Waves

DETAILED
ONE SHOT for
All Concepts

1
Derivations
Numericals 97%
 Download Arvind Academy App

2
 For Updates

Arvind Academy
Telegram Channel
Link given in description

3
 For 97% Marks DRONA

4
 Arvind Academy
App
Link given in description
Class 12, 11 & NEET
Download Now

5
 Wave Motion
❖ Wave motion is a kind of disturbance
which travels through a medium due to
repeated vibrations of the particles of the
medium about their mean positions, the
disturbance being handed over from one
particle to the next.

Note: in a wave motion, disturbance travels

through some medium, but the medium
does not travel along with the disturbance.

6
 Different types of Waves
(i) Mechanical waves.
(ii) Electromagnetic Waves
(iii) Matter Waves

7
 Different types of Waves
(i) Mechanical waves.

The waves which require a

material medium for their
propagation are called mechanical
waves.

Examples : Water waves, sound

waves

8
 Different types of Waves
(ii) Electromagnetic waves.

• The waves which travel in the form

of oscillating electric and magnetic
fields are called electromagnetic
waves.

• Such waves do not require any

material medium for their
propagation and are also called non-
mechanical waves.

Exampels : Visible and ultraviolet light,

X-rays, etc.

9
 Different types of Waves

(iii) Matter waves.

The waves associated with

microscopic particles, such as
electrons, protons, neutrons,
atoms, molecules, etc., when they
are in motion, are called matter
waves or de-Broglie waves.

10
 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Transverse waves

These are the waves in which

the individual particles of the
medium oscillate
perpendicular to the direction
of wave propagation.

11
 Transverse And Longitudinal Waves

Longitudinal waves.

These are the waves in which the

individual particles of the medium
oscillate along the direction of wave
propagation.

12
 Definitions In Connection With Wave Motion
(iii) Frequency. (i) Amplitude.

The frequency of a wave It is the maximum

is the number of waves displacement suffered by
produced per unit time in the particles of the
the given medium. medium about their mean
positions.

(iv) Angular frequency. (ii) Time period.

The rate of change of The time period of a wave

phase with time is called is the time in which a
angular frequency of the particle of medium
wave. completes one vibration to
and fro about its mean
position.

13
 Definitions In Connection With Wave Motion

(v)Wavelength.

It is the distance between two

nearest particles of the medium
which are vibrating in the same
phase . It is denoted by λ.
(vi) Wave number.

The number of waves present in

a unit distance of the medium is
called wave number.

14
 Definitions In Connection With Wave Motion
(viii) Wave Velocity Or (vii) Angular wave number
Phase Velocity. or propagation constant.

The distance covered by a The quantity k = 2π/λ is called

wave per unit time in its angular wave number or
direction of propagation is propagation constant of a
called its wave velocity or wave.
phase velocity.

15
 Relation b/w Wave Velocity, Frequency & Wavelength

𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = 𝒇𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 × 𝑾𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉

16
 Derivation : Relation b/w Wave Velocity, Frequency & Wavelength

17
 Speed of Transverse Waves on a Stretched String

The speed of a transverse wave along a

stretched string depends only on the tension
T and linear mass density m of the string.

Note: The speed does not depend upon

frequency of the wave.

18
 Speed of Transverse Wave in a Solid

19
 Speed of a longitudinal wave in a liquid or gas

20
 Speed of Longitudinal Wave in a Solid Rod

21
22
 Speed of Sound in a Gas:
Newton's Formula and Laplace Correction

23
 Newton's Formula for the Speed of Sound in a Gas
Newton assumed that sound waves
travel through a gas under
isothermal conditions.
He argued that the small amount
of heat produced in a compression
is rapidly conducted to the
surrounding. Thus the temp. of gas
remains constant.

24
 Discrepancy of Newton's Formula with experimental data

25
 Laplace’s Correction in the Newton’s formula (for the Speed of Sound in a Gas)
Laplace pointed out that sound travels
through a gas under adiabatic
conditions not under isothermal
conditions (as suggested by Newton).
This is because of the following
reasons :

(i) As sound travels through a gas,

temperature rises in the regions of
compressions and falls in the
regions of rarefactions.

