the cells are rather large, broadly oval, and with the front wall
punctured with pores; the aperture is squarish and with a slight
indentation on each side.

Fig. 13.

Lepralia pallasiana, incrusting a shell. A, natural size; B, cells

magnified.

Lepralia foliacea forms a massive coral-like growth composed of

thin contorted plates which fuse to form labyrinthine cavities, the
plates being constructed of a double layer of cells back to back. A
large specimen from the English Channel is exhibited in Case B,
upright part. In Lepralia the orifice and lid of the cell have a straight
lower margin, but one large group, Myriozoidæ, is characterised by
having a notch in the lower margin of the orifice, (Fig. 14,
Schizoporella unicornis).
In many of the Escharina, the front wall Case B 1.
of the cell is produced into a stout process
or mucro at the lower margin of the orifice (genus Mucronella), or,
again, a collar or tube grows up round the primary orifice, thus
giving rise to a secondary orifice (Smittia, Porella, etc., Case B 1).

Fig. 14.

Schizoporella unicornis,
magnified.

Fig. 15.

Retepora beaniana.
 In the Celleporidæ, (Case B 1) the cells Case B 1.
are typically pitcher-shaped and arranged
vertically, and tend to be heaped up from the overcrowding.
Cellepora pumicosa forms thick pumice-like masses composed of
succeeding layers of cells. The Reteporidæ (Case B 1) form delicate
stony networks. The reticulate fronds may be expanded out, or may
form tubular or contorted growths (Fig. 15, Retepora beaniana). The
beautiful Retepora phœnicea from Torres Straits is of a rich purple
colour.
The Adeonidæ form thick fenestrated plates which unite to form
cavernous masses usually attached to rocks by a thick jointed stem.
Several very fine examples from Port Phillip, Victoria, are exhibited
in the upright part of Case B.
The Catenicellidæ are represented by a Case A 2.
fine series of specimens from Australia. The
colonies form dense clusters of finely beaded branches. The cells are
arranged in single series, each cell being united to those above and
below by a horny joint. The cells are usually urn-shaped with a
triangular avicularium at each upper angle, and with the front
surface variously sculptured with pores or bands (Fig. 16, Catenicella
ventricosa).
 Fig. 16.

Catenicella ventricosa. A,
natural size; B, magnified. (After
Busk.)
 Sub-order 2.—Ctenostomata.
The Ctenostomata are fleshy, horny, or Case B 2, and A
membranous; never calcareous. When the upright part.
tentacles of a polypide are retracted into the cell, they are protected
above by a membranous comb-like frill.
The cells either bud off from each other or arise as buds on a
stolon or stem.
Alcyonidium gelatinosum(*) (Fig. 17), so Case A, upright
called from its resemblance to the zoophyte part.
Alcyonium, forms fleshy translucent growths occurring in the form of
nodulated branched masses, or of long finger-like growths. The
species is common round our coasts where it grows attached to
stones and shells near low-water mark.
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com