Sunflower Paper
Sunflower Paper
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1) MOA key Laboratory of Crop-Eco physiology and farming system in the middle reaches of Yangtze River, College of Plant
Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
2) National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan.
3) University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi. Punjab, Pakistan.
4) Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, College
Received: 2 November 2017, Revised: 10 December 2017, Accepted: 16 December 2017, Published: 20 December 2017
Cite this Article: Hafeez, A., Arshadullah, M., Rasheed, M., Mahmood, I.A., Hyder, S.I., Aamir, S.S., Shaaban, M., Mahmood,
T., 2017. Effect of soil salinity on germination and growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L). J Innov Bio-Res. 1(1): 46-51.
ABSTRACT: With the increase in the population, the demand for energy is also increasing. Salinity, a major environmental stress,
reduces plant growth and development all over the world. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most resistant crop towards
salinity as compared to other crops. Present study was designed to study the effects of four different naturally salt affected soils
having electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.15, 8.33, 15.48 and 20.23 dSm-1, respectively on seed germination and growth parameters
of five sunflower hybrids. Certified seeds of 5 diverse varieties of sunflower hybrids namely HU-777, CRN-1435, DK-3915, Super-
25 and Hysun 33 were used in this study. Growth study was conducted in plastic pots using randomized complete design for 30
days. After that, a set of seedlings was uprooted carefully from each treatment for the measurement of growth parameters i.e.
number of leaves plant-1, leaf length (cm), leaf width (cm), number of burnt leaves, plant length (cm) and stem girth (cm).
Germination and growth of all sunflower hybrids were significantly reduced with increase in salinity. Among all sunflower
genotypes, Super-25 and Hysun-33 showed better tolerance to salinity and performed well even under high salinity level (20.23 dS
m-1).
soybean (Hosseini et al., 2002), wheat (Shaheen and Hood- Plant height of different sunflower genotypes decreased
Nowotny, 2005) and rice (Cha-Um et al., 2007). However, significantly with increase in salinity level (Table 1). Overall,
the knowledge regarding the response of sunflower towards genotype Hysun-33 showed the best results at all salinity
salinity during seed germination is scarce so far. Sunflower levels and attained highest plant height. The salt tolerant
has been considered as a moderate sensitive crop towards cultivars have the mechanism of Na+ exclusion from shoot
salinity (Katarji et al., 2003). Presently, several genotypes of to roots via phloem transport which reduces the Na+ content
sunflower are available but few of them have been reported of shoot and promotes plant height. (Jaleel et al. 2007)
for resistant to salt stress (Lui and Barid, 2003). Under reported the growth retardation in plants in correspondence
salinity stress the screening of sunflower genotypes can be with the strength of solutes in the plant rhizosphere.
helpful in the selection of appropriate genotypes for
cultivation on salt affected soils. In this perception, present Stem girth of sunflower genotypes decreased with increase
study was conducted to identify the salinity tolerant in salinity (Table 1). Sunflower genotypes differed
sunflower cultivars at different soil salinity levels. significantly among each other with respect to stem girth.
Sunflower Hysun-33 attained the highest stem girth (1.1 cm)
MATERIALS AND METHODS than rest of the genotypes. Plants subjected to salinity were
affected by a variety of changes in the biochemical pathways
Four naturally salt affected soils were collected having resulting in the reduced root-shoot growth of sunflower
electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.15, 8.33, 15.48 and genotypes (Kamal et al., 2003; Kaya et al., 2003; Ramoliya
20.23dSm-1. Certified seeds of 5 diverse varieties of et al., 2006).
sunflower hybrids namely HU-777, CRN-1435, DK-3915,
Super-25 and Hysun 33 were used in this study. Growth Salinity significantly affected the leaf length (Table 1).
