Coconut guide
Coconut guide
COCONUT
With Jain Technology™
Coconut, Cocos nucifera is a monocot with large Inflorescence Development
crown of fronds and fruits and inflorescence. Coconut
Male flower
is an integral part of daily diet in many of the tropical
countries. It is one of the most important oil-yielding Male flowers open first, within 15 days of opening of
crops of the world grown in more than 80 countries of the inflorescence
the tropics. Widely acknowledged as a multipurpose Male phase (the period between the opening of the
tree, it provides nutritious food and refreshing drink, oil first male flower and the last male flower) lasts about
for edible and non-edible purposes, fibre, cooking fuel 10-22 days
and thatching material for the rural masses, timber and In tall varieties, male flowers are shed before the
shell of commercial value and a variety of other products; female flowers become receptive
every part of this tree is utilized. In dwarf varieties, male and female phases overlap
In India coconut is grown over 1.9 million ha, third highest each other.
in the world with an average yield of 7800 nut/ha which is
Female flower
the highest productivity in the world.
Compared to male flowers, the number of female
Parts of an adult Palm flowers is very less
Trunk Female phase lasts for 4-10 days; a female flower
remains receptive for 1-3 days
Diameter- About 30 cm. Thickness depends on the vigour
of the palm and the variety The receptivity of a female flower is judged by the
presence of nectar on it.
Height- Tall varieties grow to a height of 20-25 m
Root- Roots are produced from the base of the palm Nut Development
called the bole. A female flower after pollination and fertilization
develops into a nut
Root System
A fertilized female flower takes about 11-12 months to
Coconut has an adventitious root system.
develop into a mature nut
In an adult palm, 4000-7000 or more roots may be
Pollination is the deposition of the pollen (male
present.
gamete) from a male flower on the stigma of the
The laterals and tips of the primaries constitute the female flower
bulk of the feeder roots.
Fertilization is the fusion of the male gamete with
The roots which grow vertically downward are female gamete
supposed to be 'water roots'.
Roots have small protrusions called pneumatophores Climate
which act as 'breathing organs' for the exchange of Coconut is a tropical crop. It is not affected by day length
gases. variations.
In basin-fertilized palms, roots are absent in the Rainfall- 1000-3000 mm per year. Prefers evenly
surface 25 cm soil layer. distributed rainfall
Over 80 % of the active roots lie in the soil cylinder of
Temperature- Optimum 27°C with a diurnal variation
2m radius around the palm.
of 6-7 0C Cold spells are more limiting than high
Under unfavourable conditions, root mattings develop temperatures.
at the base of the palm.
Light- Coconut palm requires maximum sunlight.
Leaf Altitude- Up to 600 m above mean sea level. If
Length- 4.5-6.0 m temperature remains favourable, the palm grows
Number of leaflets on a frond- 200-250 well up to an altitude of 800 m. The limiting factor
Rate of production- Number of leaves; approximately, determining the maximun altitude at which coconut
one leaf per month; 30-40 on a healthy palm can grow is temperature.
Leaves are arranged in the crown in whorls Humidity- Needs warm and humid conditions
Inflorescence Soils
Rate of production - One in each leaf axil. Coconut palm tolerates a wide range of soil conditions.
Nut It is particularly adapted to the coastal light sandy and
Nuts are produced in bunches; the shape, size, colour sandy loam type soils. Coconuts also thrive well in laterite
and weight of the nut vary with the variety. soils. Laterite soils usually have hard pan and therefore
soil should be selected where the hard substratum is
Nut has an outer fibrous husk inside which exist the at least 1m deep. Periodical addition of lime to release
kernel protected by a hard shell. the fixed P is also essential. The alluvial soils are also
Nut contains sweet water inside very good for coconut growth. It is highly porous, loose,
and well drained. Highly clayey soils are not suitable for
coconut.
Coconut Varieties - Table 1 : Varieties and their economic characters
COCONUT VARIETIES
Annual Yield Copra /nut Copra / No of nuts Oil
(Nuts / tree) (g) palm/yr to produce Content
(kg) 1 t Copra (%)
TALL West Coast Tall (WCT) 67 180 12 5560 72
Chandrakalpa (Lakshadeep Ordinary) 93 194 18 5160 72
Andaman Ordinary 69 186 13 5380 66
DWARF Chowghat Green Dwarf (CGD) 41 125 73
Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) 47 163 66
Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) 68 130 68
Gangabondam 60 189 68
HYBRIDS Lakshaganga 108 195 21 5130 69
Anandaganga 95 216 20 4630 68
Kerashree 112 216 24 4630 66
Kerashankra 108 187 20 5350 68
Keraganga 100 201 20 4980 69
Chandralaksha 109 195 21 5130 68
Chandrashankara 116 215 25 4650 68
Veppamkulam Hybrid -1 98 135 13 7400 70
Veppamkulam Hybrid -2 107 152 16 6580 69
Kerasowbhagyia 116 196 23 5100 65
There are several private Coconut breeders who have either selected varieties or produced hybrids with high yield
(nuts per tree) or Oil content (%). The information about these private bred varieties are not available in public domain.
20’
Field Planting About 70% of total roots and 65% of fine roots are
Coconut nurseries are generally raised in situ in the farm found within a radius of 1 m from the stem. Therefore
or seedlings are obtained from commercial nurseries. the placement of drippers are critical.
Similarly moisture should be maintained to a depth of
Spacing 1m of soil to provide moisture at 75% availability.
