Team Members and Contributions

• Syeda Mahnoor led the group, overseeing members to ensure timely

work delivery, and personally crafted the report.

• Arbaz Shah conducted research on the scope of future farming.

• Rija Asim seamlessly crafted and delivered both the tangible deliverables
and intricate variables essential to the landscape of future farming.

• Ahsan Tanveer meticulously assessed the merits of success and

encapsulated the essence of the entire report in a conclusive manner.

• Fatima Rahat meticulously handled the compilation of references,

ensuring a thorough and well-documented foundation for the report.

This paper delves into the compelling realm of future farming, a topic of immense
significance in the ever-evolving landscape of agriculture. Our dedicated group
members have invested their best efforts to comprehensively address various
aspects within the domain of future farming. From meticulous research and
deliverable development to exploring variables and formulating conclusions, each
member has played a crucial role in shaping a well-rounded understanding of the
challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in the agricultural landscape.

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INTRODUCTION:
One of the greatest challenges we face in the twenty-first century is to sustainably feed nine to
ten billion people by 2050 while at the same time reducing environmental impact (e.g.
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, biodiversity loss, land use change and loss of ecosystem
services). To this end, food security must be delivered. According to the United Nations
definition, ‘food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access
to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life’. At the same time as delivering food security, we must also reduce the
environmental impact of food production. Future climate change will make an impact upon food
production. On the other hand, agriculture contributes up to about 30% of the anthropogenic
GHG emissions that drive climate change. The aim of this review is to outline some of the likely
impacts of climate change on agriculture, the mitigation measures available within agriculture to
reduce GHG emissions and outlines the very significant challenge of feeding nine to ten billion
people sustainably under a future climate, with reduced emissions of GHG. Each challenge is in
itself enormous, requiring solutions that co-deliver on all aspects. We conclude that the status
quo is not an option, and tinkering with the current production systems is unlikely to deliver the
food and ecosystems services we need in the future; radical changes in production and
consumption are likely to be required over the coming decades.
Farming faces new and urgent pressures, with an array of mounting social, environmental and
economic challenges, and growing public and political expectations for improved stewardship of
natural resources. Responses demanded of farming include changes that reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, improve environment quality, restore and increase biodiversity, feed a growing global
population, and support national economies, all while providing livelihoods for farmers
themselves. Further, there is an immediacy and urgency to respond to an array of challenges as
multiple planetary boundaries are exceeded or approached while tackling important sustainable
development goals which largely rely on sustainable future food production and livelihoods at
local, regional and global scales.
Future farming systems need to respond to a recognition that a changing climate is impacting the
capacity of farming and forestry across nations and regions. This has implications for production
and supply of food and fiber as the century progresses, with both flooding and drought events
increasing in frequency, and water quality and quantity becoming increasingly problematic. We
are also in an era where biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by the natural environment
are declining, as land clearing continues to open up new land for cultivation and land cover
change occurs associated with intensification of land use. Threats to biosecurity are proliferated
with the movement of people and products, and are exacerbated by the implications of climate
change. Market and consumer influences and preferences are changing as people become more
aware of animal welfare issues, concerns about biodiversity loss and the need for sustainable
production. Compounding this is a growing public awareness and dissatisfaction with the
environmental impacts that result from high input and intensified agricultural production, and
an increasing preference for products that identify as sustainable that are produced by

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businesses with environmental credentials. Agriculture also needs to respond to heightened
concerns around the relationships between animal protein and human health issues, whilst
recognizing trends towards increased plant-based protein and flexitarian diets.

Pic from: Biomedcentral, Future farming

Future farming systems must achieve ecological, social, economic and spiritual regeneration.
Regenerative agriculture aims to restore landscape function through management practices that
minimise or eliminate the use of synthetic fertiliser and pesticides; achieve sustainable
production; mitigate and adapt to climate change; improve the natural resource base and how
we account for it; achieve effective nutrient cycling; improve water availability; improve soil
health; increase biodiversity; and achieve an appropriate balance between productivity and
profitability. Social and spiritual regeneration may also be addressed explicitly. New business
models are being created. Furthermore, much of the innovation underpinning regenerative
agriculture is being undertaken by grassroots landholders, practiced by First Nations people or
inspired by their knowledge, and supported by professional researchers, in a complex “research
ecology” with attendant challenges and opportunities. Papers are invited on any aspect of
regenerative agriculture, including the concept itself, technology, science, management
practices, economics, supportive policy approaches, agronomics, behaviour change, ethics, and
knowledge creation and learning.

3
How will the global food, agriculture and fisheries system evolve in coming
decades? A lot will depend on government policies.

Demand will remain strong in the medium term, given current

macroeconomic assumptions
growth will be at a slower pace than in the recent past, when exceptionally strong growth in
China and the largely policy-induced expansion of biofuels spurred demand. The main exception
to this slowdown in demand growth is fresh dairy, as income and population growth in India are
expected to lead to a strong increase in consumption. Despite slower growth, the additional
demand for most commodities will still be considerable, with most of the extra demand coming
from China, India, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Food trade will increase and contribute to building global food security,
assuming current policies
Because of differences in geography, climate and population density, some parts of the world are
better suited to produce food, agriculture, and fisheries products than others. Over the past few
decades, international trade between these regions has intensified. Countries in North and South
America in particular have emerged as major agricultural exporters. At the same time,
agricultural imports have increased in Sub-Saharan Africa, in the Middle East and North Africa,
and in South and East Asia (most notably in China). These trends are expected to continue over
the coming years, underscoring the growing importance of international trade for global food
security.

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Technological developments, and digitalisation in particular, are evolving rapidly
Across the globe, countries are in various stages of evolution from (primarily) physical economies,
to service economies, to digital economies – and potentially to the “single economy”, where data
are pervasive across all economic activities and society. Much international attention today is
focused on how best to harness the enormous opportunities associated with digitilisation, while
avoiding potential threats to specific jobs and to countries, regions, sectors, and individuals who
may be unable to invest in, and benefit from, digitilisation.
The food, agriculture and fisheries sector will need to situate itself within this wider framework,
to ensure coherence across policy fields domestically and to avoid policy fragmentation
internationally. This will require a greater level of international co-operation than is evident
today. In many countries, it will also require much greater investments, and public-private
collaboration, in digital infrastructure and related education and training than is available today.

The future of farming

Our current methods of industrial food production are wreaking environmental havoc while
failing to provide the agricultural yields necessary to sustain the growing global population. The
complexity of the issue demands a variety of responses. This article explores the future of farming
by analysing various ways in which we can improve the sustainability of traditional farming and
also in what way new, cutting-edge technologies can offer us the solution we desperately need
to feed our world without destroying it.
In ‘Regenesis’, George Monbiot describes farming as the “world’s greatest cause of
environmental destruction”, adding that farmland sprawls across 30 times more land than urban
areas. The issues posed by the rampant use of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides, along with
the depletion of aquifer water sources, overgrazing and loss of topsoil have been widely analysed
and clearly lead to the conclusion that farming practices must change.
The nature and direction of these changes, however, are complex. In ‘The Politics of Green
Transformations’, for instance, authors Ian Scoones, Melissa Leach, and Peter Newell caution that
there is much at stake in the debate over what drives unsustainability. They emphasise the
importance of asking, “who is to blame for what and how can we rebalance our existence in
alignment with planetary boundaries?”
With this in mind, we must recognise that the notion of a single, “silver bullet” solution to address
the issues created by industrial farming is a pipedream. As Scoones, Leach and Newall explain, a
variety of pathways to sustainability, from technology-led and marketized to state-led or citizen-
led, are available, and which one is most appropriate is largely contextual.

5
Robotic, IoT and automation in future farming
The agricultural landscape is undergoing a profound transformation propelled by the integration
of cutting-edge technologies, with robotics and automation emerging as pivotal protagonists in
the narrative of future farming. As the global population burgeons and climate change introduces
new challenges to traditional farming practices, the imperative to revolutionize agriculture has
given rise to innovative solutions. Robotics and automation, once confined to industrial settings,
are now reshaping the very fabric of agriculture, promising heightened efficiency, sustainability,
and resilience in the face of evolving demands.

