THE ROLES OF MANAGERS IN INFORMATION  The adoption of groupware or group-decision

TECHNOLOGY support systems for workers who share a

Information Technology in the Workplace common task
as a new source of energy for processing and accessing  Determining a World Wide Web strategy
information, while IT helps organizations to collect,  Routine transactions processing systems
store, retrieve, and apply knowledge in solving  Personal support systems
problems.  Reporting and control
 Automated production
How is technology changing the Filipino workplace?  Embedded products – Increasingly, products
1. Increased use of mobile and cloud technologies contain embedded intelligence.
2. The rise of virtual offices and new working
styles The Challenge of Change
3. The need for digitally savvy workforce  Within organizations – Create new procedures,
4. Unlocking employees’ skills to innovate and workflows, workgroups, knowledgebase,
collaborate products and services, and communications.
5. Educating the workforce to new technologies  Organizational structure
6. Focusing on functionality  Interorganizational relations
 Economy
What is Information Technology?  Education
 Information technology refers to all forms of  National development
technology– applied processing, storing, and  The manager serves as a change agent to the
transmitting information in electronic form. following:
 Information systems execute organized o Develop the guidelines for making
procedures that process or communicate decisions
information. o Create a uniform information
 Information is a tangible or intangible entity infrastructure
that serves to reduce uncertainty about some o Allow for more telecommunications.
state or event. o Define the roles of the information
 Data can originate from the internal operations management professional
of the firms and the external entities such as o Define acceptable performance by all
suppliers or customers. the people who feed information.
Six Major Trends
Transforming Organizations 1. The use of technology to transform the
A technology-form, or T-Form, organization uses IT to organization.
become highly efficient and effective. 2. The use of information processing technology
Characteristics of Technology-Based Organization as a part of corporate strategy.
- 3. Technology as a pervasive part of the work
environment.
Information Technology and the Manager 4. The use of technology to support knowledge
Managers are responsible for the physical resources, workers.
human resources, and financial resources of an 5. The evolution of the computer from a
organization, so they are also responsible and computational device to a medium for
accountable for the information resources. communication.
Managers are challenged with decisions about the 6. The growth of the Internet and World Wide
following: Web.
 The use of technology to design and structure
the organization
 The creation of alliances and partnerships that
include electronic linkages
 The selection of systems to support different
kinds of workers
COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS Generations of Computer
Computer is a programmable machine that manipulates There are five (5) generations of computer:
data or information according to a list of instructions  First generation:1946–1958
(program). It is any device that aids in performing o Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
various kinds of computations or calculations. It also has magnetic drums for memory.
the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. o enormous
Three (3) characteristics of computers: o Very expensive to operate
1. It responds to a specific set of instructions in a o Used a great deal of electricity and
well-defined manner. generated a lot of heat
2. It can execute a pre-recorded list of o Relied on machine language to perform
instructions. operations and could only solve one (1)
3. It can quickly store and retrieve large amounts problem at a time
of data. o Input was based on punched cards and
paper tape, while output was displayed
Data and Information on printouts
 Computers process data into information.  Electronic Numerical Integrator
 Data is a collection of unprocessed items that and Computer (ENIAC)
can include text, numbers, images, audio, and  Universal Automatic Computer I
video. and II (UNIVAC)
 Information conveys meaning and is useful to  Electronic Discrete Variable
people. Automatic Computer (EDVAC)
 Second generation: 1959–1964
Components of Computers o Transistor replaced vacuum tubes and
A computer contains many electric, electronic, and ushered (1 transistor replaced the
mechanical components known as hardware. equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes)
 An input device is any hardware that allows the o Allowed computers to become smaller,
user to enter data and instructions into a faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient,
computer. Keyboard, mouse, microphone, and more reliable
scanner, and webcam o Still generated a great deal of heat
 An output device is any hardware component o Moved to symbolic or assembly
that conveys information to one or more languages, which allowed programmers
people. Printer, monitor, and speakers to specify instructions in words
 The system unit is a case that contains the o Still relied on punched cards for input
electronic components of the computer, which
and printouts for outputs
are used to process data. The circuitry of the
o The first to store instructions in the
system unit usually is part of or connected to a
memory, which moved from a magnetic
circuit board called motherboard.
drum to a magnetic core technology
 Storage devices
 UNIVAC III
o Storage media holds data, instructions,
 RCA 501
and information for future use. USB
 Philco Transact S-2000
flash drive, hard disk, optical discs, and
 IBM 7030 Stretch
memory card
 IBM 7070, 7080, and 7090
o Storage device records (writes) and/or
series
retrieves (reads) items to and from  Third generation: 1965–1970
storage media. DVD drives o The development of the integrated
 A communication device is a hardware
circuit
component that enables a computer to send
o Transistors > semiconductors, which
