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Chapter 10
10.1 10.4

π 2 EI π 2 E(b4 /12) π 2 EI 3 π 2 (70 × 109 )I

Pcr = = NP = 2(1.2 × 10 ) =
L2 L2 L2 82
12Pcr L 2
12(110 × 103 )(4 × 1000)2 I = 222.3 × 10 m = 222.3 × 10 mm4
−9 4 3

b4 = 2
= π(D4 − d4 ) π(504 − d4 )
π E π 2 (200 × 103 ) I = 222.3 × 103 =
64 64
= 10699516.9 mm4
d = 36.2 mm ◭
b = 57.2 mm ◭

10.5
About y-axis (built-in ends):
10.2
b3 h (22.5)3 (60)
Iy = = = 56953 mm4
12 12
π 2 EI π 2 E(b4 /12)
Pcr = = 4π 2 EI 4π 2 (70 × 103 )(56953)
L 2 L2 Pcr = =
2 L2 (2 × 1000)2
12Pcr L 12(110 × 103 )(4 × 1000)2
b4 = = = 39347.3 N (this is the critical load)
π2 E π 2 (10 × 103 )
= 213.9 × 106 mm4 About z-axis (simply supported ends):
b = 120.9 mm ◭ bh3 (22.5)(60)3
Ix = = = 405000 mm4
12 12
π 2 EI π 2 (70 × 103 )(405000)
Pcr = 2
=
L (2 × 1000)2
10.3 = 69950.8 N (larger than about y-axis)
Pcr 39347.3
P = = = 19673.7 N ◭
b3 h (40)3 (80) N 2
I = = = 0.4267 × 106 mm4
12 12 Check stress:
= 0.4267 × 10−6 m4 (about the weak axis) P 19673.7
σ = = = 14.6 MPa
A 22.5 × 60
σ pl 36
4π 2 EI 4π 2 (10 × 109 )(0.4267 × 10−6 ) = = 18 MPa > 6 O.K.
Pcr = = N 2
L2 2.22
3
= 34.81 × 10 N = 34.81 kN
Pcr 34.81 10.6
P = = = 17.41 kN ◭
N 2 For one C310 × 45 shape Iz = 67.4 × 10−6 m4 and
Check stress: A = 5.68 × 10−3 m2 .
For the cross section
P 17.41 × 103
σ = = = 5.44 × 106 Pa = 5.44 MPa Iy = Iz = 2 67.4 × 10−6 = 134.8 × 10−6 m4


A 0.04 × 0.08
σ pl 30 A = 2 5.68 × 10−3 = 11.36 × 10−3 m2


= = 15 MPa > σ O.K.
n 2
(a) Buckling and crushing occur simultaneously if
π 2 EI
Pcr = σ pl A = σ pl A
L2 s
s
200 × 109 (134.8 × 10−6 )


EI
L = π =π
Aσ yp (11.36 × 10−3 ) (240 × 106 )
= 9.88 m ◭

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(b) When L = 12 m, failure is by buckling. Lightest shape meeting both criteria is W250 × 67 with
A = 8550 mm2 and Imin = 22.2 × 106 mm4 .
π 2 200 × 109 (134.8 × 10−6 )


π 2 EI
Pcr = =
L2 122 Use W250 × 67 ◭
6
= 1.8478 × 10 N = 1847.8 kN
Pcr 1847.8 10.9
P = = = 739 kN ◭
N 2.5
Crushing criterion:
10.7 σ pl A
P =
N
NP 2(900 × 103 )
A = = = 10000 mm2
σ pl 180
3 5 Buckling criterion (built-in ends):
ΣFy = 0 +↑ PBC − W = 0 PBC = W
5 3
4 Pcr 1 4π 2 EI
ΣFx = 0 +→ PAB − PBC = 0 P = =
5 N N L2
2
2(900 × 103 )(20 × 1000)2
 
4 5 4 NPL
PAB = W = W I= 2
= = 91.2 × 106 mm4
5 3 3 4π E 4π 2 (200 × 103 )
For W200 × 100: A = 12700 mm2 and I = 113 × 106 mm4 Lightest shape meeting both criteria is W250 × 80 with
(about the weak axis). A = 10200 mm2 and Imin = 126 × 106 mm4
Buckling criterion of AB (both ends simply supported):
Use W250 × 80 ◭
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 103 )(113 × 106 )
Pcr = 2 = = 2230.5 × 103 N
LAB (10 × 1000)2
  10.10
3 4
Pcr = N PAB 2230.5 × 10 = 1.6 W
3
W = 1045.6 × 103 N
Yielding criterion of BC: 1 1
  ΣFx = 0 √ PAB − √ PBC = 0
5 2 5
σ pl A = N PBC (216)(12700) = 1.6 W
3 1 2
ΣFy = 0 √ PAB + √ PBC − 1600 = 0
W = 1028.7 × 103 N 2 5
∴ W = 1028.7 kN determined by yielding of member BC ◭ PAB = 754.3 N PBC = 1192.6 N
p √ p √
LAB = 22 + 22 = 8 m LBC = 32 + 1.52 = 11.25 m
10.8
π 2 E(b4 /12) 12N P L2
NP = b4 =
Crushing criterion: L2 π2 E
σ pl A
P = s
N 4 12(2.5)(754.3)(8 × 10002)
For AB b= = 36.8 mm
NP 2.5(270 × 103 ) π 2 (10 × 103 )
A = =
σ pl 200 × 106 s
−3 2 2 12(2.5)(1192.6)(11.25 × 10002)
4
= 3.375 × 10 m = 3375 mm For BC b=
π 2 (10 × 103 )
Buckling criterion (simply supported ends): = 44.9 mm ◭
Pcr π 2 EI
P = = 10.11
N N L2
2
NPL 2.5(270 × 103 )(8)2
I = 2
=
π E π 2 (200 × 109 )
= 21.89 × 10−6 m4 = 21.89 × 106 mm4