©HDI Global

The advent of robotics and automation in future farming represents a paradigm shift from labor-
intensive and resource-heavy conventional practices to precision-driven, technology-enabled
agriculture. These technologies offer a spectrum of solutions across the agricultural value chain,
revolutionizing tasks such as planting, monitoring, harvesting, and even livestock management.
In this era of agricultural renaissance, the union of robotics and agriculture promises not only
increased productivity but also a sustainable approach to resource management, minimizing
environmental impact.
Precision agriculture, a cornerstone of future farming, harnesses the power of robotics to
optimize resource utilization. From autonomous tractors guided by GPS technology to drones
conducting aerial surveys, these robotic systems enable farmers to make informed decisions
based on real-time data. This precision allows for the judicious use of water, fertilizers, and

6
pesticides, leading to higher yields and reduced environmental footprint. The marriage of
robotics with precision agriculture marks a departure from traditional practices, offering a
glimpse into a future where each plant's needs are intricately attended to with unprecedented
accuracy.

©Grainnet

Precision agriculture, a cornerstone of future farming, harnesses the power of robotics to

optimize resource utilization. From autonomous tractors guided by GPS technology to drones
conducting aerial surveys, these robotic systems enable farmers to make informed decisions
based on real-time data. This precision allows for the judicious use of water, fertilizers, and
pesticides, leading to higher yields and reduced environmental footprint. The marriage of
robotics with precision agriculture marks a departure from traditional practices, offering a
glimpse into a future where each plant's needs are intricately attended to with unprecedented
accuracy.
In the realm of planting and harvesting, robots are taking center stage, relieving farmers of
strenuous tasks and addressing labor shortages. Planting robots equipped with advanced sensors
can navigate fields, planting seeds with optimal spacing and depth. Harvesting robots, endowed
with computer vision and machine learning capabilities, delicately navigate through crops,
selectively picking ripe produce with efficiency and precision unmatched by human hands. The

7
integration of these robotic technologies not only augments productivity but also ensures a more
reliable and timely harvest, critical factors in the quest for global food security.

Livestock management, another facet of agriculture, has witnessed a revolution with the introduction of
robotic systems. Automated feeding systems, robotic milking parlors, and even autonomous herding
devices are reshaping the way farmers interact with and care for their animals. These technologies not
only alleviate the physical demands on farmers but also contribute to the overall well-being of livestock
through meticulous monitoring and management.

© A Growing Presence on the Farm: Robots - The New York Times

However, the inexorable march of robotics and automation in future farming is not without its challenges.
The initial costs of adopting these technologies, coupled with the need for specialized training, present
barriers for many farmers, especially in resource-constrained regions. Ethical considerations, such as the
potential displacement of traditional farming communities and the ethical treatment of animals within
automated systems, demand careful scrutiny.

As we stand at the cusp of this technological revolution in agriculture, the integration of robotics and
automation in future farming holds the promise of ushering in an era of sustainable, efficient, and resilient
food production. It beckons a future where the marriage of human ingenuity and technological prowess

8
not only addresses the pressing challenges of the present but cultivates a fertile ground for future
generations to reap the fruits of innovation and abundance.

SCOPE OF FUTURE FARMING:

The expansive scope of future farming unfolds as a tapestry woven with diverse threads of
innovative technologies, sustainable practices, and transformative approaches, all converging to
tackle the multifaceted challenges confronting global agriculture. This evolving landscape not
only promises but actively manifests opportunities on a grand scale, extending across myriad
dimensions. The trajectory of future farming is marked by a resolute commitment to amplify
productivity, leveraging cutting-edge technologies that harmonize with the environment and
maximize resource efficiency. Simultaneously, it embarks on a journey towards sustainability,
envisioning agricultural practices that are not only economically viable but also ecologically
responsible, nurturing the delicate balance between human needs and the health of the planet.
In this paradigm, resilience becomes a guiding principle, forging agricultural systems capable of
withstanding the impacts of climate change and external shocks. As we navigate this dynamic
intersection of innovation and tradition, the scope of future farming unfurls as a vast expanse of
possibilities, poised to redefine how we cultivate, sustain, and nourish our global community.

3 Examples of What the Future of Farming Looks Like

With the advent of ‘soilless’ farming (such as hydroponics and aeroponics) in the late 20th
century, the seeds were sown for an agricultural revolution that decoupled production from the
soil at scale. As we shall explore, numerous companies, organisations, and technologies have
subsequently been developed which seek to boost yields while reducing their environmental
impact.

1. Vertical Farming
The broad range of benefits derived from vertical farming has been well-documented, so we shall
instead turn first to the specifics of Fischer Farms, a UK-based vertical farming company.
Focussing primarily on leafy greens (such as rocket, watercress, chard, basil, dill and parsley),
Fischer Farms ensures that the required nutrients are delivered to the plants by use of a water
solution (hydroponics). Moreover, the plants are grown in a medium such as rockwool or perlite
which takes the use of soil out of the equation.

By carefully controlling the internal conditions of their facilities Fischer Farms are able to entirely
remove pesticides, herbicides, or insecticides from production. Simultaneously, stacking their
produce on multiple levels allows them to produce more harvests per year than field-grown

9
crops. This means that one Fischer Farms vertical farm can produce in one acre the same amount
of food that requires 250 acres of field-grown crops. Such production is essential for the resilience
of our food systems as we look towards a future with increasingly severe weather.

© Vertical Farming - TechLATAMAsia

What is vertical farming?

Vertical farming involves growing plants indoors, which is why it’s sometimes also known as
indoor farming. Instead of sunlight and rain, vertical farms use LED lighting and controlled
growing and nutrition systems. Plants are stacked vertically in layers, so many of the farms look
like warehouses filled with large shelving units.
For example, Europe’s biggest vertical farm is being developed outside Copenhagen in Denmark
by Danish start-up Nordic Harvest. It is a warehouse-like 75,000-square-foot facility where plants
are grown in 14 stacked layers, according to Free Think. When it’s fully completed, Nordic Harvest
says its vertical farm will supply 1,000 tonnes of food a year.
What are the benefits of vertical farming?
Vertical farming is considered a highly efficient and sustainable way of producing food. For
instance, Nordic Harvest says it uses 250 times less water than a traditional farm would need.
Automation is the key to this efficiency. Software, robotics and data science are some of the
technologies used in vertical farms to monitor crops and create optimum growing conditions.

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This includes controlling temperature, humidity, CO2 and light.Controlled environment
agriculture like this helps to reduce the vertical farm’s environmental impact, eliminating the
need for pesticides for example.
Vertical farms also aren’t reliant on the weather, so fresh produce can be grown all year round.
How will vertical farming change agriculture?
Instead of growing fruit and vegetables on big farms and then transporting it over long distances
in trucks and planes, vertical farming can supply local produce from neighbourhood buildings.
This means less fuel is used and the food is fresher. Vertical farms also tend to produce more
than conventional farms. Nordic Harvest says plants can be harvested 15 times a year. In a
conventional field, harvesting is twice a year. By precisely controlling the growing environment,
products can last for 13 to 14 days, against three to four days for the equivalent products from
conventional agriculture, according to The Choice.

Vertical farming, the latest innovation in CEA, which is how Bowery Farming grows its crops,
is…exactly what it sounds like: farming upward. Unlike traditional farming, or should we say
“horizontal farming,” where plants are arranged in rows spread across vast tracts of land, vertical
farms like Bowery’s place rows of crops on top of each other in what are creatively called
“stacks,” all of which are contained in an indoor warehouse environment. One of the most

11
obvious benefits of indoor vertical farms is space—a lot more space. Vertical farms are able to
dramatically increase productivity per acre by accommodating many more crops to grow upward,
all while occupying the same amount of land

2. Data-Driven Hydroponic Farming

Similarly, AppHarvest, a US-based indoor farming operation, claims to be able to produce 30
times the tomato yield of conventional farms while using 90% less water. This is made possible
by the use of 300 strategically placed monitors to measure the internal climate of the
greenhouses and deliver precise levels of essential inputs from light to Carbon Dioxide (CO2). In
addition, solar panels deliver clean energy to the greenhouses to power the operation. Crucially,
by increasing agricultural yields while reducing demands on land, both Fischer Farms and
AppHarvest are helping to facilitate a situation where we can continue to return marginal
farmland to the wilderness.