study was conducted in plastic pots (175 mm diameter and Hysun- 33 showed the maximum leaf length among other
65 mm depth along with a bottom drainage hole). Ten seeds sunflower hybrids in all salinity levels. Hysun- 33 exhibited
of each genotype were sown in each respective portion in a positive results in leaf length. Leaf length is an important
complete randomized design (CRD) with three repeats. After contributor in photosynthesis. Increase in salinity decreased
complete germination, numbers of seedlings were reduced leaf width of all sunflower varieties. There was significant
up to 5 per pot. All pots were placed in a glass house. After difference in leaf width of all cultivars at different salinity
thirty days of seedling growth, plants were carefully levels (Table 1). Cultivar Hysun-33 gained the maximum
uprooted from each pot for the measurement of growth value of leaf width at all salinity levels comparing other
parameters i.e. number of leaves plant-1, leaf length (cm), sunflower hybrids. High salinity adversely disturbs the
leaf width (cm), number of burnt leaves, plant length (cm) growth parameters. During the plants vegetative growth,
and stem girth (cm). The collected data were subjected for decreased water uptake leading to reduced cell turgor and
analysis by using Statistic 8.1 and the comparison between depressed root shoot elongation rates are the main
treatment means was carried out by Duncan’s Multiple consequences of salinity stress. (Fricke et al., 2006). Salts
Range (DMR) test (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). disturb the water uptake to exclude the toxic salts from the
specialized mechanism developed in salt tolerant crop
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (Horie and Schroeder, 2004).
Soil salinity adversely affected germination percentages of Higher level of salinity significantly decreased number of
all sunflower varieties. Significant differences were leaves plant-1 in all sunflower varieties (Table 1). Cultivar
observed among salinity levels in terms of decreased Hysun-33 gained the maximum number of leaves plant-1at
germination of all cultivars, however, these differed all salinity levels comparing other sunflower hybrids.
significantly among each other at all salinity levels (Fig: 1- Salinity limits greatly plant growth and productivity (Munns
5). Cultivar DK-3915 gained minimum germination of 40 % and Tester, 2008; Rozema and Flowers, 2008; Kronzucker
at salinity levels of 15.46 and 20.23 dSm-1, whereas Hysun- and Britto, 2011 and Zhang and Shi, 2013).
33 gained highest germination at all salinity levels as
compared to other varieties throughout the testing period. At Increase in salinity increased significantly number of burnt
salinity level of 1.15 dSm-1Hysun-33 achieved maximum leaves in all sunflower varieties (Table 1). Cultivar DK-3915
germination throughout the testing period except at 30th day gained the maximum number of burnt leaves in all salinity
of germination. i.e. starting from 10th day (100 %) up to 25th levels comparing other sunflower hybrids. The major
day (97 %) of germination. While at 30th day of germination detrimental salinity effect is the accumulation of Na+ and Cl-
Super-25 out class the Hysun-33 at all salinity levels, ions in plants tissues, grown on highly concentrated NaCl
proving best variety for salt tolerance. In sunflower the soils (Maathuis et al. 2014). Uptake inhibition of an essential
seedling emergence and post-emergence seedlings mortality plant macronutrient, K+ is the consequence of higher Na+
are greater determinants of salt tolerance (Turhan and Ayaz, accumulation in the plant tissues. This severely retards the
2004). Akhtar et al. (2002) and Ali et al. (2013) have plants growth and overall productivity and in extreme cases
documented the harmful salinity effects on Brassica
campestris growth and reported variable responses of
different Brassica species and varieties towards salt stress.