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Buckling about y-axis (propped cantilever column, Bar buckles as a simply supported column when P = Pcr :
Le = 0.7L): π 2 EI π2 I
α ∆T EA = 2
∆T =
100(40)3 L αL2 A
Iy = = 533.3 × 103 mm4 = 0.5333 × 10−6 m4 πd 2
πd4
I d2
12 A= I= =
π 2 EIy π 2 (10 × 109 )(0.5333 × 10−6 ) 4 64 A 16
Pcr = = = 4297 N π 2 d2 π 2 (22.5)2
(0.7L)2 (0.7 × 5)2 ∆T = = = 37.6 ◦ C ◭
16αL2 16(23.1 × 10−6 )(600)2
Buckling about z-axis (cantilever column, Le = 2L):
40(100)3 10.15
Iz = = 3.333 × 106 mm4 = 3.333 × 10−6 m4
12
For built-in ends
π 2 EIy π 2 (10 × 109 )(3.333 × 10−6 )
Pcr = 2 = 2 = 3290 N L 5
(2L) (2 × 5) Le = = = 2.5 m = 2500 mm
2 2
Column would buckle about z-axis. From FBD:
(a) For circular section
ΣFy = 0 Pcr − 2T cos 30◦ = 0 r
πR4 2 I R 40
3290 − 2T cos 30◦ = 0 T = 1899 N ◭ I= A = πR r= = = = 20 mm
4 A 2 2
Le 2500
10.12 = = 125 ◭
r 20
For 76 × 76 × 12.7 angle (z-axis is the weakest axis): (b) For square section

A = 1770 mm2
r
rz = 14.7 mm b4 2 I b 50
I= A=b r= = √ = √ mm
Iz = Arz2 = 1770(14.7)2 = 382.5 × 103 mm4 12 A 12 12
= 382.5 × 10−9 m4 Le 2500
= √ = 173.2 ◭
r 50/ 12
π 2 EIz 3 π 2 (200 × 109 )(382.5 × 10−9 )
Pcr = 12 × 10 =
L2e (2L)2 10.16
L = 3.97 m ◭
For propped cantilever

10.13 Le = 0.7L = 0.7(12) = 8.4 m

For S310 × 74 section: (a) For circular section

r
Ix = 126 × 106 mm4 Iy = 6.49 × 106 mm4 πR4 2 I 60
I= A = πR r= = = 30 mm
4 A 2
Buckling about x-axis (built-in ends, Le = 0.5 × 12 = 6 m):
Le 8.4 × 1000
π 2 EIx π 2 (200 × 103 )(126 × 106 ) = = 280 ◭
Pcr = = = 6908.7×103 N r 30
Le2 2
(6 × 1000) (b) For rectangular section
Buckling about y-axis (each half behaves as a propped
r
b3 h Imin b 60
cantilever, Le = 0.7 × 6 = 4.2 m): Imin = A = bh r= = √ = √ mm
12 A 12 12
π 2 EIy π 2 (200 × 103 )(6.49 × 106 ) Le 8.4 × 1000
Pcr = = 2 = 726.2 × 103 N ◭ = √ = 485 ◭
L2e (4.2 × 1000) r 60/ 12

10.14 10.17
Compatibility: A W-section is non-slender if
s s
PL b E h − 2t E
∆L = α ∆T L − =0 P = α ∆T EA < 0.56 and < 1.49
EA 2t σ yp tw σ yp

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Using σ yp = 250 MPa and E = 200 GPa, inequalities are

10.20
b h − 2t
< 15.84 and < 42.1 For W310 × 52 section: A = 6650 mm2 and r = 39.1 mm.
2t tw
(Dimensions in mm) Le 4 × 103
= = 102.30
b h − 2t r 39.1
h b t tw Non-slender?
s s
2t tw E 200 × 109
(a) 457 191 14.5 9.02 6.59 47.5 No 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.22
σ yp 250 × 106
(b) 460 191 16.0 9.91 5.97 43.2 No p
(c) 462 192 17.7 10.5 5.42 40.6 Yes ◭ Since Le /r < 4.71 E/σ yp , the nominal buckling stress is
 