Plants have long been grown with their roots immersed in solutions of water and fertilizer for
scientific studies of their nutrition. Early commercial hydroponics (from Greek hydro-, “water,”
and ponos, “labour”) adopted this method of culture. Because of the difficulties in supporting
the plants in a normal upright growing position and aerating the solution, however, this method
was supplanted by gravel culture, in which gravel supports the plants in a watertight bed or

12
bench. Various kinds of substrates have been used successfully, including rock wool (molten rock
that is spun into fibres), fused shale, clay pellets, coconut coir, rice husks, granite chips, sand,
pumice, perlite, and vermiculite. Fertilizer solution, often derived from fish or duck excrement or
synthetic fertilizers, is pumped through periodically, the frequency and concentration depending
on the plant and on ambient conditions such as light and temperature. The solution drains into a
tank, and pumping is usually automatic.

©Facts.net

Keeping crop production in a controlled environment enables trained scientists and advanced
climate control technology to optimize the inputs of water, nutrients, and light fed to the plants.
For example, sensors can measure the amount and nutrient content of the water that each plant
transvaporates. This gives farmers insight into the amount of unused water and nutrients by the
plants at each stage of the growth process. From this, farmers are able to ensure the maximum
amount and highest quality of yields by optimizing the timing, quality, and amount of inputs to
the plants. This technology, along with design features such as precise irrigation methods, helps
CEA farmers reduce water waste exponentially: compared to traditional farms, hydroponic farms
use up to 90% less water. Light inputs are also optimized to ensure maximal absorption by the
plants and maximal yield outputs. Photosynthetic active radiation, or PAR, is a measurement of

13
the amount of usable light (photons) delivered to different plants. The range between 400 and
600 nanometers represents the usable wavelengths of light energy for plants, though scientists
have found that the peak of absorption is often at 440nm (blue light) and 660nm (red light). If
the delivery of these optimal wavelengths of light are targeted, the amount of energy being
delivered to the plants can be optimized by omitting the wavelengths of light that will not be
absorbed by the plants. This is the reason for the purple-ish light often seen shining on plants in
hydroponic farms. This is also the logic behind the color of greenhouses: the green glass ensures
that green light does not pass through to the plants so they only receive the colors that they most
readily absorb. Since LED lights are heavy energy users, optimizing the light delivered to plants
to the maximum amount of light absorption helps limit wasted energy.

The modular design of vertical

farms allows farmers to alter the
layout of the plants to maximize
space use and optimize ground
space. Since vertical farms spread
upwards instead of outwards on a
horizontal plane, farmers are able
to grow 3 to 10 times more crops in
the same amount of space as
conventional farms, depending on
the specific layout. Ground space
can be multiplied by stacking
horizontal racks on top of each other. This same modular design also offers a highly efficient way
to isolate diseased or dying crops with a quick and easy way to neutralize compromised plants .
Hydroponic systems have a number of advantages and disadvantages compared with cultivation
in soil. The principal advantage is the saving of labour by automatic watering and fertilizing.
Hydroponic systems can be set up indoors in places that would not normally be available for the
growing of plants, such as in densely populated areas, and have even been studied as a potential
method of crop production aboard spacecraft. Climate is not a factor, and hydroponic systems
use dramatically less water compared with conventionally grown plants. The plants also have less
root and nutrient competition than those grown in soil, and they have significantly fewer pests,
so individuals can be planted more closely together. The disadvantages are high installation costs
and the need to test the solution frequently. There is a steep learning curve to hydroponics, and
small errors can affect the whole crop. The systems are also very vulnerable to equipment failure
or power outage, which can kill the plants within a few hours. Yields are about the same as for
soil-grown crops.
Another benefit of the secure indoor growing environment is the protection it provides the plants
against harmful pests and microbial diseases. Traditional agriculture makes use of intense

14
applications of herbicides and pesticides to shield crops from natural threats, though these
chemicals have become under increasing scrutiny for the adverse effects they pose to humans
and surrounding ecosystems. Pesticides often contaminate surface water, are toxic to many non-
targeted insects, animals and plants, can eliminate positive and healthy soil microbes, and have
been linked to breast cancer in humans. In the United States, more than 1 billion pounds of
pesticides are used annually, 90% of which is used by the agriculture industry. The faster we can
cut down on the amount of pesticides contaminating our food and environment, the better off
our health and world will be.

3. Carbon-Neutral Animal Feed

Taking on a different challenge of the agricultural industry, food chain pioneer Better Origin has
developed a system to provide carbon-neutral animal feed as insect protein on-site. This is
achieved by turning farm waste into larvae feed which is fed to insect larvae before they in turn
become food for hens, pigs, fish, and more.
The benefits of such a system are myriad. First, farm waste is used to its full extent instead of
having to be removed or allowed to rot away. This creates a circular system, dramatically
reducing inputs and wastage. Second, it removes the need to import foodstuff from elsewhere,
thereby reducing the amount of CO2 that has gone into production – Better Origin calculate that
their X1 (their flagship biomass converter) can save over 130 tons of CO2 each year

©IdeaUsher

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Fruits, vegetables, legumes, and grains often have lower carbon footprints than animal-based
products. Mushrooms are fungi and not plants, but they also tend to have lower carbon
footprints. Local: Choosing locally sourced foods can reduce transportation emissions associated
with long-distance shipping.
In the quest for a sustainable and resilient future for agriculture, three pioneering scopes stand
out as transformative forces: Carbon-Neutral Animal Feed, Data-Driven Hydroponic Farming, and
Vertical Farming. The paradigm of Carbon-Neutral Animal Feed presents a groundbreaking
approach to livestock management, aiming to offset carbon emissions associated with
conventional feed production. By implementing sustainable practices and innovative feed
formulations, this scope not only addresses environmental concerns but also enhances the
overall sustainability of animal agriculture. On the frontier of technology-driven cultivation, Data-
Driven Hydroponic Farming emerges as a beacon of efficiency, leveraging connected devices and
real-time data analytics to optimize resource use. This precision-driven approach not only
maximizes yields but also minimizes environmental impact, showcasing the potential for
technology to revolutionize traditional farming practices. Meanwhile, Vertical Farming redefines
the spatial boundaries of cultivation, enabling year-round production in controlled
environments. By stacking crops in vertical layers, this scope maximizes space efficiency, reduces
the reliance on arable land, and contributes to local food production. Together, these scopes
promise to propel the agriculture industry into a new era, addressing challenges related to
resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and population growth. Through their collective
impact, they exemplify the transformative potential of innovative farming methods in shaping a
sustainable and resilient future for agriculture.
In the realm of technology-driven cultivation, Data-Driven Hydroponic Farming stands out as a
transformative force. By leveraging connected devices and real-time data analytics, this approach
optimizes resource use with precision, maximizing yields while minimizing environmental impact.
This fusion of technology and agriculture showcases the potential for innovation to revolutionize
traditional farming practices, providing a blueprint for sustainable and efficient food production
in the face of growing global challenges.
Simultaneously, Vertical Farming redefines the spatial dimensions of agriculture, breaking away
from traditional horizontal cultivation. By stacking crops in vertical layers, this scope not only
maximizes space efficiency but also reduces reliance on arable land. Furthermore, its controlled
environment allows for year-round production, addressing seasonal limitations and contributing
significantly to local food production. Vertical Farming exemplifies the integration of technology
and sustainability, offering a glimpse into a future where agriculture adapts to urbanization,
resource scarcity, and climate variability.

