Wireless Protocols for IoT : Zigbee

Overview

1. Zigbee Features, Versions, Device Types, Topologies

2. Zigbee Protocol Architecture
3. Zigbee Application, Zigbee Application Support Layer
4. Network Layer, Routing: AODV, DSR
5. Zigbee Smart Energy V2

Note: Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4 were covered in the previous

lectures..
 Zigbee Overview
q Industrial monitoring and control applications requiring small
amounts of data, turned off most of the time (<1% duty cycle),
e.g., wireless light switches, meter reading, patient monitoring
q First standard was published in 2004
q Ultra-low power, low-data rate, multi-year battery life
q Power management to ensure low power consumption.
q Less Complex. 32kB protocol stack vs 250kB for Bluetooth
q Range: 1 to 100 m, up to 65000 nodes.
q Tri-Band:
Ø 16 Channels at 250 kbps in 2.4GHz ISM

Ø 10 Channels at 40 kb/s in 915 MHz ISM band (USA)

Ø One Channel at 20 kb/s in European 868 MHz band

Ø 920 MHz in Japan

 Zigbee Overview (Cont)
q IEEE 802.15.4 MAC and PHY
(Except for Zigbee Smart Energy 2.0)
Higher layer and interoperability by Zigbee Alliance
q Up to 254 devices or 64516 (~216) simpler nodes
q Named after zigzag dance of the honeybees
Direction of the dance indicates the location of food
q Multi-hop ad-hoc mesh network
Multi-Hop Routing: message to non-adjacent nodes
Ad-hoc Topology: No fixed topology. Nodes discover each other
Mesh Routing: End-nodes help route messages for others
Mesh Topology: Loops possible

Ref: Zigbee Alliance, http://www.Zigbee.org

 Zigbee Device Types
q Coordinator: Selects channel, starts the network, assigns short
addresses to other nodes, transfers packets to/from other nodes
q Router: Transfers packets to/from other nodes
q Full-Function Device: Capable of being coordinator or router
q Reduced-Function Device: Not capable of being a coordinator
or a router Þ Leaf node
q Zigbee Trust Center (ZTC): Provides security keys and
authentication
q Zigbee Gateway: Connects to other networks, e.g., WiFi
 Zigbee Topologies

Star Tree Cluster Tree Mesh

E E C C E C E
C E E E E R R
R
R E
E E E E
E E E
E R
C Coordinator R E
E
R Router R
Self-Healing
E E E Star of stars =
E End-Device E E 1 level cluster tree
Example Smart Home Devices

Device Zigbee Role Function

Smart Home Hub (e.g.,
Coordinator (ZC) Manages network, processes commands
Echo Plus, SmartThings)
Smart Light Bulbs (e.g.,
Router (ZR) Controls lighting, relays signals
Philips Hue)
Smart Plugs Router (ZR) Turns appliances on/off, extends Zigbee range
Motion Sensor End Device (ZED) Detects movement, triggers automation
Smart Door Lock End Device (ZED) Provides remote locking/unlocking
Smart Thermostat Router (ZR) Controls heating and cooling
Scenario: Automated Home Lighting & Security System
Imagine you have a Zigbee-enabled smart home where lights, locks, and sensors work
together. The system is programmed to:
Turn on the lights when someone enters a room.
Lock the door automatically at night.
Adjust the thermostat based on room occupancy.

Step 1: Zigbee Network Setup

The Zigbee Coordinator (Smart Hub) creates a Personal Area Network (PAN) and assigns a PAN ID.
Zigbee devices join the network using the beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol.

