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EEE 04 - Superposition Theorem

This document details an experiment conducted at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology to verify the superposition theorem in electrical circuits. The experiment involved measuring currents in a circuit with multiple emf sources and demonstrated the application of linear and non-linear elements. Results showed a small error margin in the measurements, confirming the validity of the superposition theorem for the tested circuit configurations.

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6 views

EEE 04 - Superposition Theorem

This document details an experiment conducted at the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology to verify the superposition theorem in electrical circuits. The experiment involved measuring currents in a circuit with multiple emf sources and demonstrated the application of linear and non-linear elements. Results showed a small error margin in the measurements, confirming the validity of the superposition theorem for the tested circuit configurations.

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252v8gv96w
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Course Number : EEE 156 Group : 03

Experiment Number : 04
Name of the Experiment : VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

Date of Performance : 22/09/2024


Date of Submission : 20/10/2024

SUBMITTED BY
Md. Abidur Rahman
Student ID : 2311045
Department : MME
Section : A-2
Partners ID : 2311043, 2311044, 2311046, 2311047, 2311048
Objective : To verify experimentally the superposition theorem which is an
analytical technique of determining currents in a circuit with more than one emf
source.

Theory : In a circuit (network) made up of a linear elements (e.g. resistors) and


containing two or more sources of emf, the current in any particular branch when
all the emf sources are acting simultaneously may be found by considering the
sources of emf to act one at a time, then finding the current in the specified
branch due to each source and then superimposing, or adding algebraically,
these component currents.

Note regarding superposition theorem : While the current due to a particular


source of emf is being found the other emf sources are rendered inactive and if
any branch element is in series with those sources that remains intact.

Apparatus :

Two DC power supplies of suitable voltage


Three rheostats of suitable ratings
One DC ammeter and one DC voltmeter
One multimeter
Two SPDT switches
Procedure:

R1 R3

+ A +
E1 E2
- R2 _

Fig: 01
1. Set up the network as in Fig.1
2. Keep both sources active in the circuit by keeping the poles of SPDTs in proper
position.
3. Apply 10.2V from E1 and 13.1V from E2.
4. Set the potentiometer R1, R2 and R3 above 20Ω.
5. Measure the current I3 and record it in the given table.
6. Render E2 inactive using short circuit.
7. Measure the current I3' in branch R3 and record it in the table.
8. Render E1 inactive.
9. Measure the current I3" in the branch R3 and record it in the table.
10. Verify if I3=I3'+I3" which would validate the superposition theorem for this
particular circuit.
11. Repeat step 3 to 10 by changing E1 and E2 such that the current does not
exceed potentiometer ratings and take more set of readings.

Data table :
No
E1 E2 Io(E1-E2) Io'(E1) Io"(E2)
of R1,R2,R3 Error
(v) (v) (mA) (mA) (mA)
obs.
1 10.2 13.08 24.6,36.5,29.8 230 110 110 4.34%
2 13.1 9.45 24.6,36.5,37.2 210 150 50 4.76%

Calculation :
For observation 1:

Io = 230 mA, Io' = 110 mA, Io" = 110 mA


Io' + Io" = (110+110)mA = 220mA
Error = (230 – 220)/230 X 100%
= 4.34%
For observation 2:

Io = 210 mA, Io' = 150 mA, Io" = 50 mA


Io' + Io" = (150+50) mA = 200mA
Error = (210 – 200)/210 X 100%
= 4.76%
Discussion :
For this experiment, we operated to verify the superposition theorem. The values
of data from observation 1 & 2 were taken carefully. To observe further we
changed the values of emf sources (voltage sources) to obtain various sets of
data. Through this experiment we were also learnt about linear, non-linear
elements and circuits and introduced with the method of short circuiting the
voltage source and open circuiting of the current source to simplify the circuit by
deactivated both the sources. The voltage sources being unstable could be the
reason behind the error. Finally, it can be said that this experiment has been
fruitful in learning about superposition theorem.

Report :
1. Linear elements are the elements that allows a linear relationship between
voltage and current because the voltage current relationship satisfies both
the homogeneity and the additivity properties. For example, a resistor is a
linear element. Non-linear elements are those elements that do not show a
linear relation between voltage and current. For instance, voltage and
current sources are not linear elements. A linear circuit is the one whose
output is linearly related or directly proportional to its input. A non-linear
circuit is one whose output is not linearly related or directly proportional to
its input.
2. According to the requisite of linearly, the superposition theorem is only
applicable for determining voltage and current but not power as power
dissipations, being non-linear functions, do not algebraically add to an
accurate total when one of the sources is considered at a time. Therefore,
the total power dissipated in a resistor must be calculated using the total
current through (or the total voltage across) it. Power is the product of
voltage and current and when sources are superimposed, the resulting
power is not simply the sum of the powers from each source. So, the
superposition principle can be used to determine voltage and current in a
linear circuit, it cannot be used determining power.
3. As both the voltage and circuit sources replaced by their internal resistance,
in order to simplify the circuit and make it easier to analyze. Voltage
sources are replaced with short circuits and current sources are replaced
with open circuits. Independent voltage sources have internal resistance
equal to zero, hence can be replaced by short circuiting it. While current
sources have internal resistance equal to infinity, it maintains a constant
current flow, regardless of the voltage across it. When we open circuit it,
we break the path for the current to flow. Since current cannot flow
through an open circuit, the current source is effectively deactivated.

4. Mesh current method (Application) :

R1 R3

+ A +
E1 I1 I2 E2
- R2 _

I0

Fig: 02

Applying mesh method,


-10.2 + 24.6I1 +36.5 (I1-I2) = 0
=> 61.1I1 - 36.5I2 = 10.2 ............(1)
And
13.1 + 36.5(I2 – I1) + 29.8I2 = 0
=> -36.5I1 + 66.3I2 = -13.2...........(2)
Calculating 1 & 2,
I1 = 0.04286 A
I2 = -0.157 A
Io = (I1 – I2) = (0.04286 + 0.157) A = 0.23 A

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