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DELIVERABLE OF FUTURE FARMING:
The deliverables of future farming extend far beyond traditional agricultural outputs,
encompassing a spectrum of outcomes that collectively redefine the contours of global food
production. As precision agriculture, vertical farming, and advanced technologies intertwine, one
significant deliverable is heightened agricultural productivity. By optimizing resource use and
incorporating data-driven decision-making, future farming methods promise increased yields,
contributing to global food security. Sustainability stands as another critical deliverable, as
practices like agroecology and carbon-neutral animal feed mitigate environmental impacts,
fostering resilient ecosystems. Concurrently, the integration of technology, such as the Internet
of Things (IoT) and blockchain, ensures enhanced traceability, transparency, and trust within the
food supply chain, delivering safer and more reliable food products. The socio-economic
landscape reaps benefits through job creation, as digital agriculture and automation address
labor shortages, transforming the agricultural workforce. These deliverables collectively
underscore the transformative potential of future farming in addressing contemporary
challenges and ushering in a more sustainable, efficient, and resilient era of global agriculture.

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Robotics and Automation
The development of agriculture was a turning point for humanity. Humans’ ability to engineer
the environment to produce enough food to sustain massive population growth was the first
significant change in the relationship between fully-modern humans and the environment. The
advent of agriculture triggered a wider range of advancements, from growing crops, fire, and
cooked food to self-driving machinery.
Agriculture has moved us forward for 12,000 years, but we are now at a turning point. With a
global population projection of 9.7 billion people by 2050, agricultural production must increase
by at least 70% from current levels to serve nutritional trends. The pressure on the agriculture
industry to produce more nutritious products is putting more pressure on the health of our planet
than ever before.
New technological advancements in modern farming, ranging from robotics and agricultural
drones to computer vision software, have entirely transformed modern agriculture. Farmers now
have access to tools that will help them meet the demands of our world’s ever-increasing
population.

Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

The frontier of Biotechnology and

Genetic Engineering continues to
shape the future of farming through
the development and adoption of
genetically modified (GM) crops.
Engineered for enhanced resistance to
pests, diseases, and environmental
stresses, these crops exemplify the
intersection of science and agriculture.
Moreover, biotechnology contributes
to the improvement of nutritional
content and increased crop yields,
offering a promising solution to the global challenge of ensuring food security in the face of a
growing population and changing climate.
Biotechnology can be defined as “the application of science and engineering in the direct or
indirect use of living organisms, or parts or products of living organisms, in their natural or
modified forms.” In most cases, this term is used to refer to modern technologies developed
through various life sciences such as molecular biology, biochemistry and genetics.

18
Bodies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) have stated
that biotechnologies can facilitate faster agricultural innovation. Some can be used to simply
amplify certain natural events – mutation breeding, for example, generates random mutations
to increase the likelihood of finding a new beneficial trait in a crop. Others, like recombinant DNA
and GMOs, can be used as shortcuts to conventional breeding and can enable the development
of crops and livestock animals that would not be possible otherwise.
Genetic engineering is a type of modern biotechnology used to modify the genome – or genetic
material – of living organisms. This method introduces specific novel traits into a plant or animal
by direct manipulation of its genome. Genetic engineering has typically relied on the use of
recombinant DNA, which is produced by joining multiple DNA fragments, usually for genetic
manipulation. Recombinant DNA
technology can be used to
introduce foreign DNA – either from
the same species or from a different
one – into the genome of a living
organism. This technology thus
enables the introduction of
individual genes into an already
established commercial crop
variety.

Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture

We are witnessing unprecedented levels of adoption of technology in Agriculture. There are
many emerging technologies in agriculture that seem very promising for the future of farming.
IoT was once an emerging agri technology and now it has taken a mainstream position by wider
adoption. IoT in agriculture by the simplest of definitions is just that - Internet controlling things.
The Internet of Things (IoT) permeates the agricultural landscape, as connected devices and
sensors play a pivotal role in real-time monitoring and decision-making. By deploying IoT
technologies, farmers gain insights into environmental conditions, crop health, and equipment
status, fostering data-driven precision agriculture. This interconnected ecosystem enhances the
overall efficiency of farm management, optimizing resource use and contributing to sustainable
and resilient farming practices.

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Drones in agriculture are used to enhance and optimize various farming activities such as crop
monitoring, crop spraying, soil analysis, and mapping. In fact, agriculture is one of the major
sectors to incorporate drones. Drones equipped with sensors and cameras are used for imaging,
mapping, and surveying farms. There are ground-based drones and aerial drones. Ground drones
are bots that survey the fields on wheels. Aerial drones, formally known as unmanned aerial
vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), are flying robots. Drones can be controlled
remotely or they can fly automatically through software-controlled flight plans in their
embedded systems, working in coordination with sensors and GPS. From the drone data, insights
can be drawn regarding crop health, irrigation, spraying, planting, soil and field,
plant counting, yield prediction, and much more. Drones can either be scheduled for farm surveys
(drone as a service) or can be bought and stored near farms where they can be recharged and
maintained. After the surveys, the drones need to be taken to nearby labs to analyze the data
that has been collected, thereby helping leverage IoT in agriculture better.
Together, these scopes encapsulate the transformative potential of innovative farming methods
in shaping a sustainable and resilient future for agriculture. Their collective impact extends
beyond environmental considerations to address challenges related to resource scarcity,
environmental degradation, and population growth. As agriculture continues to evolve,
embracing these pioneering practices holds the promise of fostering a more harmonious
coexistence between food production and environmental preservation. Through the integration
of diverse and sustainable agricultural approaches, the vision of a resilient and sustainable future
for agriculture comes into sharper focus.

20
Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining various
smart farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the environment
and send it to the cloud. The provided measurements can be used to map the climate conditions,
choose the appropriate crops, and take the required measures to improve their capacity (i.e.
precision farming).
One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision farming are crop
management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to collect data
specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and overall
crop health.
Thus, you can monitor your crop
growth and any anomalies to
effectively prevent any diseases or
infestations that can harm your yield.
Arable and Semios can serve as good
representations of how this use case
can be applied in real life.
Precision agriculture and predictive
data analytics go hand in hand. While
IoT and smart sensor technology are a
goldmine for highly relevant real-time
data, the use of data analytics helps
farmers make sense of it and come up with important predictions: crop harvesting time, the risks

21
of diseases and infestations, yield volume, etc. Data analytics tools help make farming, which is
inherently highly dependent on weather conditions, more manageable, and predictable.

Blockchain for Agri-Food Traceability

Agri-food supply chains are complex and involve a large number of actors — from small-scale
farmers, primary processors, and traders to product manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and
consumers. This complexity limits farm-to-table traceability, which is key to identify
sustainability-related issues in agri-food systems including extreme inequality and poverty,
human rights violations, and environmental degradation.
Blockchain for Agri-Food Traceability explores the technology’s potential in advancing the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to the agri-food sector, leveraging its unique
features like its decentralised nature, immutability of data, and smart contracts. The report also
highlights key considerations for implementing an end-to-end traceability system that is scalable,
sustainable, and inclusive, ensuring that the most disadvantaged stakeholders — the small-scale
producers — are not left behind.

©FarmToPlate

Blockchain technology emerges as a transformative force in modern agriculture, promoting

transparency and traceability within the food supply chain. By utilizing decentralized and secure
ledger systems, it ensures the integrity and safety of agricultural products. This not only builds
trust among consumers but also creates an immutable record of each stage in the production
and distribution process, fortifying the foundation of a resilient and accountable food system.

22
The tamper-proof nature of blockchain records enhances traceability, facilitates real-time
monitoring, and eliminates the risk of fraud, fostering collaboration and ethical sourcing
practices. As a result, blockchain's application in agriculture holds promise for a more reliable,
efficient, and transparent food supply chain.

