Keywords Descriptions

ADD Adds a column in an existing table

ADD CONSTRAINT Adds a constraint after a table is already created

ALL Returns true if all of the subquery values meet the condition

ALTER Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or changes the data type of a column in a table

ALTER COLUMN Changes the data type of a column in a table

ALTER TABLE Adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table

AND Only includes rows where both conditions is true

ANY Returns true if any of the subquery values meet the condition

AS Renames a column or table with an alias

ASC Sorts the result set in ascending order

BACKUP Creates a back up of an existing database

DATABASE

BETWEEN Selects values within a given range

CASE Creates different outputs based on conditions

CHECK A constraint that limits the value that can be placed in a column

COLUMN Changes the data type of a column or deletes a column in a table

CONSTRAINT Adds or deletes a constraint

CREATE Creates a database, index, view, table, or procedure

CREATE Creates a new SQL database

DATABASE
CREATE INDEX Creates an index on a table (allows duplicate values)

CREATE OR Updates a view

REPLACE VIEW

CREATE TABLE Creates a new table in the database

CREATE Creates a stored procedure

PROCEDURE

CREATE UNIQUE Creates a unique index on a table (no duplicate values)

INDEX

CREATE VIEW Creates a view based on the result set of a SELECT statement

DATABASE Creates or deletes an SQL database

DEFAULT A constraint that provides a default value for a column

DELETE Deletes rows from a table

DESC Sorts the result set in descending order

DISTINCT Selects only distinct (different) values

DROP Deletes a column, constraint, database, index, table, or view

DROP COLUMN Deletes a column in a table

DROP Deletes a UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, or CHECK constraint

CONSTRAINT

DROP DATABASE Deletes an existing SQL database

DROP DEFAULT Deletes a DEFAULT constraint

DROP INDEX Deletes an index in a table

DROP TABLE Deletes an existing table in the database

DROP VIEW Deletes a view

EXEC Executes a stored procedure

EXISTS Tests for the existence of any record in a subquery

FOREIGN KEY A constraint that is a key used to link two tables together

FROM Specifies which table to select or delete data from

FULL OUTER JOIN Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table

GROUP BY Groups the result set (used with aggregate functions: COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG)

HAVING Used instead of WHERE with aggregate functions

IN Allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause

INDEX Creates or deletes an index in a table

INNER JOIN Returns rows that have matching values in both tables

INSERT INTO Inserts new rows in a table

INSERT INTO Copies data from one table into another table
SELECT

IS NULL Tests for empty values

IS NOT NULL Tests for non-empty values

JOIN Joins tables

LEFT JOIN Returns all rows from the left table, and the matching rows from the right table

LIKE Searches for a specified pattern in a column

LIMIT Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

NOT Only includes rows where a condition is not true

NOT NULL A constraint that enforces a column to not accept NULL values

OR Includes rows where either condition is true

ORDER BY Sorts the result set in ascending or descending order

OUTER JOIN Returns all rows when there is a match in either left table or right table

PRIMARY KEY A constraint that uniquely identifies each record in a database table

PROCEDURE A stored procedure

RIGHT JOIN Returns all rows from the right table, and the matching rows from the left table

ROWNUM Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

SELECT Selects data from a database

SELECT DISTINCT Selects only distinct (different) values

SELECT INTO Copies data from one table into a new table

SELECT TOP Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

SET Specifies which columns and values that should be updated in a table

TABLE Creates a table, or adds, deletes, or modifies columns in a table, or deletes a table or data inside a table

TOP Specifies the number of records to return in the result set

TRUNCATE TABLE Deletes the data inside a table, but not the table itself

UNION Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (only distinct values)

UNION ALL Combines the result set of two or more SELECT statements (allows duplicate values)

UNIQUE A constraint that ensures that all values in a column are unique
UPDATE Updates existing rows in a table

VALUES Specifies the values of an INSERT INTO statement

VIEW Creates, updates, or deletes a view

WHERE Filters a result set to include only records that fulfill a specified condition
MySQL Functions
MySQL has many built-in functions.

This contains string, numeric, date, and some advanced functions in MySQL.

MySQL String Functions

Function Description

ASCII Returns the ASCII value for the specific character

CHAR_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)

CHARACTER_LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in characters)

CONCAT Adds two or more expressions together

CONCAT_WS Adds two or more expressions together with a separator

FIELD Returns the index position of a value in a list of values

FIND_IN_SET Returns the position of a string within a list of strings

FORMAT Formats a number to a format like "#,###,###.##", rounded to a specified number of decim

INSERT Inserts a string within a string at the specified position and for a certain number of characte

INSTR Returns the position of the first occurrence of a string in another string

LCASE Converts a string to lower-case

LEFT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from left)

LENGTH Returns the length of a string (in bytes)

LOCATE Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string

LOWER Converts a string to lower-case

LPAD Left-pads a string with another string, to a certain length

 LTRIM Removes leading spaces from a string

MID Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

POSITION Returns the position of the first occurrence of a substring in a string

REPEAT Repeats a string as many times as specified

REPLACE Replaces all occurrences of a substring within a string, with a new substring

REVERSE Reverses a string and returns the result

RIGHT Extracts a number of characters from a string (starting from right)

RPAD Right-pads a string with another string, to a certain length

RTRIM Removes trailing spaces from a string

SPACE Returns a string of the specified number of space characters

STRCMP Compares two strings

SUBSTR Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

SUBSTRING Extracts a substring from a string (starting at any position)

