Module 1

Unit 1: Polymer Technology

Dr. N. Satya Vijaya Kumar

Asst. Professor
Dept. of Chemistry

1
Polymers
POLYMER TECHNOLOGY
• Introduction
• Classification
• Types of Polymerization
• Preparation, properties and applications of PE
• Preparation, properties and applications of Nylon-6,6
• Elastomers-Natural rubber and properties vulcanization
• Synthetic rubbers-Buna N and S
• Introduction to conducting polymers
• Synthesis of Polyacetylene
• Doping of Polyacetylene
2
Polymers
 Introduction – Few everyday synthetic polymers
Titanic

3
Polymers
 Introduction- History
Titanic
• The first synthetic organic polymer polyvinylchloride was synthesized in
1838 accidentally. Later, polystyrene was discovered in 1839.
• Origin of polymer industry started in the 19th century, where most of the
works were done on natural polymers or naturally derived polymers (Semi
Synthetic).
• Leo Baekeland’s Bakelite (Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin) was the first fully
synthetic polymer synthesized in 1910 and commercialized for its
insulating property.
• Following this, first synthetic rubber was manufactured during world war 1
using 2,3-dimethylbutadiene called as Methyl Rubber.

4
Polymers
Titanic Recap
 Some Organic Chemistry

 Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Oxygen, Sulfur

 Bond Dissociation

 Arrow-pushing mechanism

 Resonance

 Chirality and Stereoisomerism

 Reaction Mechanism

5
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic
 What is a “Polymer”?

The name Polymer was derived from ancient Greek word πολύς (polus,
meaning "many or much") and μέρος (meros, meaning "parts").

- A polymer is a large molecule built by the linking of a large

number of small molecules (called monomers)

Monomers Polymer

nCH2 = CH2 -CH2 – CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -

(Ethylene) (Polyethylene)
(Monomer) (Polymer)
6
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Monomer

Monomer is defined as a simple molecule with two or more binding sites

through which it forms covalent linkages with other monomer molecules to
form the macromolecule/polymer.

Monomers Polymer

nCH2 = CH2 -CH2 – CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -

(Ethylene) (Polyethylene)
(Monomer) (Polymer)
7
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Polymerization: The process of joining of more number of monomers to

form a polymer is called polymerization.

POLYMERIZATION
nCH2=CH2 –CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -
(Monomer) (Polymer)

Monomers Polymer

nCH2 = CH2 -CH2 – CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 -

(Ethylene) (Polyethylene)
(Monomer) (Polymer)
8
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Degree of Polymerization (DP):

Degree of polymerization is defined as the number of repeating units
present in a polymer molecule.

n CH2 = CH2 --[-- CH2 - CH2 ---]n---

In this, n is a whole number and it is called the degree of polymerization.

• Depending on the DP, macromolecules are termed as oligomers and polymers.
• Polymer molecules with Mwt <1000 are called oligomers and their DP will be less
• Polymer molecules with Mwt >1000 are real polymers with high DP.

9
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Criteria for Polymerization:

To form a polymer, the monomer should have a minimum functionality of

two i.e. two reactive sites.

 Functionality:

Functionality of a monomer can be defined as the number of bonding sites

or reactive sites in monomer.

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Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Functionality:

Functionality of a monomer can be defined as the number of bonding sites

or reactive sites in monomer.

Chemical Reactive Functionality / Possible

S.No Name Polymer formed
Formula functional group linear or branch reactive groups
OH, NH2, RX Polymer will not
1 Acetic Acid CH3-COOH -COOH 1
(X=halogens) be formed
COOH-CH2- OH, NH2, RX Polyester,
2 Malonic Acid -COOH 2 / Linear
COOH (X=halogens) polyamide, etc.
-COOH, RX Polyester,
3 Ethylene glycol HO-CH2-OH -OH 2 / Linear
(X=halogens) Polyether
-COOH, RX Polyester,
4 Penta erythritol C(CH2-OH)4 -OH 4 / Branched
(X=halogens) Polyether
Hexa methylene
5 H2N(CH2)6NH2 0 2 / Linear -COOH Polyamide
diamine
-OH, -COOH,-OH, - Polyester,
CH3-C(OH)-
6 Lactic Acid 2 / Branched NH2, RX Polyamide,
COOH -COOH
(X=halogens) Polyether
7 Styrene CH2=CH-C6H5 CH2=CH 2 / Linear CH2=CH Polystyrene

11
Polymers
 Introduction Titanic

 Functionality:

Functionality of a monomer can be defined as the number of bonding sites

or reactive sites in monomer.