Agroecology and Sustainable Practices

Agroecology can also be defined as the study of applying the most efficient ecological processes
to agricultural production systems. It is similar to sustainable farming, a scientific framework
integrating human socio-economic systems and ecological concepts into agricultural operations.
In other words, Agroecology is a technique of sustainable farming that focuses on utilizing natural
resources comprehensively without letting them be susceptible to damage. With this type of
farming at hand, farmers can instantly develop better solutions to improve their environmental
and economic pressures.
Agroecology seeks to optimize the relationships and interactions between animals, plants,
people, and the environment while addressing social issues for a fair and sustainable food
system.
Agroecology is very different from other approaches to achieving sustainable development
because it is based on territorial and bottom-up processes. It combines science with traditional,
practical, and local producers’ knowledge. Instead of improving unsustainable agricultural
practices, agroecology seeks to transform agricultural systems by addressing the root cause of
the problems in an integrated way and providing effective and long-term solutions.
What sets Agroecology apart from other approaches to sustainable development is its reliance
on territorial and bottom-up processes. Rather than attempting to improve existing
unsustainable agricultural practices incrementally, Agroecology advocates for a transformative
shift in agricultural systems. It addresses the root causes of problems in an integrated and
systemic manner, providing effective and long-term solutions. This approach involves combining
scientific knowledge with traditional, practical, and local producers' wisdom, ensuring that
solutions are context-specific, culturally sensitive, and environmentally responsive.
In essence, Agroecology represents a departure from conventional agricultural models, offering
a blueprint for a more regenerative, equitable, and sustainable food production system. By
prioritizing the integration of ecological principles, social justice considerations, and local
knowledge, Agroecology emerges as a powerful and holistic strategy for navigating the
challenges of modern agriculture and fostering a resilient and sustainable future for global food
systems.

23
©Soilassociation.org

Digital Agriculture and Farm Management Software

Digital agriculture and farm management software represent a transformative shift in the
traditional farming landscape, harnessing technology to enhance efficiency and productivity.
These tools leverage data analytics, IoT devices, and advanced sensors to provide farmers with
valuable insights into their operations. By integrating digital solutions, farmers can optimize crop
yields, streamline resource utilization, and make informed decisions based on real-time data. This
technology facilitates precision farming, allowing for targeted application of resources such as
water, fertilizers, and pesticides, minimizing environmental impact and maximizing output.
Farm management software plays a pivotal role in organizing and centralizing various aspects of
farming operations. It enables farmers to efficiently manage tasks like planning, budgeting, and
monitoring, contributing to better decision-making and resource allocation. The automation of
routine administrative processes reduces the administrative burden on farmers, freeing up their
time to focus on strategic aspects of their operations.
Moreover, the adoption of digital agriculture solutions promotes sustainability by minimizing
waste and optimizing resource usage. The ability to monitor soil health, weather patterns, and
crop conditions in real-time empowers farmers to implement proactive measures, ultimately
enhancing the overall resilience of the agricultural system.

24
As the agriculture industry continues to evolve, digital technologies are becoming indispensable
tools for farmers seeking to navigate the complexities of modern farming. The integration of
digital agriculture and farm management software not only improves operational efficiency but
also positions agriculture for a more sustainable and technology-driven future.

©Intellias

Hydroponics and Aeroponics

Hydroponics and aeroponics are methods of growing plants. The latter, aeroponics, is a method
used to grow plants in the air – without the use of soil. Hydroponics is also a method that does
not use soil but instead uses only a nutrient solution in water
Aeroponics is a subset of hydroponics – both are processes of growing plants with water and a
nutrient-rich solution, without the use of any soil. With both hydroponics and aeroponics, plants
are grown in a controlled growing environment, which can lead to faster and more efficient plant
growth compared to soil-based methods. Additionally, both growing methods can be used to
grow plants vertically and horizontally in areas where there is no suitable soil or space is limited,
such as in greenhouses, in space, or on a balcony with a vertical garden like the Airgarden.
While both aeroponics and hydroponics do not use soil to grow plants, and instead utilise a liquid
nutrient solution to feed the plants, there are some key differences between them.The main
difference between hydroponics vs aeroponics is that in hydroponics, plants’ roots are
consistently submerged and grown in a nutrient-rich water solution. Whereas in aeroponics,
roots are suspended in open air and sprayed with nutrient-rich water or fine, high-pressure mist

25
containing nutrient-rich solutions at certain intervals. This makes aeroponics a more advanced
form than the hydroponic systems.

©Airgarden.com.au

Water consumption is significantly lower than growing in soil with both aeroponics and hydroponics.
This is largely due to the fact that there is no run-off or evaporation, especially in closed-loop systems.

Urban Agriculture and Local Food Systems

The growth of Urban Agriculture initiatives and the development of Local Food Systems mark a
significant departure from conventional farming practices. By bringing agriculture into urban
spaces, these initiatives reduce the environmental footprint associated with long-distance food
transportation. Simultaneously, they foster community resilience by creating local, self-
sustaining food systems that promote food security and community engagement. The nexus
between urbanization and agriculture reflects an innovative approach to meeting the dietary
needs of a growing global population while mitigating the impact on the environment.
Localized urban food systems are gaining attention from policy makers, planners, and advocates
for benefits that go beyond food production and consumption to include community building,
diversified economies, civic engagement, and climate resilience (Pothukuchi and Kaufman, 1999;
Horst et al., 2017; Ballamingie et al., 2020). In addition, urban consumers are a significant source
of sales for much US local food system activity (Low et al., 2015). Also referred to as alternative
agrifood initiatives and civic agriculture, local food systems aim to create an alternative to the

26
existing food system by rooting food production and marketing in a particular place in a way that
is economically viable, ecologically sound, and socially just (Allen et al., 2003).

©Food Tank

A local food system, sometimes referred to as a community food system, is the collaborative and
overlapping processes that connect sustainable food production, processing, distribution,
consumption, and waste management/recovery. A functioning local food system integrates the
five sectors to serve the values of enhancing the environmental, economic, social, and nutritional
health of a particular place and its inhabitants. Though there is not a federally established
definition of local food, it is generally accepted that local food is food that travels the entire
supply chain, from production to recovery, in the same locality.
Buying local foods supports the viability of local economies and helps keep family farmers
farming. It also creates a connection between consumers and local farmers that enhance both
individual and community health. Efforts such as urban agriculture, community gardens and
composting programs, farmer’s markets, farm to school, and farm to institution programs are
examples of what can contribute to a healthy local food system .

27
©Food Tank

Like other alternative food practices, direct markets socially embed aspects of the food economy
by cultivating relationships between producers and consumers (Galt et al., 2019). Just as social
relationships are a defining characteristic of urban farms and gardens, direct markets—as
alternatives to the conventional food supply chain where relationships are distant and
anonymous—are characterized by, and compete on, close social relationships between regional
producers and urban consumers (Hinrichs, 2000). Hinrichs (2000) argues that farmers' markets
and CSAs are the quintessential types of direct local markets and share four key features: (1) a
structured organizational form, (2) people congregating and meeting in particular settings, (3) a
strong identification with a particular place, and (4) personal encounters between farmers and
consumers. The relationship between farmer and consumer, involving reciprocity and trust, is
the basis for claims that these market types are socially embedded.
Farmer's markets, farm-to-school, and farm-to-institution programs play crucial roles in bridging
the gap between producers and consumers, ensuring that the benefits of local agriculture extend
beyond individual plates to positively influence the entire community. These efforts collectively
contribute to building a robust and healthy local food system that nurtures both the economy
and the well-being of the people it serves.

28
©Land App

Urban Agriculture and Local Food Systems, Hydroponics and Aeroponics, Digital Agriculture and
Farm Management Software, Agroecology and Sustainable Practices, Blockchain and Traceability,
Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Robotics and
Automation, and Vertical Farming and Controlled Environment Agriculture collectively represent
a diverse array of methods and systems that offer significant and multifaceted benefits as
deliverables of future farming. Urban Agriculture and Local Food Systems not only reduce the
carbon footprint associated with transportation but also foster community resilience by
promoting local, sustainable food production. Hydroponics and Aeroponics, by enabling soilless
cultivation, conserve water, reduce arable land requirements, and provide controlled nutrient
delivery, contributing to resource-efficient and sustainable agriculture. Digital Agriculture and
Farm Management Software streamline planning and decision-making, optimizing resource use
and enhancing overall efficiency. Agroecology and Sustainable Practices prioritize biodiversity,
soil health, and ecosystem resilience, fostering environmentally conscious and economically
viable farming methods. Blockchain and Traceability ensure transparency and safety within the
food supply chain, while the Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture provides real-time monitoring
for informed decision-making. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering drive crop resilience and

29
enhanced nutritional content, addressing global food security challenges. Robotics and
Automation mitigate labor shortages and reduce operational costs, while Vertical Farming and
Controlled Environment Agriculture maximize space efficiency and enable year-round cultivation.
Together, these forward-thinking methods and systems form a comprehensive suite of
deliverables poised to revolutionize the agricultural landscape, ensuring a sustainable, efficient,
and resilient future for global food production.