Smart Hub (ZC): "Creating Zigbee Network - PAN ID 0x1234"

Smart Light (ZR): "Joining Zigbee Network with PAN ID 0x1234"
Motion Sensor (ZED): "Connected to PAN ID 0x1234"
Step 2: Motion Detected – Lights Turn On
A Zigbee motion sensor detects movement in the living room.
The motion sensor sends a Zigbee message to the Smart Hub.
The Smart Hub sends a command to the Zigbee light bulb to turn on.
Motion Sensor (ZED) → Smart Hub (ZC): "Motion detected in living room!"
Smart Hub (ZC) → Smart Light (ZR): "Turn ON!"
Smart Light (ZR): "Light is ON"

Step 3: Smart Lock Engages at Night

At 10:00 PM, the Smart Hub sends a command to the Zigbee Smart Lock.
The door automatically locks for security.
Smart Hub (ZC) → Smart Lock (ZED): "Time: 10:00 PM - Lock the door!"
Smart Lock (ZED): "Door Locked"

Step 4: Adjusting the Thermostat Based on Occupancy

If no motion is detected for 30 minutes, the Smart Thermostat lowers the temperature.
The Zigbee thermostat communicates with the Smart Hub.
Motion Sensor (ZED) → Smart Hub (ZC): "No motion detected for 30 minutes"
Smart Hub (ZC) → Smart Thermostat (ZR): "Set temperature to 20°C"
Smart Thermostat (ZR): "Temperature adjusted to 20°C"
 Step 5: Remote Control via Mobile App
The user opens a Zigbee-compatible mobile app (e.g., Amazon Alexa, SmartThings).
The app sends a Zigbee command via the Smart Hub to turn off all devices.
User (App) → Smart Hub (ZC): "Turn off all lights and devices"
Smart Hub (ZC) → All Zigbee Devices: "Power OFF"
Smart Light (ZR): "Light is OFF"
Smart Plug (ZR): "Appliance is OFF"

•AI-Based Automation – Predictive control based on user behavior.

•Voice Control with AI Assistants – Seamless integration with Alexa, Google Assistant.
•Energy Optimization – AI-powered energy-saving algorithms.
•Integration with Matter (IoT Standard) – Cross-device compatibility.
Zigbee Protocol Architecture Key
Layer Function Technologi
es
Device roles,
Application commands,
Zigbee APS, ZDO
(APL) user
Application Framework

Interface
Device applications

Public
App App App Object Routing,

ZDO
Object Object Object (ZDO) Network addressing, Mesh,
(NWK) network AODV

Management
Application Support Sublayer (APS) formation
Securiy
Servie

ZDO
Medium
Network Layer access,
CSMA/CA,
MAC beaconing,
ACK
collision
Media Access Control (MAC) avoidance
Physical Layer Modulation,
IEEE
Physical (PHY) transmission
802.15.4
, reception
Zigbee Protocol Architecture (Cont)
q Application Objects: e.g., Remote control application.
Also referred to as End-Point (EP).