Depending on the number of functionality over the monomer, it can be ascertained

whether the formed polymer will be linear or branched or crosslinked. For e.g., If the
monomer is bifunctional, i.e. having two reactive sites at two ends, they will form
linear or straight chain polymers. If the monomers have tri functionality or more, they
will end up in branched side chain polymers or 3D crosslinked polymers.

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

1.By Origin

2. By Monomer

3. By Thermal Response (molecular forces)

4. By Mode Of Formation

5. By Chain Structure

6. By Tacticity
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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 By Origin

• Natural or Biopolymers as found in nature in animals and plants

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 By Origin

• Synthetic Organic Polymers from petroleum crude like Polyethylene,

prolypropylene, polystyrene, etc.

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 By Origin

• Inorganic Polymers like polysiloxanes and polyphosphazines

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 By Monomers

• Homopolymer: composed of single monomer, E.g. Polyethylene

• Copolymer: composed of two or more different monomers.

• They are further classified into Block, Graft, Alternating and Statistical.

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 Copolymers

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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers
 Based on Chain Structure

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Polymers
 Classifications of Polymers
Titanic
 Based on Structural Orientation or Tacticity
• Atactic: side groups are randomly distributed on both the sides of the
polymer backbone.

• Syndiotactic: Side groups are distributed alternatively on both the sides of

the polymer backbone.

• Isotactic: side groups are distributed only on one side of the polymer
backbone.

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Polymers

C C
C C C
C C C
C C C H2
C H2 H2 H2 H
H2 H2 H
H H H

Isotactic Syndiotactic

H
H C
C C
C C C
C C C H2
C H2 H2
C C H2 H
H2 H
H2 H
H

Atactic outwards or away from you

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inwards or towards you
Polymers

22
Polymers
 Based on Thermal Response
Titanic
• Thermoplastic polymers are linear, long chain polymers, which can be
softened on heating and hardened on cooling reversibly. Thus they can be
processed again and again.
For example: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly vinyl
chloride

• Thermosetting polymers: are those polymers which during moulding get

hardened and once they have solidified, they cannot be softened, i.e. they
are permanent setting polymers.
For example: Bakelite, Urea-Formaldehyde, Epoxy-resin (Araldite)

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Polymers
 Classifications of Polymers
Titanic
 Based on Thermal Response
S.No Thermoplastics Thermosetting
1 They are formed by either addition or They are formed by condensation
condensation polymerization polymerization
2 They have either linear or branched They have three dimensional, cross linked
structures structures
3 Adjacent polymer chains held together by Adjacent polymer chains held together by
weak intermolecular forces strong covalent bonds called cross links
4 They soften on heating and stiffen on They do not soften on heating
cooling
5 Soluble in Organic solvents They are insoluble in any solvent
6 They can be remoulded reshaped, re used They can not be remoulded reshaped, re
used
7 They can be reclaimed from waste They can not be reclaimed from waste

8 During moulding there is no change in their 8. They undergo chemical change during
chemical composition. moulding.
9 Ex: PE, PVC, PTFE, Nylons Ex:Bakelite,Urea formaldehyde
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Polymers
Titanic
 Classifications of Polymers

 Based on Mode of Formation (Mechanism)

 Addition polymers:

They are formed by the addition of olifinic monomers without the elimination of bye
products. Polymer is exact multiple of monomer.

For example: polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly vinyl chloride

 Condensation polymers:

In condensation polymerization during formation of polymer some of the atoms of

monomers are released as small molecules (like water, HCl, NH3 etc)

For example: nylon, Bakelite, polyester.

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Polymers
Titanic
 Types of polymerisation

 Addition (Chain-growth) polymerisation

A chemical reaction in which unsaturated monomers are added to each other to
form long-chain molecules (polymers) in presence of light, heat, pressure and
catalyst without any by-products or without elimination of any simple molecules.
The molecular weight of the polymer so formed is thus the total of the molecular
weights of all of the combined monomer units.