10.18 σ nom = 0.658σyp /σcr σ yp
π2 E π 2 (200 × 109 )
(a) Welded box section is non-slender if σ cr = 2 = = 188.62 × 106 Pa
s (Le /r) 102.302
h − 2t E σ yp 250
< 1.40 = = 1.3254
t σ yp σ cr 188.62
∴ σ nom = 0.6581.3254 (250 × 106 ) = 143.55 × 106 Pa


With σ yp = 250 MPa and h = 180 mm this becomes
r The design strength is
180 − 2t 200 × 103
< 1.40 Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(143.55 × 106 )(6650 × 10−6 )
t 250
t > 4.3 mm ◭ = 859 × 103 N = 859 kN ◭

(b) The equal angle section is non-slender if

s 10.21
b E
< 0.45 For W250 × 167 section:
t σ yp
With σ yp = 250 MPa and b =, we have A = 21.2 × 103 mm2 = 21.2 × 10−3 m2
r r = 68.1 mm = 68.1 × 10−3 m
180 200 × 103 Pdes 1600 × 103
= 0.45 σ nom = = = 83.86 × 106 Pa
t 250 φA 0.9(21.2 × 10−3 )
t > 14.1 mm ◭
For A36 steel:
q p
10.19 4.71 E/σ yp = 4.71 (200 × 109 )/(250 × 106 ) = 133.2

For W200 × 100 section: A = 12700 mm2 and r = 53.8 mm Assume Le /r > 133.2.
Le 15 × 1000 π2E
= = 278.8 σ nom = 0.877σcr = 0.877
s r 53.8 (Le/r)2
r
200 × 103
s
E Le
r
0.877E 0.877(200 × 109 )
4.71 = 4.71 = 112.6 ∴ = π =π = 143.68
σ yp 350 r σ nom 83.86 × 106
p
Since Le /r > 4.71 E/σ yp , the nominal buckling stress is Therefore, the assumption was justified.
π2 E
σ nom = 0.877σcr = 0.877
(Le /r)
2 L = Le = 143.68 r = 143.68(68.1 × 10−3 ) = 9.78 m ◭
π (200 × 103 )
2
= 0.877 = 22.3 MPa
278.82 10.22
The design strength is
See solution of Prob 10.21 for properties of the section.
Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(22.3)(12700)
= 254.9 × 103 N = 254.9 kN ◭ Pdes 3200 × 103
σ nom = = = 167.71 × 106 Pa
φA 0.9(21.2 × 10−3 )

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Assume Le /r < 133.2. Pdes

= σ nom
  φA
σ nom = 0.658σyp /σcr σ yp
4000 × 103 
73099.4/D2

σ yp σ nom 167.71 = 0.658 (250)
= log0.658 = log0.658 = 0.9538 0.9(πD2 /4)
σ cr σ yp 250  2

= 0.65873099.4/D D2
σ yp 250 × 106
σ cr = = = 262.1 × 106 Pa D = 211.7 mm ◭
0.9538 0.9538
Check assumption:
π2 E 6 π 2 (200 × 109 )
σ cr = 259.1 × 10 = Le Le 6 × 1000
(Le /r)2 (Le /r)2 = = = 113.4
2 9 r D/4 211.7/4
π (200 × 10 )
262.1 × 106 =
r
(Le /r)2 E 200 × 103
4.71 √ = 4.71 = 133.2
Le σ yp 250
= 86.78 O.K. The assumption was correct
r Assumption was O.K.
L = Le = 86.78 r = 86.78(68.1 × 10−3 ) = 5.91 m ◭
10.25
10.23
r
πD2 πD4 I D
A= I= r= =
4 64 A 4
p
Assume that Le /r > 4.71 E/σ yp
σ nom = 0.877σcr For one L127 × 127 × 12.7 angle: A = 3060 mm2 ,
Pdes π2 E π2 E I¯ = 4.7 × 106 mm4 and ȳ = 36.1 mm
= 0.877 = 0.877 2
φA (Le /r)2 (4Le /D) For the section:
40 × 103 π 2 (200 × 103 ) I = 4(I¯ + Ad2 ) = 4 4.7 × 106 + 3060(113.9)2
 
= 0.877
2
0.9(πD /4) (4(6 × 1000)/D)2 = 44.4 × 106 mm4
D = 65.9 mm ◭ A = 4(3060) = 12240 mm2
Check assumption:
p p
r = I/A = 44.4 × 106 /12240 = 60.2 mm
Le Le 6 × 1000
= = = 364.2 Le L 15 × 1000
r D/4 65.9/4 = = = 249.2
s r r 60.2
s r
E 200 × 103 r
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.2 E 200 × 106
σ yp 250 4.71 = 4.71 = 133.2
σ yp 250
The assumption was correct. p
Since Le /r < 4.71 E/σ yp , the nominal buckling stress is
given by
10.24 h i
σ nom = 0.658σyp /σcr σ yp
From solution of Prob. 10.23: r = D/4.
where
π2 E π2E π 2 (200 × 103 ) π2 E π 2 (200 × 103 )
σ cr = = 2 = 2 σ cr = = = 31.8 MPa
(Le /r)2 (4Le /D) (4(6 × 1000)/D) (Le /r)2 (249.2)2
= 0.00342D2 σ yp 250
= = 7.86
p
Assume that Le /r ≤ 4.71 E/σ yp σ cr 31.8
= 0.6587.86 (250) = 9.3 MPa