SUBSTRING_INDEX Returns a substring of a string before a specified number of delimiter occurs

TRIM Removes leading and trailing spaces from a string

UCASE Converts a string to upper-case

UPPER Converts a string to upper-case

MySQL Numeric Functions

Function Description
ABS Returns the absolute value of a number

ACOS Returns the arc cosine of a number

ASIN Returns the arc sine of a number

ATAN Returns the arc tangent of one or two numbers

ATAN2 Returns the arc tangent of two numbers

AVG Returns the average value of an expression

CEIL Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a number

CEILING Returns the smallest integer value that is >= to a number

COS Returns the cosine of a number

COT Returns the cotangent of a number

COUNT Returns the number of records returned by a select query

DEGREES Converts a value in radians to degrees

DIV Used for integer division

EXP Returns e raised to the power of a specified number

FLOOR Returns the largest integer value that is <= to a number

GREATEST Returns the greatest value of the list of arguments

LEAST Returns the smallest value of the list of arguments

LN Returns the natural logarithm of a number

LOG Returns the natural logarithm of a number, or the logarithm of a number to a specified base

LOG10 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 10

 LOG2 Returns the natural logarithm of a number to base 2

MAX Returns the maximum value in a set of values

MIN Returns the minimum value in a set of values

MOD Returns the remainder of a number divided by another number

PI Returns the value of PI

POW Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number

POWER Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number

RADIANS Converts a degree value into radians

RAND Returns a random number

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of decimal places

SIGN Returns the sign of a number

SIN Returns the sine of a number

SQRT Returns the square root of a number

SUM Calculates the sum of a set of values

TAN Returns the tangent of a number

TRUNCATE Truncates a number to the specified number of decimal places

MySQL Date Functions

Function Description

ADDDATE Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date
ADDTIME Adds a time interval to a time/datetime and then returns the time/datetime

CURDATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_DATE Returns the current date

CURRENT_TIME Returns the current time

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

CURTIME Returns the current time

DATE Extracts the date part from a datetime expression

DATEDIFF Returns the number of days between two date values

DATE_ADD Adds a time/date interval to a date and then returns the date

DATE_FORMAT Formats a date

DATE_SUB Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then returns the date

DAY Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYNAME Returns the weekday name for a given date

DAYOFMONTH Returns the day of the month for a given date

DAYOFWEEK Returns the weekday index for a given date

DAYOFYEAR Returns the day of the year for a given date

EXTRACT Extracts a part from a given date

FROM_DAYS Returns a date from a numeric datevalue

HOUR Returns the hour part for a given date

LAST_DAY Extracts the last day of the month for a given date
LOCALTIME Returns the current date and time

LOCALTIMESTAMP Returns the current date and time

MAKEDATE Creates and returns a date based on a year and a number of days value

MAKETIME Creates and returns a time based on an hour, minute, and second value

MICROSECOND Returns the microsecond part of a time/datetime

MINUTE Returns the minute part of a time/datetime

MONTH Returns the month part for a given date

MONTHNAME Returns the name of the month for a given date

NOW Returns the current date and time

PERIOD_ADD Adds a specified number of months to a period

PERIOD_DIFF Returns the difference between two periods

QUARTER Returns the quarter of the year for a given date value

SECOND Returns the seconds part of a time/datetime

SEC_TO_TIME Returns a time value based on the specified seconds

STR_TO_DATE Returns a date based on a string and a format

SUBDATE Subtracts a time/date interval from a date and then returns the date

SUBTIME Subtracts a time interval from a datetime and then returns the time/datetime

SYSDATE Returns the current date and time

TIME Extracts the time part from a given time/datetime

TIME_FORMAT Formats a time by a specified format

 TIME_TO_SEC Converts a time value into seconds

TIMEDIFF Returns the difference between two time/datetime expressions

TIMESTAMP Returns a datetime value based on a date or datetime value

TO_DAYS Returns the number of days between a date and date "0000-00-00"

WEEK Returns the week number for a given date

WEEKDAY Returns the weekday number for a given date

WEEKOFYEAR Returns the week number for a given date

YEAR Returns the year part for a given date

YEARWEEK Returns the year and week number for a given date

MySQL Advanced Functions

Function Description

BIN Returns a binary representation of a number

BINARY Converts a value to a binary string

CASE Goes through conditions and return a value when the first condition is met

CAST Converts a value (of any type) into a specified datatype

COALESCE Returns the first non-null value in a list

CONNECTION_ID Returns the unique connection ID for the current connection

CONV Converts a number from one numeric base system to another

CONVERT Converts a value into the specified datatype or character set

CURRENT_USER Returns the user name and host name for the MySQL account that the server used to authentic

DATABASE Returns the name of the current database

IF Returns a value if a condition is TRUE, or another value if a condition is FALSE

IFNULL Return a specified value if the expression is NULL, otherwise return the expression

ISNULL Returns 1 or 0 depending on whether an expression is NULL

LAST_INSERT_ID Returns the AUTO_INCREMENT id of the last row that has been inserted in a table

NULLIF Compares two expressions and returns NULL if they are equal. Otherwise, the first expression is

SESSION_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

SYSTEM_USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

USER Returns the current MySQL user name and host name

VERSION Returns the current version of the MySQL database