Ex: PE,PVC,PTFE

• Polymerisation occurs by addition of unsaturated molecule to an active site or a

growing chain.

• The active site will be carried by the growing chain and addition of subsequent
molecules occurs until all the monomers are consumed.

• Classified into three types, Free radical, Ionic, Coordination/insertion.

26
Polymers

Chain polymerization

Radical polym. Ionic polym.

The C=C is prefer
the Polym. by R.P.
Cationic polym. Anionic polym.
and also can be
used in the steric
hindrance of the
substituent

X X X

radical cationic anionic 27

Polymers
Titanic
 Types of polymerisation

 Addition (Chain-growth) polymerisation

Characteristic features of Chain growth
polymerization :

• Growth is by the addition of the monomer at

the end of the chain

• At any point of time, the reaction mixture will

contain, polymer, unreacted monomer and
active growing chains.

• The molecular weight of the polymer increases

rapidly

• The polymerization rate initially increases and

then become constant

• An initiator is required to start the reaction

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Polymers
Titanic
 Types of polymerisation

 Addition Polymerization  Radical polymerisation

Three stages are involved in the mechanism of Chain polymerization

reaction for all the three types of polymerisation. They are:

a.Initiation
b.Propagation
c.Termination.

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Polymers
 Types of polymerisation
Titanic
 Addition Polymerisation  Radical polymerisation
The initiation step consists of two reactions.
1-The production of the free radical
I ------> 2R˙
2- Addition of this radical to a monomer molecule to produce the chain initiating
species M1
R˙ + M1 -----> M1˙

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Polymers
Types of Initiators
Thermal initiators:
• Most common examples: peroxides (benzoyl peroxide)or azo
compounds (azo isobutyronitrile)
• The thermal, homolytic dissociation of initiators is the most
widely used method for generating radicals to initiate
polymerization.
Peroxides Azo compounds

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Polymers
Photochemical initiators:
•One or two component.
•Used for thin films.

Peroxides Ketones

Azo compaunds
Disulfides
h
S S 2 S•

Ionizing radiation:
Redox initiators: •X-ray, gamma-ray.
•Usually 2 component. •Random destruction leads to radical
•Rarely used. formation.
Fentons reagent •Used only in very special cases.

R-O-OH + Co2+ ----- RO. +Co3+ +OH-

R-O-OH + Co3+ ------ ROO. + Co2+ + H+ 32
Polymers
Titanic
 Types of polymerisation

 Addition Polymerization  Radical polymerisation

The propagation consists of the growth of M1

Mn + M1˙ ------> Mn+1˙ (Rapid reaction )

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Polymers
Chain Transfer:

• Here termination happens similar to disproportionation by abstraction of H or

some other atom.

• Instead of forming two dead chain, here there will be simultaneous formation
of new free radical which will start propagating to form polymer.

• Abstraction can happen from initiator, monomer or polymer or from any other
species present in the system including solvent or impurity.

• Since the chain growth is transferred from one site to another, the
phenomenon is called chain transfer

X X
H2
H R CH C
R CH C R'H R'
C C X C C X
H2 H2 H2 H2

34
Polymers
Inhibitors:

• Chemicals which are capable of inhibiting or killing the chain growth by

combining with the active free radicals and forming either stable or
inactive free radicals.

• E.g.. Hydroquinone, nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, benzothiazine, etc.

O O
NO 2
N N
 OP OP
P

H
O

N
NO
OP
P O P
P
H
35
Polymers
• Atmospheric Oxygen is a good inhibitor, as it will form biradicals.

• That’s the reason why polymerisation are mostly performed under N2

atmosphere.

