Lesson 13

Nervous system pic save in word

Human Anatomy and Embryology

Prof. Mar Ubero

Dentistry
Index
CONTENT
-General background
-Central nervous system:

-Spinal cord

-Encephalon

-Peripheral nervous system

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 Nervous system: general background
NEURON GLIAL CELL

Information Protection, support,

transmission by nourishment, etc.
synapses.

they proudce bundles around the nerve to transfer signals

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Nervous system: general background
Sensory stimulus (afferent)

Response (efferent)
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Nervous system: general background
SYNAPSE

need o know ways of synapse

vesicals carry nuero transmitters

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Nervous system: general background

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Nervous system: general background

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Nervous system: general background
Functions:

- Sensory function.
- Integration function.
- Motor function.
- Higher cognitive functions

CNS
Structural division
PNS

SNS
Functional division
ANS
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 Nervous system: general background
Structural division

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM (PNS) SYSTEM (CNS):

- 12 Cranial nerves. - Brain.

- 31 spinal nerves. - Spinal cord.

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Nervous system: general background
Structural division

Sensory stimulus
PNS CNS
Motor response

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 Nervous system: general background
Functional division

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

(SNS) SYTEM:

Involuntary motor
control motor (smooth
Voluntary motor control m., cardiac m., and
and conscious sensory glands) and
processing. subconscious sensory
information

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Nervous system: general background
Functional division

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

There is a dynamic balance

between the autonomic branches
Need to know
symphtatic
atonomus system
parasymatic

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Nervous system: general background
Functional division

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

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 Nervous system: general background
term : actyle coline

Functional division

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Distribution of the first-order neuron within the

CNS: short mylented
long mylanted
- Sympathetic: spinal cord à
Text
mielomeres D1-
L2.
- Parasympathetic:
• Brainstem à craneal nerves III, VII, IX, X.
• Spinal cord à mielomeres S2-S4.

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 Nervous system: general background
Functional division

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Sympathetic
ganglion
Sympathetic N.
S.

NA
ACh

Parasympathetic Noradrenalin
CNS Acetilcholin ganglion

Paraympathetic
N. S.

ACh
ACh

Acetilcholin 15
Acetilcholin
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Formed by:

- Spinal cord

- Encephalon

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

• Dura matter.
• Arachnoid.
• Pia matter. 18
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

Cervical L1- L2

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Lumbar Cauda equina
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

C Cervical

31 spinal nerves:
-8 cervical *
D Dorsal
-12 dorsal
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
L Lumbar
-1 coccygeal
S Sacral
Cc
Coccygeal

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

Posterior horn

Lateral horn

Anterior horn

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

Afferences Posterolateral sulcus

Efferences
Anterolateral sulcus
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 neurology motor pathwaty
yt video

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

POSTERIOR ROOT
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION

POSTERIOR RAMUS

ANTERIOR RAMUS
ANTERIOR ROOT

SPINAL NERVE

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Spinal cord

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DURAMATTER

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DURAMATTER

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DURAMATTER

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

ARACHNOID

carinial nerve yt video

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

PIAMATTER

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

III ventricle
Silvian aqueduct
I y II ventricles

IV ventricle
Monro foramen
Interventricular foramen

➢ Lüschka foramina and Magendi foramen

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

Ex-vivo MRI

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CHOROID PLEXUS

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CHOROID PLEXUS à Cerebrospinal fluid

CSF

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

Reabsorption into the circulatory system

through the arachnoid granulations.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

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Hydrocephalus
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

Medulla oblongata Pons Mesencephalon (midbrain)

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Cerebellum Diencephalon Telencephalon (cerebrum)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

BRAINSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

BRAINSTEM

White matter:
• Ascending (sensory) and
descending (motor) fibers.
• Association fibers.

Grey matter:
Motor nuclei, sensory nuclei
and special senses nuclei.

The brainstem contains important

processing centers and also relays
information to and from the cerebrum
or cerebellum. 47
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

BRAINSTEM

RETICULAR FORMATION (RF)

• Diffuse net of neurons distributed all along the

brainstem (from the base of the diencephalon to the
medulla oblongata).

• Neurons grouped together in relation to their

neurochemical content (DA, Ser, NA).

