Neil Storey, Electronics: A Systems Approach, 6e, Instructor’s Manual

Answers to Exercises in Chapter 7

7.1 As discussed in Section 7.2, the instantaneous power varies at twice the
frequency of the applied voltage. So in this case it varies at 100 Hz.

7.2 The power dissipated in the resistor is VI were V is the r.m.s. voltage and I is the
r.m.s. current. VI = V2/R = (Vp/√2)2/R = Vp2/2R = 102/(2 × 50) = 1 W.

7.3 As discussed in Section 7.3, the instantaneous power varies at twice the
frequency of the applied voltage. So in this case it varies at 100 Hz.

7.4 As discussed in Section 7.3, the average power dissipation is zero.

7.5 As discussed in Section 7.4 the instantaneous power varies at twice the
frequency of the applied voltage. So in this case it varies at 100 Hz.

7.6 As discussed in Section 7.3, the average power dissipation is zero.

7.7 These terms are discussed in Section 7.5.

7.8
Apparent power S = VI
= 100 × 7
= 700 VA

Power factor = cosφ

= cos 60D
= 0.5

Active power P = S cos φ

= 700 × 0.5
= 350 W

7.9 This is discussed in Section 7.6.

7.10 If f = 50 Hz then ω = 2πf = 314 rad/s. Therefore, the impedance of the

arrangement Z = R + jωL = 40 + j(314 × 0.1) = 40 + j31.4 Ω. This can be
converted to polar coordinates to give Z = 50.8∠38.1°.

The current i is given by v/Z = 100∠0°/50.8∠38.1° = 1.97 ∠í38.1°. Therefore,

the r.m.s. current is 1.97 A. The apparent power is VI = 100 × 1.97 = 197 var.
The power factor is cos φ = cos í38.1° = 0.787. The active power = VI cos φ =
100 × 1.97 × 0.787 = 155 W. The reactive power = VI sin φ = 100 × 1.97 ×
0.617 = 121 W.

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7.11 The apparent power S of the motor is 500 VA, since this is the rating of the
motor. The power factor (cosφ) is 0.8. Therefore, the active power in the motor
is

Active Power P = S cosφ

= 500 × 0.8
= 400 watts

Since cosφ = 0.8, it follows that sinφ = 1− cos φ = 0.6. Therefore,

2

Reactive power Q = S sinφ

= 500 × 0.6
= 300 var

The current is given by the apparent power divided by the voltage

S
Current I =
V
500
=
250
= 2A

7.12 This is discussed in Section 7.7.

7.13 In Exercise 7.11, we determined that for this motor:

Apparent power S = 500 VA

Active power P = 400 watts
Current I = 2 A
Reactive power Q = 300 var

The capacitor is required to cancel the lagging reactive power. We therefore

need to add a capacitive element with a leading reactive power QC of í300 var.

Now, just as P = V2/R, so Q = V2/X. Since capacitive reactive power is negative,

250 2
QC = − = −300 var
XC
250 2
XC = = 208.3 Ω
300

XC = 1/ωC which is equal to 1/2πfC. Therefore,

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 Neil Storey, Electronics: A Systems Approach, 6e, Instructor’s Manual

1
= 208.3
2πfC
1
C=
208.3 × 2 × π × f
1
=
208.3 × 2 × 3.142 × 60
= 12.7 µF

7.14 The addition of power factor correction does not affect the active power, which
is therefore 400 W. If the power factor is 0.9, this implies that the apparent
power is 400/0.9 = 444.4 VA. Since the power factor is equal to cos φ, it follows
that φ = cos-1 0.9 = 25.84°, and that the reactive power = 444.4 sin φ = 193.7 var.
Therefore, in order to reduce the power factor to 0.9, we need to add a capacitor
to bring the reactive power down from 300 to 193.7. This requires a capacitor to
supply a reactive power of 193.7 í 300 = í106.3 var.

Therefore,
250 2
QC = − = −106.3 var
XC
250 2
XC = = 588 Ω
106.3

XC = 1/ωC, which is equal to 1/2πfC. Therefore,

1
= 588
2πfC
1
C=
588 × 2 × π × f
1
=
588 × 2 × 3.142 × 60
= 4.5 µF

7.15 At 50 Hz, the reactance of the inductor XL = ωL = 2πfL = 2 × 3.142 × 50 × 16 ×

10í3 = 5.03 Ω. Therefore, the impedance of the load is 10 + j5.03 Ω. This can be
converted to a polar form as 11.2∠26.9° Ω. The applied voltage has a magnitude
of 20 V peak which is 20/√2 = 14.14 V. Therefore, V = 14.14∠0°. The current I
= V/Z = V = 14.14∠0°/11.2∠26.9° = 1.26∠í26.9°. Thus, the r.m.s. current is
1.26 A. Therefore, φ = í26.9° and the power factor = cos φ = 0.892. The
apparent power = VI = 14.14 × 1.26 = 17.8 VA, and the active power = 17.8 ×
0.892 = 15.9 watts.

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 Neil Storey, Electronics: A Systems Approach, 6e, Instructor’s Manual

7.16 The required capacitor can be calculated by determining the reactive power in
the circuit and calculating the value of capacitance required to compensate for
this (as in Exercise 7.15 above). Alternatively, we can note that in order to
produce a power factor of 1.0 the capacitive reactance must equal the inductive
reactance, and therefore 1/ωC = ωL, which can be solved to give C = 633 µF.

When the reactive power is zero, the applied voltage appears across the resistor
so the peak current will be 20/10 = 2A. Therefore, the active power is VI = 20/√2
× 2/√2 = 20 W.

7.17 Where three conductors are used each provides one of the phases, and loads are
connected between the conductors. In a four-line system, the additional wire is a
neutral conductor. Loads may then be connected between each phase and
neutral.

7.18 When using sinusoidal signals the power dissipated within a load is determined
not only by the r.m.s. values of the voltage and current, but also by the phase
angle between the voltage and current waveforms, (which determines the power
factor).

7.19 In single-phase AC circuits, power is normally measured using an

electrodynamic wattmeter. This device passes the load current through a series
of low-resistance field coils, and places the load voltage across a high-resistance
armature coil. The resulting deflection is directly related to the product of the
instantaneous current and voltage, and hence to the instantaneous power in the
load.

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