P O O P O O

P O O P P O O P

• Inhibitors are utilised as preservatives for monomers while

transporting, storage and production.
• Small quantities will be sufficient to inhibit polymer growth, which can
be removed by simple purification steps before using the monomer for
polymerisation.
• Washing with aqueous alkali or adding excess or initiator.
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Polymers
 Types of polymerisation
Titanic
 Addition Polymerization  Radical polymerisation
Termination of free radical centers occurs by bimolecular reaction between
radicals either by combination or by disproportionation
Mn˙ + Mm ˙ -----> Mn+m
Mn˙ + Mm ˙ -----> M n+ Mm
The termination step can be represented by
Mn ˙+ Mm ˙ ----> dead polymer

Coupling : occurs when two growing chain unit by coupling of lone electrons in
each chain to form electron pair

Disproportionation: Occurs when H was abstracted from a growing chain to form

an electron pair and get stabilised. The chain which donated H, will get stabilised
by forming double bond. 37
Polymers
 Types of polymerisation
Titanic
 Addition Polymerization  Radical polymerisation

38
Polymers
Ionic chain polymerization
The characteristic of ionic chain polymerization are as follow

1. Ionic polymerization is limited because the ions are usually

unstable and require stabilization by solvation and lower
temperature for polymerization to proceed

2. The ionic polymerization proceeds with very high rates and is very
sensitive to the presence of small amounts of impurities

3. Solvents of high polarity cannot be used. The highly polar protic

solvents (water, alcohol) react and destroy most ionic initiators.

4. Ionic polymerizations are characterized by a wide variety of modes

39
of initiation and termination.
Polymers
Ionic polymerizations are more selective than radical processes
due to strict requirements for stabilization of ionic propagating
species.

Cationic: limited to monomers with electron donating groups

Anionic: limited to monomers with electron withdrawing groups

40
Polymers
Cationic Polymerisation
• Electron donating groups, like proton acids, Lewis acids (with
co-initiators), vinyl ether, etc. act as initiatiors
• Polymerisation is kind of a repetitive alkylation reaction
• If sufficient e- donor groups are available, propagation is rapid
• Mostly prefers lower temperatures & may require cooling
• Water may actually inhibit the polymerisation

41
Polymers
Termination
1. Chain Transfer to Monomer
This involves transfer of a proton to a monomer molecule with the
formation of terminal unsaturation in the polymer molecule
HMnM+(IZ)- + M Mn+1 + HM+(IZ)-

2. Spontaneous Termination
Spontaneous termination involves regeneration of the initiator + co-initiator
complex by expulsion from the propagating ion pair with the polymer
molecule left with terminal unsaturation.
HMnM+(IZ)- Mn+1 + H+(IZ)-

3. Combination with counter ion

Termination by combination of the propagating carbonium ion with its
counter ion occurs
HMnM+(IZ)- HMnMIZ 42
Polymers
Anionic Polymerisation
• Weakly stabilized anion, requires a strong nucleophile as initiator
and a weak nucleophile for strongly stabilized anion
• Electron withdrawing groups (ester, cyano) or groups with
unsaturated bonds (phenyl, vinyl) can also be used as initiators
• Polymerisation is kind of a repetitive conjugate addition reaction
Organolithium
Strong nucleophile

Weak nucleophile

Styrene
initiation
43
Polymers
• When carried out under the appropriate conditions, termination
reactions do not occur in anionic polymerization
• Purposeful addition of water or alcohol to terminate the process
• The new anionic species is too weak to reinitiate.

• Compounds such as water, alcohols, molecular oxygen, carbon

dioxide, etc. react very quickly with the carbanions at the chain
ends, terminating the propagation.
• Therefore, through drying and deaerating the polymerization
ingredients is required for propagation of polymerisation
44
Polymers
 Polyethylene Titanic
It is the simplest homoploymer.

 Preparation:
It is prepared by the addition polymerization of ethylene by using
oxygen as initiator. The reaction takes place at 1500 atm pressure at 150-
250 °C.

Ethylene Polyethylene

45
Polymers
 Polyethylene
Titanic
 Properties:

Polythene is a rigid, waxy, white, translucent, non polar material, exhibiting

considerable chemical resistance to strong acids, alkalis and soft solutions
at room temperature.

It is a light weight, durable thermoplastic with variable crystalline structure

It is good insulator of electricity.

However it is swollen and permeable to most oils and organic solvents,

particularly kerosene.

There are two types of polyethylenes:

i. Low density polyethylene ii. High-density polyethylene

46
Polymers
 Polyethylene Titanic

 Low density polyethylenes (LDPE)

LDPE is manufactured by addition polymerization of ethylene gas at 350 0C

at a pressure of 1000-1500 atm in the presence of O2 or peroxide as
catalyst.