©OKCredit

These innovative approaches to future farming not only promise increased agricultural
productivity and sustainability but also contribute to addressing critical challenges such as
population growth, resource scarcity, and climate change. The integration of cutting-edge
technologies, from blockchain to IoT and robotics, signifies a shift towards a more interconnected
and data-driven agricultural ecosystem. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering offer solutions
to enhance crop resilience, making agriculture more adaptive to changing environmental
conditions. As the world navigates toward a future with growing food demands and evolving
environmental pressures, these methods and systems stand as deliverables that hold the
potential to reshape the global agricultural landscape, ensuring food security, environmental
stewardship, and economic viability for generations to come.

30
VARIABLES OF FUTURE FARMING:

©Doktar

Variable farming encompasses a multifaceted approach to agriculture that acknowledges and

adapts to a myriad of dynamic factors shaping the future of food production. These variables,
ranging from technological innovations to environmental considerations, play a pivotal role in
steering the trajectory of agriculture. Precision agriculture, marked by the integration of
advanced sensor technologies, drones, and satellites, is at the forefront, allowing farmers to
monitor soil health, crop conditions, and weather patterns with unprecedented accuracy.
Automation and robotics are ushering in a new era of efficiency, with autonomous vehicles and
robotic systems undertaking tasks from planting to harvesting, reducing labor costs and
increasing precision. The marriage of data analytics and artificial intelligence contributes to
predictive analytics, empowering farmers with insights into crop yields, pest outbreaks, and
optimal planting times. Additionally, genetic engineering and biotechnology play a crucial role in
developing crops with enhanced traits, such as resistance to pests, tolerance to drought, and
improved nutritional content. Sustainability lies at the heart of variable farming, with practices
like regenerative agriculture and controlled environment agriculture gaining traction for their
potential to enhance soil health, conserve water, and reduce environmental impact. The
emergence of blockchain technology is transforming supply chain dynamics, providing
transparency and traceability for consumers concerned about the origin and quality of their food.
Addressing the challenges posed by climate change, including extreme weather events, is a vital
aspect, prompting the development of resilient crops and advanced water management
techniques. Consumer preferences for organic and locally sourced produce, coupled with the rise

31
of plant-based agriculture, are driving shifts in farming practices. Government policies and
regulations also play a pivotal role, offering incentives for sustainable practices and shaping the
landscape of data governance in agriculture. Economic factors, global trade dynamics, and
ongoing research and development further contribute to the intricate tapestry of variables
shaping the future of farming. It is imperative for stakeholders in the agriculture sector to remain
attuned to these dynamic variables, fostering adaptability and resilience in the face of evolving
challenges and opportunities.

Sustainable Practices
Sustainable agricultural practices are increasingly gaining prominence as the global community
recognizes the imperative of fostering environmentally responsible approaches to food
production. Within this framework, two significant paradigms, namely Regenerative Agriculture
and Agroecology, are emerging as transformative methodologies with the potential to
revolutionize farming systems.
Regenerative Agriculture stands out as a holistic approach that goes beyond conventional
farming methods by prioritizing
the enhancement of soil health,
conservation of water resources,
and the promotion of
biodiversity. This approach
emphasizes a symbiotic
relationship between the soil,
plants, and the surrounding
ecosystem. Through techniques
such as cover cropping, crop
rotation, and minimal tillage,
Regenerative Agriculture aims to
regenerate soil fertility, mitigate
erosion, and sequester carbon,
thereby contributing to climate
change mitigation.
©Wikipedia

Agroecology, on the other hand, is a comprehensive concept that seeks to integrate ecological
principles into agricultural systems. By emphasizing the importance of biodiversity, natural
resource management, and local adaptation, Agroecology aims to create resilient and
sustainable farming ecosystems. This approach encourages the use of diverse cropping systems,
agroforestry, and the integration of livestock, fostering a balanced and harmonious coexistence
between agriculture and the environment. Agroecological practices not only enhance soil fertility

32
but also contribute to pest control through natural predators, reducing the reliance on synthetic
pesticides.
Both Regenerative Agriculture and Agroecology share a common ethos of prioritizing long-term
sustainability over short-term gains. They recognize the intricate interplay between agricultural
practices and the health of the broader ecosystem, advocating for farming methods that not only
ensure food security but also contribute positively to environmental conservation. By adopting
these sustainable practices, farmers can play a crucial role in building resilient, adaptive, and
environmentally friendly agricultural systems that meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. As the global
agricultural community grapples with the challenges of climate change, resource depletion, and
biodiversity loss, the principles of Regenerative Agriculture and Agroecology offer promising
pathways toward a more sustainable and resilient future for food production.

Government Policies and Regulations

Within the agricultural landscape, the role of government policies and regulations is pivotal in
steering the sector towards sustainability and responsible practices. Governments worldwide are
increasingly recognizing the imperative of fostering environmentally friendly and sustainable
farming methods and have devised a range of incentives to encourage farmers in this direction.
One significant facet of government intervention is the provision of incentives for sustainable
practices. In an era marked by growing environmental concerns, governments are acknowledging
the importance of supporting farmers who adopt practices that contribute to the overall well-
being of the ecosystem. These
incentives may take various forms,
including financial support, tax
benefits, or access to resources
and technology that facilitate the
transition towards sustainable
agriculture. By aligning economic
incentives with environmental
stewardship, governments aim to
create a conducive environment
for farmers to embrace practices
that not only safeguard natural ©DAWN
resources but also enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of evolving
challenges.

33
Additionally, in the era of big data, the governance of agricultural data has become a critical
aspect of government policies. Recognizing the value of data in optimizing agricultural practices,
governments are instituting regulations to govern the collection, processing, and use of
agricultural data. This is not only to ensure the privacy and rights of farmers but also to foster fair
and transparent practices within the agricultural sector. Striking a delicate balance between
promoting innovation and safeguarding individual privacy, these regulations are designed to
create a framework where the benefits of data-driven agriculture can be realized without
compromising ethical considerations.

©Times of Islamabad

In essence, government policies and regulations in the agricultural sphere are evolving to become
enablers of sustainable and responsible practices. By providing incentives for environmentally
friendly farming and establishing governance frameworks for agricultural data, governments are
playing a crucial role in shaping a future where agriculture not only meets the needs of the
present but does so in a manner that preserves the integrity of the environment and ensures the
long-term viability of the farming sector. This delicate interplay between regulatory measures
and incentivizing sustainable practices reflects a thoughtful and nuanced approach towards
achieving a harmonious balance between agricultural productivity and environmental
conservation.

34
Consumer Trends and Preferences
Consumer Trends and Preferences in the realm of agriculture are undergoing a transformative
shift, marked by a discernible inclination towards sustainability, health consciousness, and ethical
considerations. Two noteworthy sub-trends within this paradigm are the escalating demand for
Organic and Local Farming, and the burgeoning interest and investment in Plant-Based
Agriculture.