q End-Node: End device. Switch EP1 EP6 Light

Each node can have up to 250 application objects.
q Zigbee Device Object (ZDO): Control and management of
application objects. Initializes coordinator, security service,
device and service discovery
q Application Support Layer (APS): Serves application
objects.
q Network Layer: Route Discovery, neighbor discovery
q ZDO Management
q Security Service
 Zigbee Application Layer
q Application layer consists of application objects (aka end
points) and Zigbee device objects (ZDOs)
q 256 End Point Addresses:
Ø 240 application objects: Address EP1 through EP240
Ø ZDO is EP0
Ø End Points 241-254 are reserved
Ø EP255 is broadcast
q Each End Point has one application profile, e.g., light on/off
profile
q Zigbee forum has defined a number of profiles.
Users can develop other profiles
q Attributes: Each profile requires a number of data items. Each
data item is called an “attribute” and is assigned an 16-bit
“attribute ID” by Zigbee forum
Zigbee Application Layer (Cont)
q Clusters: A collection of attributes and commands on them.
Each cluster is represented by a 16-bit ID. Commands could be
read/write requests or read/write responses
q Cluster Library: A collection of clusters. Zigbee forum has
defined a number of cluster libraries, e.g., General cluster
library contains on/off, level control, alarms, etc.
q Binding: Process of establishing a logical relationship (parent,
child, ..)
q ZDO:
Ø Uses device and service discovery commands to discover
details about other devices.
Ø Uses binding commands to bind and unbind end points.
Ø Uses network management commands for network discover,
route discovery, link quality indication, join/leave requests
 Zigbee Application Profiles
q Smart Energy: Electrical, Gas, Water Meter reading
q Commercial Building Automation: Smoke Detectors, lights,
…
q Home Automation: Remote control lighting, heating, doors,
…
q Personal, Home, and Hospital Care (PHHC): Monitor blood
pressure, heart rate, …
q Telecom Applications: Mobile phones
q Remote Control for Consumer Electronics: In collaboration
with Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics (RF4CE)
alliance
q Industrial Process Monitoring and Control: temperature,
pressure, position (RFID), …
q Many others
Ref: A. Elahi and A. Gschwender, “Zigbee Wireless Sensor and Control Network,” Prentice Hall, 2009, 288 pp., ISBN:0137134851,
Safari Book
 Zigbee Home Automation (ZHA) Profile
The ZHA profile is used for smart home devices like lights, thermostats,
and security sensors.
Cluster Attribute Description
Controls on/off
On/Off Cluster onOff state of lights or Zigbee Device
switches. ├── Endpoint (e.g., 0x01 - Smart Light)
Adjusts dimming
│ ├── Cluster (e.g., On/Off Cluster 0x0006)
Level Control currentLevel │ │ ├── Attribute (e.g., On/Off Status, ID: 0x0000, Value:
for smart bulbs.
True)
Thermostat Measures room
Cluster
localTemperature
temperature.
│ │ ├── Attribute (e.g., Brightness, ID: 0x0001, Value:
180)
Stores heating
occupiedHeatingSe │ │
temperature
tpoint
setting.
│ ├── Cluster (e.g., Level Control Cluster 0x0008)
│ ├── Attribute (e.g., Brightness Level, ID: 0x0002,
Stores the
Value: 255)
Door Lock Cluster lockState locked/unlocked
state. │
├── Endpoint (e.g., 0x02 - Smart Plug)
Stores a PIN for
pinCode │ ├── Cluster (e.g., Power On/Off, ID: 0x0006)
access control.
Detects motion
presence
Occupancy Sensor occupancy
(1=occupied,
0=unoccupied).
 Sample Zigbee Products

Lock Light Bulb Hub

(Kwikset) (Sengled) (Samsung)

Motion Detector Outlet Temperature Sensor

(Bosch) (Samsung) (Visonic)
Zigbee Address Assignment
q Each node gets a unique 16-bit address
q Two Schemes: Distributed and Stochastic
q Distributed Scheme: Good for tree structure
Ø Each child is allocated a sub-range of addresses.

Ø Need to limit maximum depth L,

Maximum number of children per parent C, and Maximum
number of routers R: parent+1+(n-1)S(d)
Ø Address of leaf the nth child is parent+(n-1)S(d)
Distributed Scheme Example
C d=0
10 S(0)=4

R1 R2 R3 R4 d=1
11 15 19 23 S(1)=1
L L L L L L L L d=2
12 13 16 17 20 21 25 26

q Max depth L=2, Routers R=4, Children C=3

q Coordinator: d=0. Skip
Distributed Scheme Example (Cont)
q Assume the address of coordinator is 10 (decimal)
q Address of R1 = 10+1 = 11
q Address of R2 = 10+1+S(0) = 11+4=15
q Address of R3 = 10+1+2*S(0) = 11+8 = 19
q Address of R3 = 10+1+3*S(0) = 11+12 =23
q Routers R1-R4 compute S(1):

q Children of R1 are assigned 12 and 13

q Children of R2 are assigned 16 and 17 C
10
R1 R2 R3 R4
11 15 19 23
L L L L L L L L L L L L
12 13 14 16 17 18 20 21 22 24 25 26
Stochastic Address Assignment
q Parent draws a 16 bit random number between 0 and
216-1 and assigns it to a new child. A new number is
drawn if the result is all-zero (null) or all-one
(broadcast). So the assigned address is between 1 and
216-2.
q Parent then advertises the number to the network
q If another node has that address an address conflict
message is returned and the parent draws another
number and repeats
q There is no need to pre-limit # of children or depth
 Zigbee Routing
1. Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
2. Tree Hierarchical Routing
3. Many-to-one routing

Note: Zigbee does not use DSR.