 High density polyethylenes (HDPE)

HDPE is manufactured by the coordination polymerization of ethylene in a

hydrocarbon solvent using Zeigler Natta catalyst (Heterogeneous
supported catalysts based on titanium compounds are used in
polymerization reactions in combination with cocatalysts, organoaluminum
compounds such as triethylaluminium, Al(C2H5)3. used in the synthesis of
polymers of 1-alkenes) or ionic catalyst.

47
Polymers

48
Polymers
High density polyethylene (HDPE)
• HDPE is a cost effective thermoplastic with linear structure and no
or low degree of branching.
• Manufactured at low pressure (10-80bar) and derived from either
a. modifying natural gas (methane, ethane, propane mix) or
b. the catalytic cracking of crude oil into gasoline.
• HDPE is manufactured by coordination polymerization of ethylene in
a hydrocarbon solvent using Zeigler Natta catalyst or activated
chromium oxide (Phillips catalyst).
• The polymers formed will be of linear in nature with stereoregular
structures.

49
Polymers
Properties of HDPE
• MP: 120-140°C
• Density : 0.93 – 0.97 g/cm3
• High density polyethylene chemical resistance:
1. Excellent resistance to most solvents
2. Very good resistance to alcohols, dilute acids and alkalis
3. Moderate resistance to oils and greases
4. Poor resistance to hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic,
halogenated)
• Higher tensile strength compared to other forms of polyethylene
• Low cost polymer with good processability
• Excellent electrical insulating properties
• Very low water absorption
50
Polymers
Applications of HDPE
• Ideal material in diverse applications across
industries. Some of the major uses of HDPE
include
• Packaging applications: trays, bottles for milk
and fruit juices, drums, etc.
• Consumer goods: garbage containers,
housewares, ice boxes, toys, etc.
• Fibers and textiles: because of high tensile
strength, they are used in ropes, fishing and
sport nets, nets for agricultural use, fabrics,
etc.

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Polymers
Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
• It is a semi rigid and translucent polymer.

• Compared to HDPE it has a higher degree of short and long

side chain branching.

• It is produced at high pressure (1000-3000 bar; 80-300°C) via

free radical polymerisation process

52
Polymers
LDPE - Properties
1. LDPE Melting point: 105 to 115°C
2. Density of LDPE: 0.910–0.940 g/cm3
3. Chemical resistance of LDPE:
a. Good resistance to alcohols, dilute alkalis and acids
b. Limited resistance to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons,
mineral oils, oxidizing agents and halogenated hydrocarbons
4. Low cost polymer with good processability
5. High impact strength at low temperature, good weatherability
6. Excellent electrical insulating properties
7. Very low water absorption
8. Transparent in thin film form

53
Polymers
Applications of LDPE
• Its uses are in manufacturing containers, dispensing bottles,
wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags

54
Polymers
Property LDPE
Titanic HDPE
Structure Branched Linear polymer
Softening point 110 0C 135 0C
Ziegler-Natta or Cr type
Process & Catalyst Free radical polymerization
catalyst
Density Low 0.912-0.925 gCm-3 High 0.941-0.965 gCm-3
Crystallinity Low High
Tensile strength Low High
Chemical resistivity Low High.
•Flexible and good
•Excellent moisture barrier
transparency
Characteristics properties
•Good moisture barrier
•Hard to semi-flexible
properties

In films, sheets, pipes for In molded articles,

Application
irrigation. House hold articles.
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Polymers
 Polyethylene Titanic

 Applications:

• For making high frequency insulator parts

• Bottle caps, kitchen and domestic appliances.

• Toys

• Sheets for the packing materials, chemical plants, tubes, pipes, coated-
wires and cables, bags for packing.