100 100
1.15 dS/m 1.15 dS/m
80 80
8.33 dS/m 8.33 dS/m
60 60
15.46 15.46
40 40 dS/m
dS/m
20.23 20.23
20 20 dS/m
dS/m
0 0
HU- CRN- DK- Super- Hysun HU- CRN- DK- Super- Hysun
777 1435 3915 25 33 777 1435 3915 25 33
Figure 1: Salinity levels effects on sunflower germination Figure 2: Salinity levels effects on sunflower germination
(%) at 10th day (%) at 15th day
100 100
1.15 1.15
80 dS/m 80 dS/m
8.33
8.33
60 dS/m 60 dS/m
15.46
40 dS/m 40 15.46
20.23 dS/m
20 dS/m 20 20.23
0 0 dS/m
HU- CRN- DK- Super- Hysun HU- CRN- DK- Super- Hysun
777 1435 3915 25 33 777 1435 3915 25 33
Figure 3: Salinity levels effects on sunflower germination Figure 4: Salinity levels effects on sunflower germination
(%) at 20th day (%) at 25th day
90
1.15
80
dS/m
70
8.33
60 dS/m
50 15.46
40 dS/m
30 20.23
20 dS/m
10
0
HU- CRN- DK- Super- Hysun
777 1435 3915 25 33
Figure 5: Salinity levels effects on sunflower germination
(%) at 30th day
may lead towards plants mortality (Kronzucker et al., 2013; AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
Gupta and Huang, 2014).
Imdad Ali Mahmood, Syed Ishtiaq Hyder and Syeda Sana
CONCLUSION Aamir conducted the experiment, Muhammad Arshad Ullah
and Muhammad Rasheed collected and analyzed the data
Germination and growth of all sunflower hybrids were and wrote the manuscript, Abdul Hafeez, Muhammad
significantly reduced with increase in soil salinity levels. Shaaban and Tariq Mahmood critically reviewed the
Among all the genotypes, Cultivars Super-25 and Hysun-33 manuscript and furnished the final format of manuscript,
showed tolerance to salinity and performed well even under Abdul Hafeez proceeded for its publication.
adverse salinity (20.23dSm-1) level.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors have no conflict of interest.
We are very thankful to National Agricultural Research
Centre, Park Road, Islamabad-45500, Pakistan for the
provision of basic facilities for the execution of this research
work.
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Number of
Salinity level Plant height Stem girth Leaf length Leaf width Number of
leaves plant-
(dSm-1) (cm) (cm) (cm) (cm) 1 burnt leaves
Cv. HU-777
0.7 a 5.8 a 2.9 a 8.3 a 0.0 d
1.15 13.2 a
0.6 b 4.5 b 2.6 b 7.1 b 0.9 c
8.33 8.5 b
0.5 c 3.5c 2.3 c 5.8. c 1.6 b
15.46 5.0 c
0.4 d 1.9 d 1.8 d 4.1 d
20.23 3.0 d 2.1 a
CRN-1435
0.5 a 6.0 a 3.0 a 8.9 a 0.0 d
1.15 14.5 a
0.5 b 5.1. b 2.3 b 7.2 b 1.0 c
8.33 8.7 b
0.4 c 4.0. c 2.0 c 6.8 c 1.8 b
15.46 6.0 c
0.3 d 2.8 d 1.9 d 4.2 d
20.23 3.6 d 2.2 a
DK-3915
0.7a 6.2 a 3.9 a 10.5 a 0.0 d
1.15 16.2 a
0.7 b 5.1 b 3.1 b 9.4 b 1.1 c
8.33 10.1 b
0.5 c 4.0 c 2.5 c 7.2 1.7 b
15.46 7.7 c
0.4 d 2.2 d 1.4 d 5.5 d
20.23 4.5 d 2.9 a
Super-25
0.4 a 4.1 a 2.7 a 8.2 a 0.0 d
1.15 11.5 a
0.4 b 3.8 b 2.0b 7.31 b 0.9 c
8.33 7.7 b
0.2 c 2.5 c 1.8 c 5.5 c 1.7 b
15.46 4.6 c
0.1d 1.1 d 1.0 d 3.9 d
20.23 2.3 d 2.0 a
Hysun-33
1.1 a 7.1 a 4.5 a 10.9 a 0.0 d
1.15 17.7 a
0.8 b 5.2 b 3.6 b 9.2 b 1.0 c
8.33 10.8 b
0.6 4.3 c 2.9 c 7.3 c 1.5 b
15.46 7.5 c
0.5 d 2.4 d 1.7 d 5.4 d
20.23 4.1 d 2.4a
Values (means, n=3) sharing different letters in columns differ significantly at p < 0.05