(ii) A gas is a poor conductor of heat.

(iii) The compressions and rarefactions

are formed so rapidly that the heat
generated in the regions of
compressions does not get time to
pass into the regions of rarefactions
so as to equalise the temperature.

26
 Laplace Correction is Consistent with the experimental data

27
 Factors affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas
(i) Effect of pressure.

The speed of sound in a gas is given

by the Laplace formula,

𝜸𝑷
𝝆
when pressure changes, density also
changes in the same ratio so that the
𝑷
factor remains unchanged.
𝝆

Hence pressure has no effect on the

speed of sound in a gas.

28
 Factors affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas
(ii) Effect of density

At constant pressure, the speed of

sound in a gas is inversely proportional
to the square root of its density.
𝟏
𝐯∝
𝛒

(iii) Effect of humidity.

The presence of moisture in air

decreases the density of air.
so sound travels faster in moist air
than in dry air.

29
 Factors affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas

(iv)Effect of temperature.

the speed of sound in a gas is

directly proportional to the square
root of its absolute temperature.

V∝ T

30
 Factors affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas
(v) Effect of wind.

When the wind blows in the direction

of sound (𝜃 = 0°),
resultant velocity = 𝜐 + 𝜔

When the wind blows in the opposite

direction of sound (𝜃 = 180°),
resultant velocity = 𝜐 − 𝜔

31
 Factors affecting Speed of Sound in a Gas
(vi) Effect of frequency.
The speed of sound in air is
independent of its frequency.

(vii) Effect of amplitude.

To a large extent, the speed of
sound is independent of the
amplitude of the sound wave.

32
 Q. At what temperature will the speed of
sound be double its value at 273 K ?

33
 Progressive wave
A wave that travels from one point
of the medium to another is called
a progressive wave.

A progressive wave may be

transverse or longitudinal.

34
 Plane Progressive Harmonic Wave
If during the propagation of a
wave through a medium, the
particles of the medium vibrate
simple harmonically about their
mean positions, then the wave is
said to be plane progressive
harmonic wave.

35
 Displacement relation for a Progressive Wave
A plane progressive harmonic wave
travelling along positive direction
of X- axis can be represented by
any of the following expressions:

𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 − 𝒌𝒙 , 𝒌 = 𝟐𝝅/𝝀

36
 Derivation : Displacement relation for a Progressive Wave
Taking the initial phase of
the particle to be zero, the
displacement of the particle
at the origin O (x = 0) at any
instant t is given by

Consider a particle P on the Suppose a simple harmonic

X-axis at a distance x
wave starts from the origin O
from O.
and travels along the positive
The disturbance starting direction of X-axis with speed
from the origin O will reach v.
P in 𝑥Τ𝑉 seconds. Let the time be measured
from the instant when the
This means the particle P particle at the origin O is
will start vibrating 𝑥Τ𝑉 passing through the mean
seconds later than the position.
particle at O.
Therefore,

37
 Derivation : Displacement relation for a Progressive Wave

This equation represents a

harmonic wave travelling along the
38
+ve X direction.
39
 Imp. Note.

40
 Phase of a wave
The phase of a harmonic wave is a
quantity that gives complete information
of the wave at any time and at any
position.

𝜙 = 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙0

41
 Phase change with time
The time period of a wave as the time in
which the phase of a particle of the medium
changes by 2π

42
 Phase Change With Position

The negative sign indicates that farther

the particle is located from the origin in
the positive X-direction, the more it lags
behind in phase.

43
44
 Boundary Effects (Rigid Boundary)
Reflection of a wave from a rigid boundary.

When a travelling wave is reflected from a rigid

boundary, it is reflected back with a phase reversal
or phase difference of π radians.

45
 Boundary Effects (Open Boundary)
Reflection of a wave from an open boundary.

When a travelling wave is reflected from a free or

open boundary, it suffers no phase change.

46
 Boundary Effects
Refraction of a wave
A wave suffers no -phase change
during its refraction from one medium
to another.