Organic and Local Farming: A Sustainable Culinary Ethos

In recent years, there has
been a discernible surge in
consumer awareness and
demand for organic
produce and locally
sourced food. This trend
signifies a profound shift
in consumer preferences
towards a more
sustainable and health-
centric culinary ethos.
Organic farming practices, ©Local&Co

which eschew synthetic pesticides and fertilizers in favor of natural and environmentally friendly
alternatives, have gained prominence as consumers become increasingly conscious of the
environmental impact of conventional farming methods. Simultaneously, the preference for
locally sourced food reflects a desire to support local economies, reduce carbon footprints
associated with food transportation, and enjoy fresher, seasonally available produce.
Governments and industry stakeholders are responding to this trend by fostering initiatives that
promote organic farming and facilitate local food supply chains, creating a win-win scenario for
both environmentally conscious consumers and local farmers.
Plant-Based Agriculture: A Paradigm Shift in Dietary Choices
Concurrently, there is a notable rise in interest and investment in Plant-Based Agriculture,
marking a paradigm shift in dietary choices driven by health considerations, environmental
consciousness, and ethical concerns. As consumers become more informed about the
environmental impact of animal agriculture and the potential health benefits of plant-based
diets, there has been a surge in demand for plant-based alternatives to traditional animal
products. This includes plant-based meats, dairy substitutes, and a variety of innovative plant-
derived products. The trend is not only reshaping consumer habits but also attracting substantial
investment in research and development to create innovative and sustainable plant-based food

35
solutions. This shift aligns with broader societal goals of reducing the ecological footprint of food
production and addressing concerns related to animal welfare, positioning plant-based
agriculture at the forefront of a more sustainable and ethical food future.

©Dawin Foods

In essence, the evolving landscape of consumer trends and preferences in agriculture reflects a
growing consciousness among individuals regarding the impact of their food choices on personal
health, the environment, and local economies. The emphasis on organic and local farming, as
well as the surge in interest in plant-based alternatives, highlights a collective effort towards a
more sustainable, ethical, and health-oriented approach to food consumption. As these trends
continue to gain momentum, they not only shape the agricultural market but also inspire a
broader societal conversation about the interconnectedness of food, health, and the
environment.

Technological Advances in Farming: A Frontier of Innovation and Efficiency

The agricultural landscape is undergoing a revolutionary transformation, propelled by rapid
technological advances that have redefined traditional farming practices. Two key pillars at the
forefront of this evolution are the widespread Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies
and the seamless Integration of Automation, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) into farming
methodologies.

36
©EOS Data Analytics

Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies: Revolutionizing Farming Precision

Precision agriculture represents a paradigm shift in the way farmers approach cultivation,
harnessing technology to optimize resource utilization and enhance overall efficiency. The
adoption of precision agriculture technologies involves the strategic application of data-driven
insights to manage variability in crop fields. Satellite
imagery, drones, and advanced sensors provide real-time
information on soil health, crop conditions, and weather
patterns. This wealth of data enables farmers to make
informed decisions regarding irrigation, fertilization, and
pest control, thereby optimizing yields while minimizing
environmental impact. The integration of GPS-guided
machinery further refines farming precision, allowing for
accurate planting, harvesting, and other critical tasks. As
this technology becomes more accessible, it not only
empowers farmers to maximize productivity but also
©Lombard Odier
contributes to sustainable agricultural practices by
minimizing resource wastage.
Integration of Automation, Robotics, and Artificial Intelligence: The Dawn of Smart Farming
The convergence of automation, robotics, and artificial intelligence is ushering in a new era of
smart farming. Automated technologies, such as autonomous tractors and harvesters, are
increasingly becoming integral components of modern agricultural operations. These machines
operate with precision, executing tasks efficiently and reducing the reliance on manual labor.
Robotics, on the other hand, is revolutionizing specific farming tasks, from planting and weeding
to complex activities like fruit harvesting. Artificial intelligence complements these

37
advancements by processing vast amounts of data to provide actionable insights, predict crop
yields, and optimize farm management decisions. The marriage of these technologies not only
enhances operational efficiency but also contributes to sustainable farming by minimizing the
ecological footprint associated with traditional practices.

©AB Newswire

As the agricultural sector continues to embrace these technological advancements, the

landscape of farming is evolving into a dynamic and interconnected system, where data-driven
decision-making and automation synergize to create a more efficient, productive, and
environmentally conscious approach to food production. The ongoing development and
integration of these technologies underscore their role as pivotal variables shaping the future
trajectory of farming practices.

Environmental Considerations in Future Farming: Navigating the Challenges of a

Changing Climate
The agricultural landscape is at the forefront of grappling with the profound implications of
climate change, as the planet experiences shifts in weather patterns and growing seasons.
Understanding and adapting to these changes are imperative for the sustainability and resilience
of future farming practices. Two key facets within this realm are the recognition of Climate

38
Change and its far-reaching impact, and the implementation of Sustainable Farming Practices to
mitigate environmental concerns.

©Natural Energy Hub

Climate Change and its Impact on Agriculture: Adapting to a New Normal

Climate change poses a formidable challenge
to agriculture, manifesting in unpredictable
weather events, altered precipitation patterns,
and shifts in temperature. These changes have
direct consequences on the growing seasons,
crop yields, and the prevalence of pests and
diseases. Farmers are witnessing the need for
adaptive strategies to cope with these
challenges, ranging from selecting climate-
resilient crop varieties to adjusting planting
and harvesting schedules. Moreover, the ©iStock
increased frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts, floods, and heatwaves,
necessitates the development of resilient farming systems that can withstand and recover from
such disturbances

39
Sustainable Farming Practices: Balancing Productivity and Environmental Stewardship
In response to the environmental challenges posed by climate change, sustainable farming
practices are gaining prominence as a fundamental variable in shaping the future of agriculture.
These practices prioritize the conservation of natural resources, reduction of environmental
impact, and the promotion of biodiversity. Techniques such as conservation tillage, cover
cropping, and agroforestry contribute to soil health, prevent erosion, and enhance water
conservation. The integration of organic farming methods, which eschew synthetic pesticides and
fertilizers, is becoming increasingly popular as consumers and farmers alike recognize the long-
term benefits for both human health and the environment. Additionally, sustainable agriculture
emphasizes efficient water management.

As the world grapples with the ongoing effects of climate change, the fusion of adaptive
strategies and sustainable farming practices stands as a beacon for the future of agriculture. The
dynamic interplay between these environmental considerations and farming practices is pivotal
in fostering a resilient, environmentally conscious, and productive agricultural sector that can
meet the challenges of a changing climate while ensuring food security for generations to come.
In essence, the variables of future farming are intricately intertwined with the need to adapt and
innovate in the face of evolving environmental conditions.

40
MERIT OF SUCCESS:
The concept of sustainability has considerable popular appeal, but it is a phrase without meaning
unless indicators and monitoring systems are available to track the performance of agricultural
production systems towards this ideal. The agricultural landscape is constituted through the
individual management decisions of millions of often small scale entrepreneurs. Since similar
land management decisions are made for somewhat similar conditions, this results in the
repetitive landscape patterns commonly observed in agricultural areas.

Measuring farm sustainability is important for several reasons. Here are a few:
Environmental Protection: Farms have a significant impact on the environment through the use
of natural resources such as land, water, and energy. Measuring sustainability helps identify areas
where farms can improve their environmental practices, reduce their carbon footprint, and
protect natural resources for future generations.
Economic Viability: Measuring sustainability also helps farmers improve their economic viability
by identifying areas where they can reduce waste, increase efficiency, and improve profitability.
Sustainable farming practices can also help farmers access new markets and attract customers
who value environmentally responsible practices.
Social Responsibility: Measuring sustainability is also important for promoting social
responsibility within the farming community. Sustainable farming practices can help ensure that
farm workers are treated fairly, that communities are not adversely impacted by farming
activities, and that farms are contributing to the overall health and well-being of society.