In monoculture, the distance to be adopted vary with the In the coconut growing tract of the West coast a dry
nature of the variety. spell is generally observed for 4-6 months (December
For Tall varieties- 9 m x 9 m (125 trees/ha) is recommended to May).
for dry areas and 8.2 m x 8.2 m (149 trees /ha) for coastal Similarly, in other parts irrigation is necessary during
region. non-monsoon periods.
For Dwarf and Hybrids-7.5 mx 7.5 m (178 trees/ha) is During this period irrigation is essential to maintain
recommended for dry areas and 7 m x 7 m (204 trees/ growth and productivity.
ha) for coastal region. Drip method of irrigation is most suitable for Coconut.
The row should be North – South orientation to avail Fertigation is also possible through the drip system.
maximum sunlight.
In case of planned inter-cropping or multitier cropping
the spacing should be more (9 to 12 m) to enable light
penetration to the lower storey.
Planting
Prepare the land by ploughing and harrowing
Take Pits of 1 m³ at the spacing determined before
hand.
Fill the pits with green manure, FYM, or compost, and
top soil. Insert the seedling at the centre of the pit and
pus the soil compost mixture around the base.
The seedlings should be placed at least 45 cm deep in
the mixture in the pit.
Apply Carbaryl 10% dust as guard against termite.
In dry regions, provide partial shade to the newly
planted seedlings.
Irrigation management
Coconut root system is very special and it has a
specific bearing on the water relations and irrigation
management.
Root distribution zone of coconut is found to increase
with the enlargement of the fertilizer area around the
trunk.
Layout for Coconut Drip Loop
© Copyright
Turboline PC®
Duel outlets to
Diametrically break vaccum
placed multiple & prevents soil
inlet filters suction
Available discharge rates - 1.4, 1.8, 2.6 & 4.0 lph within
pressure regulation range of 0.7 to 3 kg/cm².
Injection moulded silicone rubber compensates with
pressure and discharge gives uniform performance
Application on undulating land/ Terrains/ Steep slopes.
Available in 16 & 20 mm nominal diameter.
Suitable for surface as well as sub-surface installation. Injection moulded Smooth hydrodynamic
Application where ever longer lateral length is silicone diaphragm design minimizes
necessary. frictional losses &
helps for longer lateral
Conforming to IS 13488, ISO 8261 Standard. running length.
Jain Rainport / Micro Sprinkler Jain PVC/PE Pipes & Fittings Automation Equipment
Apply 500 g SSP in the form of a ring around the tree 665 g/ 22.2 g/tree/ June 1wk 30
MOP
50 cm away from trunk and 15 cm deep in first week of tree 2 days to July 4 wk doses
June Ammo 1571 52 g/tree/ Sept 1 wk 30
220:160:540 g/tree in September – October sulphate g/tree 2 days to Oct 4 wk doses
Phosphate ; SSP 1000 g/tree Phosphoric 333 g/ 11.1 g/tree/ Sept 1 wk 30
Apply 1000 g/tree of SSP in the form of a ring around Acid tree 2 days to Oct 4 wk doses
the tree 50 cm away from the trunk and 15 cm deep. 1333 44.4 g/tree/ Sept 1 wk 30
MOP
500 g/tree in 1st week of September and 500 g/tree in g/tree 2 days to Oct 4 wk doses
Last week of October
Secondary and Micronutrients
Secondary nutrients like Mg is essential in acid soils
where 500 g MgO is recommended per tree per year.
Micronutrient borax at 50g/tree/year is recommended
wherever crown choking occurs.
In coastal areas lime application of 2kg/tree for trees
up to 15 years and 4 kg/tree for plus 15 years is also
recommended.
Multitier cropping
Coconut gardens are generally planted with several
intercrops.
Similarly mutiple cropping and muti tier cropping is
also practised in coconut gardens.
Red palm weevil
Irrigation and fertilizer management practices should
take care of the partner crops also for increasing Holes on the trunk with
productivity of these cropping systems. Brownish ooze, Yellowing
inner leaves; wilting of central
shoot
COCONUT INSECT PESTS AND
Application of Carbaryl 50%
MANAGEMENT WSP solution; 1500 ml/palm
Name of the Insect (40 g in 10 liter water) after
opening the hole at the site of entrance of the grub.
Rhinoceros Beetle
Central spindle appears cut/
toppled/Holes with chewed
fibre sticking out at the base
of the spindle
Remove adult beetles from
the infected fronds with a
pointed curved hook. Fill the
holes with Carbaryl and fine sand 1: 1 mixture.
Treat the breeding ground/fym pits in the farm with 10%
Carbaryl 250 g/ 3 m³ volume.
Root grub
Leaves turn yellow; Immature
nut shedding. Grubs get
exposed at the base of the
tree. Apply Phorate 10G
at the rate of 25 kg/ha one
month after peak adult
emergence.
© Copyright: This catalogue has been prepared for providing information about Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. Jalgaon, India, to the present/ prospective customer. This catalogue material
contains proprietary and confidential information about the company. It should not be used for any purpose, other than the purpose specified here.
No part of this information should be disclosed, reprocessed, copied or stored in any manner without the prior consent, in writing, from the company.
The actual use of the products by the purchaser / customer is beyond the control of JISL and JISL can not be held responsible for any loss and/or any consequential liability arising out of incorrect or
faulty or mis-use of the products.
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