47
48
 Principle of Superposition of Waves
The principle of superposition of waves
states that when a number of waves travel
through a medium simultaneously, the
resultant displacement of any particle of
the medium at any given time is equal to
the algebraic sum of the displacements due
to the individual waves.

49
 Principle Of Superposition Of Waves
The superposition of two waves
may lead to following three
different effects :

1. Interference of waves.

2. Stationary waves.

3. Beats.

50
 Stationary Waves
When two identical waves of
same amplitude and frequency
travelling in opposite directions
with the same speed along the
same path superpose each other,
the resultant wave does not
travel in the either direction and
is called stationary or standing
wave.

51
 Two Types of Stationary Waves

Stationary Waves

Transverse Stationary Wave Longitudinal Stationary Waves

When two identical transverse waves When two identical longitudinal waves travelling in
travelling in opposite directions overlap, a opposite directions overlap, a longitudinal stationary
transverse stationary wave is formed wave is formed.

52
 Nodes and Antinodes
Some particles of the
medium remain permanently
at rest i.e., they have zero
displacement. Their positions
are called Nodes.

Some other particles always

suffer maximum
displacement. Their positions
are called Antinodes.

53
 Formation of Stationary waves
by graphical method

54
 Analytical Treatment of Stationary Waves

The stationary wave,

It involves the product of separate
harmonic functions of time t and
position x

55
 Derivation : Analytical Treatment of Stationary Waves

This equation represents a

stationary wave. It cannot
represent a progressive wave
because the argument of any
of its trigonometric functions
does not contain the
combination (𝜔𝑡 ± 𝑘𝑥).

The stationary wave has the

same angular frequency 𝜔
but has amplitude

Obviously in case of a
stationary wave, the
amplitude of oscillation is not
same for all the particles.
It varies harmonically with
56 the location x of the particle.
 Derivation : Position of nodes & antinodes of Stationary Waves

57
 Characteristics of Stationary Waves
1. In a stationary wave, the
disturbance does not advance
forward.

2. All particles of the medium,

except those at nodes, execute
simple harmonic motions .

3. Formation of nodes and

antinodes

4. The distance between two

successive nodes or antinodes
𝜆
is
2

5. The amplitudes of the

particles are different at
different points

58
 Characteristics Of Stationary Waves
9. A stationary wave has 6. All the particles in a
the same wavelength particular segment
and time period as the between two nodes
two component waves. vibrate in the same
phase but the particles in
10. There is no transference two neighbouring
of energy across any segments vibrate in
section of the medium opposite phases.
because no energy can
flow past a nodal point 7. The maximum velocity is
which remains different at different
permanently at rest. points. Its value is zero
at the nodes and
progressively increases
towards the antinode.

8. Twice in each cycle, the

energy becomes
alternately wholly
potential and wholly
59
kinetic.
 Stationary Waves in a String Fixed at both ends

In general, if the string vibrates in 𝑝

segments, then Frequency of vibration
will be :

60
 Derivation : Stationary Waves in a String Fixed at both ends
Consider a string of If the wire be plucked in the
length L, stretched middle, transverse waves
under tension T. travel along it and get
Let m be the mass per reflected from the ends.
unit length of string. These identical waves
travelling in opposite
The speed of the directions give rise to
transverse wave on stationary waves.
the string will be
Due to boundary
conditions, the string
vibrates in one or more
segments or loops with
certain natural
frequencies. These special
patterns are called normal
modes.

61
 First Mode of Vibration

This is the minimum frequency with

which the string can vibrate and is
called fundamental note or first
harmonic

Fundamental note or
1st Harmonic

62
 Second Mode of Vibration

This frequency is called

first overtone or second
harmonic.

1st Overtone or
2nd Harmonic

63
 Third Mode of Vibration

This frequency is called

second overtone or third
harmonic.

2nd Overtone or
3rd Harmonic

64
 If String Vibrates in P segments

In general, if the string

vibrates in 𝑝 segments, then
,Frequency of vibration will
be :

(p-1)th Overtone or
prd Harmonic
65
 String fixed at both ends
Thus the various frequencies are in the ratio
1:2:3:... and hence form a harmonic series.