  ∴ σ nom
σ nom = 0.658σyp /σ cr σ yp
The design strength is
 
= 0.658(250)/(0.00342D ) (250)
2
Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(9.3)(2240) = 102.4 × 103 N
= 102.4 kN ◭
 2

= 0.658 73099.4/D (250)

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10.26 10.28
For one C310 × 37 channel: A = 4740 mm2 and
p
Assume that Le /r > 4.71 E/σ yp .
Iz = 59.9 × 106 mm4
For the column: π2E
∴ σ nom = 0.877σcr = 0.877
(Le /r)2
A = 2(4740) = 9480 mm2
π2 (200 × 103 ) 1.73 × 106
I = 2(59.9 × 106 ) = 119.8 × 106 mm4 = 0.877 2
= MPa
r r (Le /r) (Le /r)2
I 119.8 × 106
r = = = 112.4. Pdes 1200 × 103 1333.3 × 103
A 9480 σ nom = = = MPa
φA 0.9A A
Le L 12 × 1000 Equating the two expressions for σ nom , we get
= = = 106.8.
r r 112.4
s r 1.73 × 106 1333.3 × 103 Le √
E 200 × 103 = = 1.14 A
4.71 = 4.71 = 133.2 (Le /r)2 A r
σ yp 250
√
Shape A r Le /r 1.14 A
p
Since Le /r < 4.71 E/σ yp , the nominal buckling stress is
h i W310 × 21 2680 19.1 314.14 59
σ nom = 0.658σyp /σ cr σ yp W310 × 23.8 3040 19.6 306.12 62.9

where Try W310 × 21:

π2 E π 2 (200 × 103 ) 1.73 × 106 1.73 × 106

σ cr = = = 173 MPa σ nom = 2
= = 17.5 MPa
(Le /r)2 (106.8)2 (Le /r) 314.142
σ yp 250 Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(17.5)(2680)
= = 1.445
σ cr 173 = 42210 N (too small)
= 0.6581.445 (250) = 136.5 MPa


∴ σ nom
Try W310 × 23.8:
The design strength is
1.73 × 106 1.73 × 106
Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(136.5)(9480) σ nom = 2
= = 18.5 MPa
(Le /r) 306.122
= 1164.6 × 103 N = 1164.6 kN ◭ Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(18.5)(3040)
= 50616 N (just right)

Check assumption:
10.27 s r
E 200 × 103 Le
From the solution of Prob.10.26: A = 9480 mm2 and 4.71 = 4.71 = 112.6 < (O.K.)
σ yp 350 r
Le /r = 106.8
s r We should also check the cross section for non-slenderness.
E 200 × 103 It turns out to be O.K.
4.71 = 4.71 = 111
σ yp 360 ∴ Choose W310 × 23.8 ◭
p
Since Le /r > 4.71 E/σ yp , the nominal buckling stress is
10.29
π2 E
σ nom = 0.877σcr = 0.877 The cross section is at the limit of slenderness if
(Le/r)2
2 3
π (200 × 10 )
s r
= = 151.8 MPa h − 3t E 200 × 103
(106.8)2 = 1.40 = 1.40 = 33.46
t σ yp 350
The design strength is t
∴ = 0.02743
Pdes = φσ nom A = 0.9(151.8)(9480) h
A = h2 − (h − 2t)2 = h2 − h2 (1 − 2 × 0.02743)2
= 1295.2 × 103 N = 1295.2 kN ◭
= 0.10671h2

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s r
4
h − (h − 2t) 4 4 4
h − h (1 − 2 × 0.02743) 4 π 2 Et π 2 Et π 2 (23333)
σ cr = Le /r = = = 30.7
I = = (Le /r)2 σ cr 245
12 12
= 0.01683h 4 Le = 30.7(0.7217) ≈ 22 mm ◭
r r
I 0.01683h4 (b) The slope of the stress-strain diagram at σ = 175 MPa
r = = = 0.3971h
A 0.10671h2 is
Le 8 × 1000 20146 315 − 40.6
= = Et = = 51774 MPa
r 0.3971h h 0.0053
π2E π 2 (200 × 103 )
= 4.86 × 10−3 h2
s
σ cr = =
r
(Le /r)2 (20146/h)2 π 2 Et π 2 (51774)
Le /r = = = 54.1
p σ cr 175
Assume that Le /r > 4.71 E/σ yp .
Le = 54.1(0.7217) ≈ 39 mm ◭
−3 2
∴ σ nom = 0.877σcr = 0.877(4.86 × 10 h) = 0.00426h
The specified design strength requires that 10.31
Pdes 80000 7806.2 × 103
σ nom = = =
φA 0.9(0.10671h2) h2
Equating the two expressions for σ nom yields
7806.2 × 103
0.00426h2 = h = 206.9 mm ◭
h2
∴ t = 0.02743h = 0.02743(206.9) = 57 mm ◭