• The RF is composed by:

➢ Ascending portion: formed by the sensory
tracts (ARS à Ascending Reticular
System), responsible for vigil state (input:
e.g. sole).
➢ Descending portion: formed by the motor
tracts that innervate the musculoskeletal
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system.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

2 5

1. Thalamus.
2. Hypothalamus. 4. Subthalamic nucleus.
5. Epithalamus. 50
3. Pituitary gland.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON

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Dr. M. Ubero
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS Divisions:

Anterior
Medial
Latero-dorsal
Latero-ventral
Medial geniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate nucleus

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON: THALAMUS

Sensory information relay and processing centers.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON: HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY GLAND

The hypothalamus contains centers involved with emotions, autonomic nervous system function, and 54
hormone production. It is the primary link between the nervous and endocrine systems.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON: HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY GLAND

- Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System.

- Regulation of the endocrine system (pituitary

gland).

- Regulation of sleep.

- Regulation of thirst, hunger, sexual behavior.

- Brain center for Tª regulation.

- Learning.

- Limbic system. 55
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON: SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS

Lesion: involuntary movements

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

DIENCEPHALON:EPITHALAMUS

PINEAL GLAND
Hormone-secreting gland – endocrine system.
Melatonin à regulation of the circadian
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rhythms
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CEREBELLUM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CEREBELLUM

The cerebellum automatically adjusts

motor activities on the basis of sensory
information and memories of learned
patterns of movement. 59
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

CEREBELLUM

- Adjustment of movement.
- Posture and equilibrium
- Emotions.
- Language articulation.
- Attention.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

anterior

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Insular lobe
Occipital lobe 62
posterior
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

Frontal lobe:
•Reasoning and solving problem Parietal lobe:
•Concentration •Sensory perception: touch, pressure, temperature, pain
•Thinking •Attention
•Short-term memory
•Behavior, personality
•Movement

Occipital lobe:
•vision

Broca area:
•Speech control

Temporal lobe:
•Long-term memory
•Complex visual tasks
(face recognition)
•Audition
•Speech processing
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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

“Phineas Gage´s case”

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

Prosopagnosia

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

- Caudate
TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)
- Putamen
- Indirect motor control (lesion: anomalous involuntary movements). - Pallidum
- Emotions / motivations.
- Accumbens

Caudate

Pallidum

Caudate

Putamen 67
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

- LIMBIC CORTEX (Cingulate gyrus, etc.).

- HIPPOCAMPUS.

- SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES (amygdala,

mammilary body, accumbens nuecleus).

MAMMILARY
NUCLEUS

HIPPOCAMPUS

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

Functions:
•Emotions/motivations (pain,
anger, fear, sorrow, pleasure, affection).

•Olfaction.
•Learning.
•Memory (emotional memory
amygdala-dependent, and long-term
memory hipoocampus-dependent).

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

TELENCEPHALON (CEREBRUM)

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: ARTERIAL SYSTEM

- Internal carotid artery.

- Vertebral artery.

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: ARTERIAL SYSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: ARTERIAL SYSTEM

Anterior cerebral artery.

Media cerebral artery.
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Posterior cerebral artery.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: ARTERIAL SYSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: VENOUS SYSTEM

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CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ENCEPHALON

VASCULARIZATION: VENOUS SYSTEM

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

12 CRANIAL NERVES

31 SPINAL NERVES

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PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

• Sensory
• Motor
• Mixed (sensory+motor) 78
• Special sensory
Sensory: I, II y VIII
Motor: III, IV, VI, XI y
XII
Mixed: V, VII, IX y X

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM. Gray's Basic Anatomy, 4th Edi@on. Philadelphia, PA:
Elsevier, 2019.

Drake RL, Vogl AW, Mitchell AWM, TibbiKs R, Richardson P. Gray ś Atlas of Anatomy, 3rd
Edi@on. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2020.

Mar@ni FH and Bartholomew EF. Essen@als of Anatomy & Physiology, 7th edi@on.
Pearson Educa@on, 2017. 7th Ed.

Nielsen M, Miller S. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd,
2011.

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 Maria del Mar Ubero Martinez

[email protected]

UCAM Universidad Católica de

Murcia

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