41
Commodity Pricing: Without a thorough understanding of commodity prices and how they
impact your business, you could quickly descend into the red and end up with more product than
the market can sustain. No one can completely predict how commodity prices rise and fall,
because the numbers change depending on supply, demand, and other external factors. But
keeping your finger on the pulse of these trends will allow you to make better decisions when it
comes time to decide how many crops to plant or animals to raise.
A variety of news and research sources provide a steady stream of information about commodity
and futures markets. Future Source, The Hightower Report, and Inside Futures are reliable
sources for general market news and commentary. While Iowa Grain provides expert insight on
the grain and livestock markets. These are just a few sources that provide consistent and readily
available information on commodity pricing.
Debt-to-Asset Ratio: Debt-to-asset ratio is a farm management metric that each farmer and
rancher should know, understand, and monitor. This ratio measures the degree to which your
assets are financed by debt. To calculate this number and gain a better understanding of
operational risk exposure, divide assets by liabilities and multiply by 100.
Having a high debt to asset ratio could mean you are treading in dangerous waters. If a vital piece
of farming equipment breaks down in the weeks leading up to harvest, this could put you in a
position where you don’t have the funds to repair or replace it—or have the option to apply for
additional financing. Knowing these numbers and maintaining a healthy ratio will allow you the
flexibility to take on additional debt in the future, should you need it for a season.
Price of Goods in Region: Market prices for corn, soybean, wheat, and livestock can move up and
down over the course of a single day, which is why it is valuable to use smart technology to
monitor the market and keep an eye on the price of goods in the region.
Financial Health: Financial health is an important metric for measuring your farm's success.
However, it's important to look beyond just profits and losses. You can track financial health by
monitoring factors such as debt-to-equity ratios, cash flow, and return on investment.
Energy Usage: Energy is another important resource on the farm, and reducing energy usage can
help save money and reduce your carbon footprint. You can track energy usage by installing
energy meters and monitoring energy-intensive systems such as irrigation pumps and heating
and cooling systems.
Animal Welfare: If you raise livestock on your farm, it's important to prioritize animal welfare.
Happy, healthy animals are not only ethical but also more productive. To measure animal
welfare, you can track factors such as weight gain, feed efficiency, and mortality rates.
When you provide your animals with a comfortable and healthy environment, you can improve
their welfare and productivity.

42
 RECOMMENDATIONS:

As we look towards the future of farming, it is crucial to embrace innovative and sustainable
practices that address the challenges posed by a growing global population, environmental
concerns, and changing climate patterns. The following recommendations outline key strategies
for fostering a resilient and sustainable future for agriculture:
Invest in Research and Development: Allocate resources and support for research initiatives
focused on developing advanced technologies, resilient crop varieties, and sustainable farming
practices. This investment will drive innovation and empower farmers with the tools needed to
adapt to evolving environmental conditions.
Promote Agroecological Approaches: Encourage the adoption of agroecological principles that
emphasize the integration of ecological processes into agricultural systems. By optimizing
relationships between animals, plants, people, and the environment, agroecology offers a holistic
and sustainable approach to farming.
Enhance Precision Agriculture: Continue to advance precision agriculture technologies, including
drones, sensors, and data analytics. These tools provide real-time insights into crop health, soil
conditions, and resource utilization, enabling farmers to make informed decisions and optimize
yields while minimizing environmental impact.
Support Local and Sustainable Practices: Encourage consumers, businesses, and policymakers
to support local and sustainable farming practices. Initiatives such as buying local, supporting
farmers' markets, and promoting farm-to-school programs contribute to vibrant local economies
and foster a direct connection between consumers and producers.
Foster Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Facilitate collaboration among farmers,
researchers, and policymakers to share knowledge, best practices, and innovations. Building
strong networks within the agricultural community can accelerate the adoption of sustainable
practices and enhance overall resilience.
Prioritize Water Management: With water scarcity becoming a critical issue, implement water-
efficient irrigation systems and promote responsible water management practices. Techniques
such as drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, and soil moisture monitoring can optimize water use
in agriculture.
Encourage Agroforestry: Integrate agroforestry practices that combine tree cultivation with
traditional crops. Agroforestry enhances biodiversity, improves soil health, and provides
additional income sources for farmers while contributing to climate change mitigation.

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Empower Small-Scale Farmers: Implement policies that empower small-scale farmers by
providing access to resources, training, and financial support. Supporting the resilience of small
farms is crucial for fostering food security and maintaining biodiversity.
Embrace Circular Agriculture: Promote circular agriculture models that include practices such as
composting, recycling agricultural waste, and utilizing organic materials to enrich soil fertility.
These approaches contribute to sustainable nutrient cycles and reduce environmental impact.
Address Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Advocate for policies that incentivize sustainable
farming practices, support research and development, and address challenges related to land
use, water rights, and environmental conservation. Clear and supportive regulations can create
an enabling environment for the adoption of innovative farming methods.

By implementing these recommendations, we can lay the foundation for a future of farming that
is not only productive and efficient but also environmentally sustainable, socially responsible,
and resilient in the face of ongoing global challenges.

"Sustainable agriculture is not just

about growing food; it's about
cultivating a future that respects
the environment, values farmers,
and nourishes communities." -
Danielle Nierenberg

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 A Success Story of Strawberry Cultivation with Drip Irrigation:
Strawberry is a proftable fruit having good prices in the local markets due to their unique sweet
& sour taste. In the Punjab, they blossom with their eye catching bright red color and attractive
fragrance during spring season. A few years back,
there was no perception to grow strawberry on
commercial scale due to little knowledge about its
production technology among the farming
community. The progressive growers are now taking
interest to grow it and getting high economic returns.
Although some farmers are growing it with
conventional method (food irrigation) but the small
farmers, who have adopted drip irrigation, are getting
more proft due to less production cost and higher
yields per acre. ©AZUD

Mr. Liaqat Ali is one of those farmers who decided to abjure traditional crops like Sugarcane,
Maize etc. due to less availability of canal water and grow Strawberry with drip irrigation. He got
installed drip irrigation system on 5.5 acres land during 2017-18 on cost sharing basis under
Punjab Irrigated-Agriculture Productivity Improvement Project (PIPIP) and started highvalue
farming under the technical guidance of OFWM staf. He shared his experience as “Before drip
irrigation, I used to grow Sugarcane & Maize crops which were high delta crops and I had not
enough water to irrigate these crops through food irrigation. Meanwhile, I came to know about
the latest irrigation technology (drip irrigation) which is highly efcient in terms of water and
fertilizer application. So, I decided to get beneft from the government subsidy scheme and
installed drip irrigation system for growing high value crops (Strawberry). This experience was
so successful that I recovered all initial capital cost on drip irrigation system installation from
income of the frst crop”.
Recent research studies have highlighted the fact that the delicious berry fruits are power houses
of antioxidants and nutrition. The researchers have indicated that strawberries can be grown
easily in the upper and middle regions of the Punjab due to favorable climactic conditions.
While comparing the cultivation of strawberry with drip irrigation vs food irrigation, Mr. Liaqat
explained that “food irrigation is not suitable for strawberry at all. There are more fungus
diseases due to continuous standing water for three to four days in the strawberry feld.
Moreover, strawberry’s picking has to be done on daily basis which is not possible with the food
irrigationdue to standing water in the furrows”. He further added that “one of the major beneft
of drip irrigation is that it facilitates to enhance the strawberry’s population from 50,000 to
80,000 plants per acre”. So, it provides more economic returns on the basis of more plants-more
yield. Strawberry’s cultivation with drip irrigation has created livelihood opportunities for local
people especially rural females for harvesting and other farm operations”.

45
Although Water Management is promoting strawberry’s cultivation on drip irrigation by
providing subsidy in the entire Punjab but there are still a number of factors like size, taste,
perishability etc. for its restricted production. By addressing the issues related to quality and
perishability of the strawberry fruit, Pakistan can also export it to the Europe, the United States
and Middle East countries to earn foreign exchange.

About drip irrigations

Drip irrigation is an efficient and economical way to water your yard and garden. Used commonly
in drier areas of the country, drip irrigation is becoming more popular in the Northeast. Unlike
other forms of irrigation, such as sprinklers that are only 65-75% efficient, drip irrigation 90%
efficient at allowing plants to use the water applied. And, it reduces runoff and evaporation. Drip
irrigation applies the water slowly at the plant root zone where it is needed most.

©Agriculture Information Bank

Drip irrigation has more commonly been used in commercial nursery and farm operations,
however, homeowners are beginning to take advantage of its uses and benefits. As a
homeowner, you can use drip irrigation in your vegetable and perennial gardens, and to water
trees and shrubs.

46
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