Check assumption:
π 2 Et Et (Le /r)2 402
Le 20146 20146 σ cr = = = 2 = 162.1
= = = 97.4 (Le /r)2 σ cr π 2 π
r h 206.9
s r Trial 1: Assume σ cr = 210 MPa. Slope of σ-ǫ diagram is
E 200 × 103
4.71 = 4.71 = 112.6 MPa 315 − 78.4
σ yp 350 Et = = 38161 MPa
0.0062
Assumption was O.K. Et 38161
= = 181.7 > 162.1
σ cr 210
10.30 Trial 2: Assume σ cr = 210. Slope of σ-ǫ diagram is
315 − 98
Et = = 32879 MPa
0.0066
Et 32879
= = 146.8 < 162.1
σ cr 224
By interpolation
σ cr ≈ 217 MPa ◭

A = 502 − 37.52 = 1093.75 mm2

10.32
504 − 37.54
I = = 0.356 × 106 mm4
12 r
r
I 0.356 × 106 Equivalent load:
r = = = 18 mm
A 1093.75
P = 240 kN e = 75 mm
(a) The slope of the stress-strain diagram at σ = 245 MPa
is For W12 × 72:
315 − 140
Et = = 23333 MPa A = 7550 mm2 I = 128 × 106 mm4 S = 844 × 103 mm3
0.0075

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(a) r ! Try W410 × 46.1: A = 5890 mm2 , I = 156 × 106 mm4 ,

P Pe Le P S = 773 × 103 mm3
σ max = + sec
A S 2 EI 936 × 103 936 × 103 (75)
σ max = +
240 × 103 240 × 103 (75) 5890 773 × 103
= + " s #
7550 844 × 103 8 × 1000 936 × 103
s × sec
(200 × 103 )(156 × 106 )
" #
8 × 1000 240 × 103 2
× sec
2 (200 × 103 ) (128 × 106 ) = 249.7 MPa
= 53.1 MPa ◭ Use W410 × 53

(b) Let Pyp = N P be the load that initiates yielding.

!
10.34
r
Pyp Pyp e Le Pyp
σ yp = + sec
A S 2 EI
Pyp Pyp (75)
240 = +
7550 844 × 103
" s #
8 × 1000 Pyp
× sec
2 (200 × 103 ) (128 × 106 )
h  p i A = 2(15)(120) = 3600 mm2 = 3.6 × 10−3 m3
240 = Pyp 0.0001325 + 0.0000889 sec 0.0007906 Pyp ΣAi x̄i (15 × 120) (7.5 + 75)
x̄ = = = 41.25 mm
A 3600
The numerical solution is Pyp = 938140 N. e = x̄ = 41.25 mm
Pyp 938140 cc = x̄ = 41.25 mm ct = 135 − 41.25 = 93.75 mm
N= = = 3.9 ◭
P 240
I¯ = I¯i + Ai (x̄i − x̄)2
X 

10.33 120(153)
= + (15 × 120) (7.5 − 41.25)2
12
Equivalent load (see solution of Prob. 10.32): 15(120)3
+ + (15 × 120)(75 − 41.25)2
12
P = 240 kN e = 75 mm
= 6.294 × 106 mm4
Working load: r r
I¯ 6.294 × 106
r = = = 41.81 mm
Pw = N P = 3.9(240) = 936 kN A s 3600
r
L P 6000 40 × 103
Compute maximum stress for trial sections from = = 0.9040
2r EA 2(41.81) (70 × 109 )(3.6 × 10−3 )
r !
Pw Pw e Le Pw " !#
σ max = + sec
r
A S 2 EI P ecc L P
(σ c )max = 1 + 2 sec
A r 2r EA
and compare with σ yp = 240 MPa 40 × 10 3

41.25 (41.25)

= 1+ sec 0.9040
Try W410 × 53: A = 6840 mm2 , I = 186 × 106 , 3.6 × 10−3 41.812
S = 926 × 103 = 28.6 × 106 Pa = 28.6 MPa ◭
936 × 103 936 × 103 (75) " r !#
σ max = + P ect L P
6840 926 × 103 (σ t )max = −1 + 2 sec
" s # A r 2r EA
8 × 1000 936 × 103 3
 
× sec 40 × 10 41.25 (93.75)
2 (200 × 103 )(186 × 106 ) = −1 + sec 0.9040
3.6 × 10−3 41.812
= 212.7 MPa
= 28.6 × 106 Pa = 28.6 MPa ◭

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( " r #)
Pyp ec Le Pyp
10.35 σ yp =
A
1 + 2 sec
r 2r EA
From solution of Prob. 10.34: 75000

e(135/2)