These frequencies are called harmonics

with the fundamental itself as the first
harmonic.

The higher harmonic are called overtones.

Thus second harmonic is first overtone, third
harmonic is second overtone and so on.

66
 Q. A stretched wire emits a fundamental note of
256 Hz. Keeping the stretching force constant and
reducing the length of wire by 10 cm, the frequency
becomes 320 Hz.
Calculate the original length of the wire.

67
 Organ Pipe
If both the ends of the pipe are
open, it is called an Open pipe.

If one end of the pipe is closed,

it is called Closed pipe.

68
 Normal Modes of Vibration in Open Organ Pipe (1st Mode of Vibration)

In an organ pipe open at both ends

First mode of vibration
Fundamental mode

Fundamental frequency or
1st Harmonic

69
 2nd Mode of Vibration (2nd Harmonic, 1st Overtone)

Second mode of vibration

1st Overtone or
2nd Harmonic

70
 3rd Mode of Vibration (3rd Harmonic, 2nd Overtone)

Third mode of Vibration

2st Overtone or
3nd Harmonic

Hence various frequencies of an

open organ pipe are in the ratio 1:2
:3:4: ...
These are called harmonics.

71
 Resonance
The systems strings and air columns,
can also undergo forced oscillations .

If the external frequency is close to one

of the natural frequencies, the system
shows resonance.

72
 Normal Modes Of Vibration in Closed Organ Pipe
In a closed organ pipe, one end
of the pipe is open and the
other end is closed.

In the case of a closed organ

pipe of length L, the Normal
Modes of Vibration are shown
in the fig.

73
 1st Mode of Vibration (1st Harmonic, Fundamental freq.)

First Mode of Vibration

Fundamental frequency or
1st Harmonic

74
 2nd Mode of Vibration (3rd Harmonic, 1st Overtone)

Second Mode of Vibration

1st Overtone or
3rd Harmonic

75
 3rd Mode of Vibration (5th Harmonic, 2nd Overtone)

Third Mode of Vibration

2nd Overtone or
5th Harmonic

Hence different frequencies produced in

a closed organ pipe are in the ratio
1 : 3 : 5 : 7 : ... i.e., only odd harmonics
are present in a closed organ pipe.

76
 Important Point ( याद रखने के लिए )

77
 Find the ratio of the length of a closed pipe to
that of an open pipe in order that the second
overtone of the former is in unison with the
fourth overtone of the latter.

78
 waxing and waning Beats
of sound = ध्वनि का
बढ़िा और घटिा ❖ When two sound waves of
slightly different frequencies
travelling along the same path
in the same direction in a
medium superpose upon each
other.

❖ The intensity of the resultant

sound at any point in the
medium rises and falls
(technically known as waxing
and waning of sound)
alternately with time.

❖ These periodic variations in the Beat frequency = Difference in

intensity of sound caused by the frequencies of the two
superposition of two sound superposing waves
waves of slightly different
frequencies are called beats.

79
 Essential condition for the formation of Beats
❖ For beats to be audible, the
difference in the frequency of
the two sound waves should
not exceed 10.

❖ If the difference is more than

10, we shall hear more than
10 beats per second. But due
to persistence of hearing, our
ear is not able to distinguish
between two sounds as
separate if the time interval
between them is less than
(1/10)th of a second.

❖ Hence beats heard will not

be distinct if the number of
beats produced per second is
more than 10.

80
 Practical Applications of Beats
(i) Determination of an unknown frequency.
ν1 is the known frequency of tuning
fork A and ν2 is the unknown
frequency of tuning fork B and
they produced beats b per second
then

81
 (i) Determination Of An Unknown Frequency

82
 (i) Determination Of An Unknown Frequency

83
 The points of the prongs of a tuning fork B originally
in unison with a tuning fork A of frequency 384 are
filed and the fork produces 3 beats per second, when
sounded together with A. What is the frequency of B
after filing ?

84
 For 97% Marks DRONA

85
 Arvind Academy
App
Link given in description
Class 12, 11 & NEET
Download Now

86
 Thank You
Subscribe
Arvind Academy

87