 AODV
q Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector Routing
q On-demand Þ Reactive Þ Construct a route when needed
q Avoids unnecessary computations if no traffic
q Source broadcasts Route-Request (RREQ) command to all its neighbors
containing source, destination, broadcast ID
q Each node determines if this is a new request or if this copy has a lower cost.
If yes, it makes a “reverse route” entry for the source in its table w previous
node as the optimal reverse path.
q The node then checks if it has a route to the destination. If yes, it sends
“route-reply” to the source. Otherwise, it forwards the request to all its
neighbors except where it came from.
q When the source receives a “route-reply” it selects the lowest cost path and
sends the packet
q If a node cannot forward the packet, it sends a “Route Error” back to the
source which will re-initate route discovery.
 AODV follows a route discovery and maintenance process:

1⃣

Route Discovery Process

When a Zigbee device (source node) wants to send a message to another device (desZnaZon node),
but no direct route exists, AODV iniZates route discovery:
1.Route Request (RREQ) Message – Broadcasted by the source node to find a path.
2.Route Reply (RREP) Message – Sent back by the desZnaZon node or an intermediate node with a valid route.
3.Route Established – The source can now send data packets via the discovered path.

2⃣

Route Maintenance Process

Once a route is established:
1.If an intermediate node fails, a Route Error (RERR) Message is sent back.
2.The source node then initiates a new route discovery to find an alternative path.
Imagine a Zigbee Smart Home Network with the following devices:
Smart Hub (Coordinator)
Smart Bulb (Router)
Smart Thermostat (Router)
Smart Lock (End Device)
Motion Sensor (End Device)
Scenario: The Motion Sensor Needs to Send Data to the Smart Hub, but No Direct Route Exists.

Step 1: Route Request (RREQ)

The motion sensor (source) sends a Route Request (RREQ) message.
The message is broadcasted to all nearby nodes.
Each node forwards the request until it reaches the destination (Smart Hub).

Step 2: Route Reply (RREP)

The Smart Hub (destination) receives the RREQ and sends a Route Reply (RREP).
The reverse path is stored in intermediate nodes.
 Step 3: Data Transmission
The motion sensor now sends data packets via the discovered route.

Step 4: Route Maintenance

If a node fails (e.g., the Smart Bulb goes offline), the Smart Thermostat detects the failure and sends a
Route Error (RERR) message.
The motion sensor then initiates a new route discovery to find an alternative path.

Practical Applications of AODV in Zigbee

Smart Home Automation – Ensuring reliable communication between Zigbee devices.
Industrial IoT Networks – Managing dynamic sensor networks in factories.
Smart Agriculture – Routing sensor data efficiently in large farms.
 AODV Routing
q Routing Table: Path is not stored. Only next hop.
Ø Entry = <destination, next node, "sequence #" (timestamp)>
q Route Discovery: Flood a route request (RREQ) to all
neighbors. Neighbors broadcast to their neighbors
Src Req Dest Src Dest Hop
Addr ID Addr Seq # Seq # Count
q Request ID is the RREQ serial number. Used to discard
duplicates.
Source sequence # is a clock counter incremented when RREQ
is sent.
Destination sequence # is the most recent sequence from the
destination that the source has seen. Zero if unknown.

Ref: K. Garg, "Mobile Computing: Theory and Practice," Pearson, 2010, ISBN: 81-3173-166-9, 232 pp., Safari Book.
 AODV Routing (Cont)
q Intermediate nodes can reply to RREQ only if they have a route
to destination with higher destination sequence #
q Route reply (RREP) comes back “unicast” on the reverse path
Src Dest Dest Hop Life
Addr Addr Seq # Count Time

q Destination Sequence # is from Destination’s counter

Lifetime indicates how long the route is valid
q Intermediate nodes record node from both RREP and RREQ if
it has a lower cost path Þ the reverse path
q Backward route to Destination is recorded if sequence number
is higher or if sequence number is same and hops are lower
q Old entries are timed out
q AODV supports only symmetric links
 AODV Routing: Example
q Node 1 broadcasts RREQ to 2, 3, 4:
"Any one has a route to 10 fresher than 1. This is my
broadcast #1"
q Node 2 broadcasts RREQ to 1, 5, 7
q Node 3 broadcasts RREQ to 1, 5
q Node 4 broadcasts RREQ to 1, 6