300 = 1+ sec 0.5087
2850 45.12
A = 3600 mm2 I = 6.294 × 106 mm4
e = 273.7 mm ◭
r = 41.81 mm
e = cc = 41.25 mm ct = 93.75 mm
10.37
The maximum compressive and tensile stresses are
From solution of Prob. 10.36:
  r 
ecc L σ r=1 Le = 4000 mm Pyp = 75000 N
(σ c )max = σ 1 + 2 sec
r 2r E r s

ect
 r 
L σ Le Pyp 4000 75000
(σ t )max = σ −1 + 2 sec = = 0.8598
r 2r E 2r EA 2(45.1) (70 × 103 )(2850)
( " r #)
where σ = P/A. Substituting Pyp ec Le Pyp
σ yp = 1 + 2 sec
A r 2r EA
ecc 41.25(41.25)
= = 0.9734 75000

e(135/2)

r2 41.812 300 = 1+ sec 0.8598
ect 41.25(93.75) 2850 45.12
= = 2.212
2 41.812 e = 204.5 mm ◭
rr r
L 1 6 1
= = 271.2 × 10−6 Pa−1/2
2r E 2(0.04181) 70 × 109 10.38
and setting the maximum stresses equal to σ w = 130 × 106 For W360 × 122 section:
Pa, we get
A = 15.5 × 103 mm2 = 15.5 × 10−3 m2
√

130 × 106 = σ 1 + 0.9734 sec 271.2 × 10−6 σ

(a) S = 2020 × 103 mm3 = 2.020 × 10−3 m3
6 −6 √
I = 367 × 106 mm4 = 367 × 10−6 m4


130 × 10 = σ −1 + 2.212 sec 271.2 × 10 σ (b)
EI = 200 × 109 (367 × 10−6 ) = 73.4 × 106 N · m2


By trial-and-error, the solutions are
(a)
Eq. (a) : σ = 24.51 × 106 Pa [for (σ c )max = σ w ] r s
L P 10 500 × 103
Eq. (b) : σ = 21.36 × 106 Pa [for (σ t )max = σ w ] = = 0.4127
2 EI 2 73.4 × 10−6
The allowable P is governed by the maximum tensile r !
P Pe L P
stress: σ max = + sec
A S 2 EI
P = σA = 21.36 × 106 (3600 × 10−6 ) = 76 900 N


500 × 103 (0.3)


500 × 103
= 76.9 kN ◭ = + sec 0.4127
15.5 × 10−3 2.020 × 10−3
= 113.3 × 106 Pa = 113.3 MPa ◭

10.36 (b) Let Pyp = N P be the load that initiates yielding.

r !
Pyp Pyp e L Pyp
r r σ yp = + sec
I 5.8 × 106 A S 2 EI
r = = = 45.1 mm
A 2850 Pyp
Le = 2L = 2(2 × 1000) = 4000 mm 250 × 106 =
15.5 × 10−3
Pyp = N P = 2.5(30000) = 75000
r !
Pyp (0.3) 10 Pyp
+ sec
r s 2.020 × 10−3 2 73.4 × 106
Le Pyp 4000 75000
= = 0.5087 r !
2r EA 2(45.1) (200 × 103 )(2850) Pyp
250 × 106 = Pyp 64.52 + 148.51 sec
2.936 × 106

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Numerical solution yields Try W410 × 149: A = 19000 mm2 , I = 620 × 106 mm4 ,
S = 2870 × 103 mm3
Pyp = 1.0270 × 106 N
1937.5 × 103 1937.5 × 103 (270)
Pyp 1.0270 × 106 σ max = +
N= = = 2.05 ◭ 19000 2870 × 103
P 500 × 103 " s #
10 × 1000 1937.5 × 103
× sec
2 (200 × 103 )(620 × 106 )
10.39
= 326.7 (OK)
The properties of W360 × 122 section are given in the
solution of Prob. 10.38. Use W410 × 149 ◭
For propped cantilever column

Le = 0.7L = 0.7(10) = 7 m
10.41
Let Pyp = N P be the load that initiates yielding. Bending about z-axis
bh3 60(90)3
I = = = 3.645 × 106 mm4
r
Pyp Pyp e Le Pyp 12 12
σ yp = + sec
A S 2 EI r r
I 3.645 × 106
6 Pyp r = = = 26 mm
250 × 10 = A 5400
15.5 × 10−3
r ! Le = 2L = 2(2000) = 4000 mm
Pyp (0.3) 7 Pyp
+ sec
" r !#
2.020 × 10−3 2 73.4 × 106 Pyp ec Le Pyp
σ yp = 1 + 2 sec
r ! A r 2r EA
6 Pyp
250 × 10 = Pyp 64.52 + 148.51 sec Let σ̄ = Pyp /A and work in Newtons and millimeters.
5.992 × 106
" r !#
Numerical solution is ec Le σ̄
σ yp = σ̄ 1 + 2 sec
r 2r E
Pyp = 1. 0977 × 106 N  r 
15(45) 4000 σ̄
250 = σ̄ 1 + sec
Pyp 1. 0977 × 106 676 2(26) 200 × 103
P = = = 0.549 × 106 N = 549 kN ◭ √ i
N 2
h 
250 = σ̄ 1 + 1.0 sec 0.172 σ̄