(transmit) and receive data, instructions, and
drastically increased the speed and
information to and from one or more
efficiency of computers
computers or mobile devices. Modem
o Much smaller and cheaper
o Users interacted with third-generation
computers through keyboards and
 monitors and interfaced with an  Mainframe computers feature proprietary
operating system (this allowed the hardware (instruction sets that, in general, are
device to run many different unique to and controlled by the vendors)
applications at one [1] time with a Supercomputer
central program that monitored the  A computer that performs at or near the
memory) currently highest operational rate for
o became accessible to the mass computers
 Burroughs 6700  Traditionally used for scientific and
 Control Data 3300, 6600, and engineering applications that handle very
7600 large databases, do a great amount of
 IBM System/360, System/3, and computation, or both
System/7  The largest most powerful supercomputers
 Fourth generation: 1971–1980 are multiple computers that perform
o Microprocessors were brought about in parallel processing.
this generation of computers as Two (2) types of parallel processing
thousands of integrated circuits were approaches:
built onto a single silicon chip. o Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)
o More powerful than its predecessors o Massively parallel processing (MPP)
o Could be linked together to form Personal Computer
networks, which eventually led to the  A general-purpose, cost-effective computer that
development of the Internet is designed to be used by a single-user
o Started the development of graphical  dependent on microprocessor technology
user interfaces (GUIs), mouse, and  accounting, desktop publishing, and word
handheld devices processing and run databases and
 Fifth generation:1981–present spreadsheets.
o Based on artificial intelligence (AI)  Mainly used at home for multimedia
o The use of parallel processing and entertainment, playing games, accessing the
superconductors is helping to make Internet, etc.
artificial intelligence a reality  Although intended to be used as single-user
o Its goal is to develop devices that systems, it is normal to connect several PCs to
respond to natural language input and create a network, such as a local area network
that are capable of learning and self- (LAN).
organization  Can be a microcomputer, a desktop computer, a
o Some applications such as voice laptop computer, a tablet PC, or a handheld PC.
recognition are being used today Server
 A software and hardware system and a
Types of Computers dedicated computer with features and
Mainframe configurations capable of serving as network
 The first developed computers that are large host
general-purpose machines  Dedicated servers may have high-performance
 In the early days of computer industry, a user RAM, a faster processor, and several high-
could run batch programs (the staff collects all capacity drives.
data into a batch that are processed at one [1]  A server often has special characteristics and
time) on mainframe computers. capabilities in order to operate, including the
 Used extensively to process transactions and following:
maintain vital data for access by various users o The ability to update hardware and
 Examples: Order and entry and processing at an software without a restart or reboot
electronics manufacturer, production planning o Advanced backup capability for
and scheduling at manufacturing companies, frequent critical data backup
and airline reservations at all major air carriers o Advanced networking performance
 IBM dominated the mainframe market, but o Automatic (invisible to the user) data
experienced problems as users shifted to other transfer between devices o High
kinds of architectures.
 security for resources, data, and  A special-purpose computer that functions as a
memory protection. component in a larger product and that can be
 Server computers often have special operating found everywhere
systems that are not usually found on personal o Home automation devices –
computers. thermostats, sprinkling systems,
security monitoring systems,
How Client–Server Works appliances, lights
 In the client–server model of computing, a o Automobiles – brakes, engine control
user’s PC makes requests to the server modules, airbag controller, cruise
computer that has data and possible programs control
on it. o Consumer electronics – mobile and
 The server is responsible for the database and is digital phones, digital televisions,
likely to execute transactions to update and camera, recorders, DVD players and
manage it. recorders, answering machines
 The client does various analyses of the data o Process controllers and robotics –
using its own processing power. remote monitoring systems, power
monitors, machine controllers, medical
Network PC (Net PC) devices
 A small, low-cost computer designed to be o Computer devices and office machines
centrally managed and support businesses – keyboards, printers, fax and copy
using network applications machines
 Not equipped with disk drives, CD-ROM drives,
or expansion slots but has hard disks that are
used to provide temporary cache and improve
performance
 Usually used for online transaction processing,
banking services, and retail point-of-sale
terminals
 Being relatively inexpensive, Microsoft and Intel
designed these with sealed cases to discourage
users from reconfiguring the hardware
Mobile Device
 Small enough to carry in a pocket and does not
usually have disk drives
 Stores programs and data permanently on
special memory inside the system unit or a
small storage media such as memory cards
 Some are Internet-enabled, hence can connect
to the Internet wirelessly Smartphones, E-book
readers, Handheld computers, Portable media
players, Digital cameras

Game Console
 A mobile computing device designed for single-
player or multi-player video games
 Standard game consoles use a handheld
controller(s) as an input device(s), a television
screen as an output device, and hard disks,
optical discs, and memory cards for storage.
Nintendo Wii, Sony PSP, Microsoft Xbox 360
Embedded Computer