2 7

1 3 5 9 10

4 6 8
 AODV Example (Cont)
Pkt # Pkt # Req Src Dest New Table Entry
In Out From To Message ID Seq # Seq # Hops Action at Receipient Dest Seq Hops Next
1 1 2 RREQ 1 1 1 1 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 1 1 Table entry at 2
2 1 3 RREQ 1 1 1 1 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 1 1 for node 1
3 1 4 RREQ 1 1 1 1 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 1 1 Table entry at 4
1 4 2 1 RREQ 1 1 1 2 Duplicate Req ID. Discard for node 1
1 5 2 7 RREQ 1 1 1 2 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 2 2
1 6 2 5 RREQ 1 1 1 2 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 2 2
2 7 3 1 RREQ 1 1 1 2 Duplicate ID. Discard
2 8 3 5 RREQ 1 1 1 2 Duplicate ID. Discard
3 9 4 1 RREQ 1 1 1 2 Duplicate ID. Discard
3 10 4 6 RREQ 1 1 1 2 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 2 4
5 11 7 2 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
5 12 7 9 RREQ 1 1 1 3 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 3 7
6 13 5 3 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
6 14 5 2 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
6 15 5 9 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
6 16 5 8 RREQ 1 1 1 3 New RREQ. Broadcast 1 1 3 5
10 17 6 4 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
10 18 6 8 RREQ 1 1 1 3 Duplicate ID. Discard
12 19 9 8 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
12 20 9 5 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
12 21 9 7 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
12 22 9 10 RREQ 1 1 1 4 New RREQ. Respond 1 1 4 9
16 23 8 6 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
16 24 8 5 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
16 25 8 9 RREQ 1 1 1 4 Duplicate ID. Discard
22 26 10 9 RREP 1 1 6 1 New RREP. Record and forward 10 6 1 10 Table entry at 9
26 27 9 7 RREP 1 1 6 2 New RREP. Record and forward 10 6 2 9 for node 10
27 28 7 2 RREP 1 1 6 3 New RREP. Record and forward 10 6 3 7 Table entry at 2
28 29 2 1 RREP 1 1 6 4 New RREP. Record and forward 10 6 4 2 for node 10
 Route Maintenance in AODV
q Each node keeps a list of active neighbors (replied to a
hello within a timeout)
q If a link in a routing table breaks, all active neighbors
are informed by “Route Error (RERR)” messages
q RERR is also sent if a packet transmission fails
q RERR contains the destination sequence # that failed
q When a source receives an RERR, it starts route
discovery with that sequence number.
q Disadvantage: Intermediate nodes may send more up-
to-date but still stale routes.
q Ref: RFC 3561, July 2003
 Tree Hierarchical Routing
q All leaf nodes send the packet to their parent
q Each parent checks the address to see if it is in its
subrange.
Ø If yes, it sends to the appropriate child.

Ø If not, it sends to its parent

q Example: A12 to A30. A12 ® R1 ® Coordinator ®

R4 ® A30 C
10
R1 R2 R3 R4
11 17 23 29
L L L L L L L L
12 13 18 19 24 25 30 31
 Many-to-One Routing
q Used for sensor data collection. All data goes to a
concentrator or a gateway
q Gateway has a large memory and can hold complete
routes to all nodes
q But each node only remembers the next hop towards
gateway
A B C