10.40 Numerical solution is σ̄ = 55.5 MPa

Working load: Pyp = σ̄A = 55.5(5400) = 299.7 kN

Pyp 299.7
Pw = N P = 2.5(275) = 1937.5 kN P = = = 119.9 kN
N 2.5
Compute maximum stress for trial sections from Buckling about y-axis
r ! b3 h (60)3 (90)
Pw Pw e Le Pw I = = = 1.62 × 106 mm4
σ max = + sec 12 12
A S 2 EI
π 2 EI π 2 (200 × 103 )(1.62 × 106 )
Pcr = = = 199.9 kN
and compare with σ yp = 300 MPa. L2e 40002
Pcr 199.9
Try W410 × 132: A = 16900 mm2 , I = 541 × 106 mm4 , P = = = 78 MPa ◭
N 2.5
S = 2540 × 103 mm3
Bending about z-axis governs ◭
1937.5 × 103 1937.5 × 103 (270)
σ max = +
16900
" s
2540 × 103
#
10.42
10 × 1000 1937.5 × 103
× sec Bending about z-axis
2 (200 × 103 )(541 × 106 ) From solution of Prob. 10.41:
= 377.2 MPa (too high)
I = 3.645 × 106 mm4 r = 26 mm Le = 4000 mm

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ec
" r !#
Le σ̄
10.44
σ yp = σ̄ 1 + 2 sec
r 2r E
For C310 × 45 (bending about the weak axis):
 r 
150(45) 4000 σ̄
250 = σ̄ 1 + sec
676 2(26) 200 × 103 A = 5680 mm2 = 5.68 × 10−3 m2
h  √ i L 2200
250 = σ̄ 1 + 10 sec 0.172 σ̄ r = 19.4 mm = = 56.70
2r 2(19.4)
Numerical solution is σ̄ = 17.5 MPa ct = 80.5 − 17.1 = 63.4 mm cc = 17.1 mm
ect 100(63.4)
Pyp = σ̄A = 17.5(5400) = 94.5 kN = = 16.846
r2 19.42
Pyp 94.5 ecc 100(17.1)
P = = = 37.8 kN ◭ = = 4.544
N 2.5 r2 19.42
Buckling about y-axis Assuming that tension governs:
Buckling load Pcr = 199.9 kN was computed in Prob.
" r !#
Pyp ect L Pyp
10.41. Hence σ yp = −1 + 2 sec
A r 2r EA
Pcr 199.9 ( " #)
P = = = 7.8 MPa
r
N 2.5 6 Pyp Pyp /A
380 × 10 = −1 + 16.846 sec 56.70
A 200 × 109
Buckling about z-axis governs ◭
Numerical solution is Pyp /A = 20.03 × 106 Pa
10.43 Assuming that compression governs:
" r !#
Pyp ecc L Pyp
σ yp = 1 + 2 sec
For C150 × 19 (bending about the weak axis): A r 2r EA
( " r #)
Pyp Pyp /A
A = 2450 mm2 = 2.45 × 10−3 m2 6
380 × 10 = 1 + 4.544 sec 56.70
A 200 × 109
r = 13.2 mm
ct = 54.9 − 13.1 = 41.8 mm cc = 13.1 mm Numerical solution is Pyp /A = 47.18 × 106 Pa
Tension governs
20.03 × 106 5.68 × 10−3
" !#


Pyp (Pyp /A) A
r
P ecc L P P = = =
(σ c )max = 1 + 2 sec N N 2.5
A r 2r EA
3
" r !# = 45.5 × 10 N = 45.5 kN ◭
P ect L P
(σ t )max = −1 + 2 sec
A r 2r EA
10.45
Set (σ c )max = (σ t )max and solve for e:
π 2 π
A = (D − d2 ) = (1502 − 1202 ) = 6361.7 mm2
2r 2 4 4
e= π 4 4 π
I = (D − d ) = (1504 − 1204 ) = 14.7 × 106 mm4
r !
L P 64 64
(ct − cc ) sec
2r EA I 14.7 × 106
S = = = 196 × 103 mm3
D/2 75
1 1 π 2 EI 1 π 2 (200 × 103 )(14.7 × 106 )
r ! s ! P = Pcr = 2
= 2
L P 3000 14.5 × 103 2 2 Le 2 (8000)
sec = sec
2r EA 2(13.3) (200 × 109 )(2.46 × 10−3 ) = 226.7 × 103 N = 226.7 kN
r !
= 1.2220 P Pe π P
σ max = + sec
2(13.3)2 A S 2 Pcr
e= = 10.09 mm ◭ r !
(41.8 − 13.1)(1.2220) 226.7 × 103 226.7 × 103 π 1
120 = + sec
6361.7 196 × 103 2 2

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120 = 35.6 + 2.6e Computations:

e = 32.5 mm ◭ π · D2 π · D2
A(D) := (1 − β 2 ) I(D) := (1 − β 4 )
4s 64
10.46 A(D)
α(D) := Le · Slenderness ratio
For W200 × 100: A = 12700 mm2 , r = 53.8 mm (about I(D)
s
the weak axis) and c = 114.5 mm π2 · E E
σ cr (D) := C := 4.71 ·
L 8 × 1000 α(D)2 σ yp
= = 148.7   σ yp  
r 53.8
2
π E π 2 (200 × 103 )  0.658 σ cr (D) · σ yp  if α(D) < C 
σ cr = = = 89.3 MPa σ nom (D) :=  
(L/r)2 148.72  
" r !# (0.877 · σ cr (D)) otherwise
P ec L P
σ max = 1 + 2 sec
A r 2r EA Pdes (D) := 0.9 · σ nom (D) · A(D)
Substituting D := 0 · mm, 0.1 · Dmax ..Dmax Plotting range and increment
σ max = σ yp = 250 MPa
× 106
P 9
= 0.85σcr = 0.85(89.3) = 75.9 MPa
A 8
we get 7
" r !#
e(114.5) 148.7 75.9 6
250 = 75.9 1 + sec