56
Polymers
 Types of polymerisation
Titanic
 Condensation (Step-growth) polymerisation
The intermolecular combination between simple polar group containing
monomers to form a polymer with the elimination of small molecules like water, HCl
etc.
This reaction takes place between the monomers having affinity with each other.
The whole polymerization takes place in a stepwise manner (one after the
other)

Ex:
Phenol and formaldehyde condense to form Bakelite
Hexamethylenediamine and Adipic acid condense to form a polymer called
Nylon 6.6

 Requirements for Step-Growth Polymerization

• High monomer purity

• Stoichiometric equivalence of functional groups 57

Polymers
Titanic
 Types of polymerisation

 Condensation (Step-growth) polymerisation

Characteristic features of step growth polymerization:

• Growth occurs throughout the matrix

• There is the rapid loss of the monomer species

• The molecular weight slowly increases throughout the reaction

• The polymerization rate decreases as the number of functional group decreases

• No initiator is required to start the reaction

• The degree of polymerization and average molecular weight of the polymer increase as the
reaction proceeds.

• Generally, the reactions are reversible in the initial stages, thus the eliminated water must be
removed if a high molecular weight polymer is to be formed.
58
Polymers
Step-Growth Polymerization
Stage 1
n n
Consumption
of monomer

Stage 2

Combination
of small fragments

Stage 3

Reaction of
oligomers to give
high molecular
weight polymer 59
Polymers
 Bakelite Synthesis (Acidic Medium)
The first step is electrophilic substitution reaction by hydroxyl methylium group

Concentration of formaldehyde is relatively less than phenol

60
61
Polymers

Hexamethylene tetramine
+
Heat

62
Polymers
 Bakelite Synthesis (Basic Medium)

63
Polymers
 Nylon 6,6 (Poly hexamethylene
Titanic diamine adipamide)

• Synthetic polymer with repeating amide linkage

• Step growth polymerization between diacids & diamines, by
elimination of water molecules
• Nylon 6,6 is one among the large group of polycondensate
products of diacid and diamine with fiber forming property.
• 6,6 refers to the number of carbons in the reactants
• Nylon 6,6 can be extruded into a wide range of fibers. The
numbering comes from the number of carbon atoms used in
diamine and diacid.

64
Polymers
 Nylon 6,6
Synthesis: Titanic
Equimolar amounts of Adipic acid and hexamethyl diamine
undergoes condensation polymerization
Since the reaction is an amidation reaction, there is an equal chance
of the water to hydrolyze the amide to form the starting materials.
This can be avoided by removing the formed water and shifting the
equilibrium towards product formation.
Adipic acid O

HO
n OH O
O
O
H
- H2O N
HN N
H n-1
O
NH2
H2N
n Nylon 6,6
Hexamethyl diamine 65
Polymers
 Nylon 6,6
Alternate synthesis
• To avoid interference from H2O molecules, precursor can be
altered
• Adipoyl chloride (in cyclohexane) can be reacted with 1,6-
Hexamethylene diamine (in water)

66
Polymers
Titanic

67
Polymers
Titanic

68
Polymers
Quenching or Termination

By increasing one reactant over the other. In this way the monomer
in excess will block any further increase in the polymer chains.
Excess H2N-R-NH2
+ H-(-NH-R-NHCO-R'-CO-)n-NH-R-NH2
HOOC-R'-COOH

The use of excess diacid accomplishes the same result; the

polyamide in this case has carboxyl end groups

Excess HOOC-R'-COOH
+ HO-(-CO-R'-CONH-R-NH-)n-CO-R'-COOH
H2N-R-NH2
69
Polymers
• Both the reagents are immiscible & polymerization happens at the
Titanic
interface where the two reactants meet
• This is also called interfacial polymerisation.
• The formed molten nylon 6,6 can be either extruded and granulated
or directly spun into fibers by extrusion through a spinneret.

70
Polymers
Properties:
Titanic
 Melting point of 270 °C.
 Thermoplastic polymer and can be processed to complex structures
 Polymer exhibits excellent resistance to heat, wear, tear and chemicals,
which makes them the unanimous choice for making bearing, battery
modules, luggage & conveyor belts.
 The polymer shows high strength, ductility and stiffness making a
suitable candidate for metal replacement applications.
 Semi crystalline polymer with high mechanical strength and toughness.
 Polymer shows good sliding property, good electrical insulating
property with resistance to high energy radiations such as gamma and
X-ray
Uses:
 Large quantity of Nylon 6,6 is used in producing tyre cord.
 Used to make monofilaments and ropes
71