D G
Gateway
 Zigbee RF4CE
q Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics (RF4CE)
consortium developed a protocol for remote control using
wireless (rather than infrared which requires line of sight)
q RF4CE merged with Zigbee and produced Zigbee RF4CE
protocol
q Operates on channels 15, 20, and 25 in 2.4 GHz
q Maximum PHY payload is 127 bytes
q Two types of devices: Remotes and Targets (TVs, DVD
Player,…)
q Status Display: Remote can show the status of the target
q Paging: Can locate remote control using a paging button on the
target
q Pairing: A remote control works only with certain devices
 Zigbee 2030.5
q Formerly known as “Zigbee Smart Energy 2”
q Monitor, control, automate the delivery and use of
energy and water
q Adds plug-in vehicle charging, configuration, and
firmware download
q Developed in collaboration with other smart grid
communication technologies: HomePlug, WiFi, …
q IP based Þ Incompatible with previous Zigbee
 Zigbee IP
q Uses standard IPv6 frame format.
Þ Allows connecting sensors directly to Internet w/o gateways
q Uses 802.15.4 PHY, MAC and ZigBee 2030.5
q IPv6 headers are compressed using 6LowPAN
q RPL Routing to discover topology
q All Internet protocols: UDP, TCP, HTTP, … can be used
q Multicast forwarding and Service discovery using multicast
DNS (mDNS) and DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)
q Security using standard protocols: TLS (Transport Layer
Security), EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol), PANA
(Protocol for carrying Authentication for Network Access)
q Not compatible with other versions of Zigbee since they use a
different network layer frame format
Þ Need a gateway between Zigbee and Zigbee IP.
Ref: Zigbee Alliance, “Zigbee IP and 920IP,” https://www.zigbee.org/zigbee-for-developers/network-specifications/zigbeeip/
 Z-Wave
q No relationship to Zigbee but competes with it in
many applications and so often confused with it
q Search for Zigbee devices on Amazon shows many
products that support only Z-Wave not Zigbee
q Originally a proprietary protocol developed for remote
control. Now used for IoT.
q Now standardized by Z-Wave Alliance
q Uses 915/868 MHz band
q Many IoT hubs support Z-Wave along with Zigbee

Ref: Wikipedia, “Z-Wave,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-Wave

Ref: Z-Wave Alliance, https://z-wavealliance.org/
 Summary
1. Zigbee is an IoT protocol for sensors, industrial automation,
remote control using IEEE 802.15.4 PHY and MAC
2. Zigbee PRO supports stochastic addressing, many-to-one
routing, fragmentation, and mesh topologies.
3. A number of application profiles have been defined with
control and management provided by ZDOs.
4. Application Support layer provides data and command
communication between application objects
5. Network layer provides addressing and routing. Addressing
can be assigned using distributed or stochastic schemes.
Routing is via AODV, DSR, Tree Hierarchical, or many-to-
one routing.
6. Zigbee RF4CE and Zigbee SEP2 are Zigbee protocols
designed specifically for remote control and smart grid,
respectively.
 Homework
C
20

R1 R2 R3

L L L L L L L L L

q Assuming that IEEE 802.15.4 network is being planned with a

maximum of 5 children per node to a depth of 2 levels and
maximum 4 routers. Compute sub-ranges to be assigned to
each router and the addresses assigned to each node in the
network assuming the coordinator has an address of 20.
 Homework 13B
q Write the sequence of messages that will be sent in the
following network when node 2 tries to find the path
to node 10 in the AODV example.