Pdes (N)
53.82 2 200 × 103 5

250 = 24.6e + 75.9 e = 7.1 mm ◭ 4

3
10.47 2
1
A = 1802 − 1502 = 9900 mm2 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
1804 − 1504
I = = 45.3 × 106 mm4 D (mm) 194.4
12 r
r
I 45.3 × 106 C10.1 MathCad Worksheet for Part
c = 90 mm r= = = 67.6 mm
A 9900
Using σ̄ = P/A and σ max = σ yp , the secant formula is
(b)
Given:
" r !#
ec Le σ̄
σ yp = σ̄ 1 + 2 sec E := 200 GPa σ yp := 250 MPa Le := 6 m
r 2r E
  r  β := 0.9 Dmax := 480 mm
6(90) 6 × 1000 σ̄
250 = σ̄ 1 + sec Computations:
67.62 2(67.6) 200 × 103
h  √ i × 106
250 = σ̄ 1 + 0.11817 sec 0.0992 σ̄ 8
7
σ̄ = 172.7 MPa
P = σ̄A = 172.7(9900) = 1709730 N 6

= 1709.7 kN ◭ 5
Pdes (N)

C10.1 MathCad Worksheet for Part 3

2
(a)
1
Given: 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
E := 200 GPa σ yp := 250 MPa Le := 6 m
D (mm) 326.4
β := 0 Dmax := 270 mm

250
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Given σ max (P ) = σ yp Pyp := Find(P )

C10.2 MathCad Worksheet for Part
Pyp = 7.322 × 105 N
(a)
P := 0, 0.01 · Pyp ..Pyp Plotting range and increment
Given: 300
Le := 10 · m e := 300 mm
E := 200 · 109 · Pa σ yp := 250 · 106 · Pa
A := 15500 · mm2 S := 2010 · 103 · mm3

Max. stress (MPa)

200
I := 365 · 106 · mm4
Computations:
100
r !
P P ·e Le P
σ max (P ) := + · sec ·
A S 2 E ·I
Find P that initiates yielding: 0
 −1 0 200 400 519 600
1 e Initial value used in solution. P (kN)
P := σ yp · +
A S Obtained from σ = P/A + P e/S.
Given σ max (P ) = σ yp Pyp := Find(P )
C10.3 MathCad worksheet for Part
Pyp = 1.023 × 106 N
(a)
P := 0, 0.01 · Pyp ..Pyp Plotting range and increment Given:
300
D := 80 · mm d := 60 · mm Le := 1.2 · m
σ(ε) := (68.8 · ε − 2.36 · 103 · ε2 − 2.06 · 106 · ε3 ) · 109 · Pa
Max. stress (MPa)

200 Computations:
d
Et (ε) := σ(ε) Tangent modulus
dε r
100 π π I
A := · (D2 − d2 ) I := · (D4 − d4 ) r :=
4 64 A
Solve for critical strain:
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
P (kN) 647 ε := 0.0015 (initial value used in solution))
π 2 · Et (ε)
Given σ(ε) =  2 εcr := Find(ε)
C10.2 MathCad Worksheet for Part Le
r
(b)
εcr = 2.2248 × 10−3
Given:
Pcr := σ(εcr ) · A Pcr = 2.6103 × 105 N
Le := 20 · m e := 300 mm
E := 200 · 109 · Pa σ yp := 250 · 106 · Pa
A := 15500 · mm2 S := 2010 · 103 · mm3
I := 365 · 106 · mm4
Computations:
r !
P P ·e Le P
σ max (P ) := + · sec ·
A S 2 E ·I
Find P that initiates yielding:
 −1
1 e Initial value used in solution.
P := σ yp · +
A S Obtained from σ = P/A + P e/S.

251
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C10.3 MathCad worksheet for Part

(b)
Given:
D := 80 · mm d := 60 · mm Le := 2 · m
σ(ε) := (68.8 · ε − 2.36 · 103 · ε2 − 2.06 · 106 · ε3 ) · 109 · Pa

Computations:
d
Et (ε) := σ(ε) Tangent modulus
dε r
π π I
A := · (D2 − d2 ) I := · (D4 − d4 ) r :=
4 64 A
Solve for critical strain:

ε := 0.0015 (initial value used in solution))

π 2 · Et (ε)
Given σ(ε) =  2 εcr := Find(ε)
Le
r
εcr = 1.2953 × 10−3

Pcr := σ(εcr ) · A Pcr = 1.7742 × 105 N

252
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