2 7

1 3 5 9 10

4 6 8
 Reading List
q A. Elahi and A. Gschwender, “Zigbee Wireless Sensor and Control
Network,” Prentice Hall, 2009, 288 pp., ISBN:0137134851, Safari Book,
Chapters 2, 5, 6, 9
q K. Garg, "Mobile Computing: Theory and Practice," Pearson, 2010, ISBN:
81-3173-166-9, 232 pp., Safari Book, Sections 6.5-6.7
q R. Jain, “Networking Protocols for Internet of Things,” (6LowPAN and
RPL),” http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cse570-13/m_19lpn.htm
 Related Wikipedia Pages
q http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigbee
q http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hoc_On-
Demand_Distance_Vector_Routing
q http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Source_Routing
q http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_routing
q http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_Source_Routing
 References
1. D. A. Gratton, “The Handbook of Personal Area Networking Technologies
and Protocols,” Cambridge University Press, 2013, 424 pp.,
ISBN:9780521197267, Safar Book.
2. O. Hersent, et al., “The Internet of Things: Key Applications and
Protocols,” Wiley, 2012, 370 pp., ISBN:9781119994350, Safari Book.
3. N. Hunn, “Essentials of Short Range Wireless,” Cambridge University
Press, 2010, 344 pp., ISBN:9780521760690, Safari book.
4. D.Gislason, “Zigbee Wireless Networking,” Newnes, 2008, 288 pp.,
ISBN:07506-85972, Safari book.
5. S. Farahani, “Zigbee Wireless Network and Transceivers,” Newnes, 2008
6. J. Gutierrez, E. Gallaway, and R. Barrett, “Low-Rate Wireless Personnel
Area Networks,” IEEE Press Publication, 2007
7. H. Labiod, H. Afifi, C. De Santis, "Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee and WiMax,"
Springer, Jun 2007, 316 pp., ISBN:1402053967.
8. I. Guvenc, et al., "Reliable Communications for Short-Range Wireless
Systems," Cambridge University Press, March 2011, 426 pp., ISBN: 978-
0-521-76317-2, Safari Book
 References (Cont)
q Zigbee Alliance Technical Documents,
http://www.zigbee.org/Products/TechnicalDocumentsDownload
/tabid/237/Default.aspx
q Zigbee Alliance Whitepapers,
http://www.zigbee.org/LearnMore/WhitePapers/tabid/257/Defa
ult.aspx
q Zigbee Alliance, Zigbee Specification Document 053474r17,
2008
q Daintree Network, “Comparing Zigbee Specification Versions,”
www.daintree.net/resources/spec-matrix.php
q “How Does Zigbee Compare with Other Wireless Standards?”
www.stg.com/wireless/Zigbee-comp.html
 References (Cont)
q Zigbee IEEE 802.15.4 Summary,
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~csinem/academic/publications/zi
gbee.pdf
q I., Poole, "What exactly is . . . Zigbee?", Volume 2, Issue 4,
Pages: 44-45, IEEE Communications Engineer, 2004,
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8515/29539/01340336.pdf?tp=&a
rnumber=1340336&isnumber=29539
q "Zigbee starts to buzz", Volume 50, Issue 11, Pages: 17-17, IEE
Review, Nov. 2004
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/2188/30357/01395370.pdf?tp=&a
rnumber=1395370&isnumber=30357
q C. Evans-Pughe,"Bzzzz zzz [Zigbee wireless standard]",
Volume 49, Issue 3, Pages:28-31, IEE Review, March 2003
q Craig, William C. “Zigbee: Wireless Control That Simply
Works,” Zigbee Alliance, 2003
 Acronyms
q AODV Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector
q APS Application Support Sublayer
q APSDE Application Support Sublayer Data Entity
q APSME Application Support Sublayer Management Entity
q CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
q DNS Domain Name System
q DSR Dynamic Source Routing
q DVD Digital Video Disc
q EP End Point
q GHz Giga Hertz
q ID Identifier
q IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK) now IET
q IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
q IET Institution of Engineering and Technology
q IoT Internet of Things
q IP Internet Protocols
 Acronyms (Cont)
q ISM Instrumentation, Scientific, and Medical
q kB Kilo byte
q MAC Media Access Control
q MHz Mega Hertz
q NPDU Network Protocol Data Unit
q NPDU Network Service Data Unit
q PHHC Personal, Home, and Hospital Care
q PHY Physical Layer
q RF4CE Radio Frequency for Consumer Electronics
q RFC Request for Comment
q RFID Radio Frequency ID
q RREP Route Reply
q RREQ Route Request
q UWB Ultra Wide-Band
q WiFi Wireless Fidelity
 Acronyms (Cont)
q WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
q WWAN Wireless Wide Area Network
q ZDO Zigbee Device Object