Xyht. Xyht Xt Xy Jie eh eee . he Xylene Xbeon Krom Ky hay | Each equation is solved by the principle of simerstonal omogsncy and values or | are obtained. These values are substituted in equation (1 and values Of T), ™, ..., Tam te ty tee | secs values of ms are substituted in equation (12.3). The final equation forthe Rate | obtained by expressing any one of the m-terms as a function of others as met x Hy =O [eq My, oy Be) My = Oy [Re Me vega a 12.4.3 Method of Selecting Repeating Variables. The number of *epeating vatiatye equal to the number of fundamental dimensions of the problem. The choice of repeating vase governed by the following considerations : es | 1. As far as possible, the dependent variable should not be selected as Tepeating variable 2. The repeating variables should be choosen in such a way that ‘one variable containg Be {i Property, other variable contains flow property and third variable contains fluid open’ Variables with Geometric Property are 2 (@ Length, ¢ Gd Variables with flow property are @ Velocity, V (ii) Acceleration etc. Variables with fluid Property : (i) H, (ii) p, (iii) @ etc. 3. The repeating variables selected should not form a dimensionless group. 4. The repeating variables together must have the same number of fundamental dimensions, 5. No two repeating variables should have the same dimensions In most of fluid mechanics problems, the choice of repeating variables may be (i) d, y, Pil, oF (iii) 1, v, wor (iv) d, v, BL. 12.4.4 Procedure for Solving Problems by Buckingham’s n-theorem, The proctéye for solving problems by Buckingham's m-theorem is explained by ‘considering the problem 12.6 whig is also solved by the Rayleigh’s method. The problem i: The resisting force R of a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as length of the aircraft /, velocity V, air viscosity U1, air density P and bulk modulus functional relationship between these variables and the resisting force. Solution. Stép 1. The resisting force R depends upon (i) I, Gi) V, Gi is a function of |, V, w, p and K. Mathematically, “ RAV PK ; Bt) or it can be written as f, (R, 1, V, u, p, K)=0 ‘ <. Total number-of variables, n = 6. Number of fundamental dimensions, m = 3. lm is obtained by writing dimensions of each variables as R = MLT*, V = LT", p= ME" p =ML*, K = ML"T~. Thus as fundamental dimensions in the problem are M, L, T and hence m=3] Number of dimensionless n-terms = n - m =.6 — 3 = 3. Thus three -terms say 1, 7 and m are formed. Hénce equation (ii) is written as 3 fy (My Ty ) = 0. : s Step 2. Each x term = m + 1 variables, where m is equal to 3 and also called repeating va Out of six variables R, 1, V, 1, p and K, three variables are to be selected as repeating variable Ret dependent variable and should not be selected as a repeating variable. Out of the five rem or (iii) Height, H ete, hip dependent upon te’, of air K, Express te HL Gy) p and (v) K. Hence Scanned with CamScannere flow property p as repeating nd should have are L, Lt + do not form a one ib have geometic property, the second variable should ty ve fone fluid propery se seopiremenis are fulfilled by selecting /, V and Ate The repeats aa es themselves should not form a dimensionless term a ei damental dimensions equal to m, ie., 3 here. Dimensions of fy V and p lv “ce the three fundamental dimensions exist in J, V and p and they themselves ed nee onl eee is writ i ji, gach ter" is fen as according to equation (12.4) * mal" .V% pt T= 1% ye .pt an iv) mya VO pp? K / so Fach t-term 1s solved by the principle of dimensional homogeneity. For the first m-term, We ve . " : my = MELTS = 1 (LT. (ML) MLT>. sating ne POWETS of M, L, T on both sides, we get. = Ea of M [O=c,+1 qeed power of O=a, +b,-3c, +1, 7 5 " substring the values of a;, b, and ¢, in equation (iv), m=? V? pt R R R . fe T= DByip ~ BEV wl) sinialy for the 2nd w-term, We get t= MT" = L” « (LT) (UL? - ME'T". Fauing the powers of M, 1 T on both sides Power of M, 0=c,+1, ~ on gel Power of L, a +b,-3e,-1, py +3q¢1q1-3tlec! any, Power of 7, -b,-1, 2 by=-1 sisting the Values of dz, by and Cin Ta of (iv) Ht yl ot L vil.pl. wea: . a 1Vp - ed t-term 21% V2 /p2.K - \, : eu =18.(LT?Y. (ML) ML“T? Equting the powers of M, L, T on both sides, we have Pover of M, O=a+h o : ~ over of L, a, +by—3e5-h =by-2 by and cy in m3 term mah vip k quot 7, bsituting the values of a3, eee ze fe Scanned with CamScannerStep 5. Substituting the values of 7, m2 and ™; in equation (iii), we get te Eloy oot eel Berd] fi prev? ive’ Vp) ~ prev’ Vp V'P. # ie] am ag [He or R= phv' [ts vp Problem 12.8 (a) State Buckingham's mtheorem. = / (b) The efficiency 17 of a fan depends on density p, dynamic Mpc ie the fia, lay @ diameter D of the rotor and the discharge Q. Express 1 in ter Sionless param ly pate ee al ee Solution. (a) Statement of Buckinghgm’s m-theorem is given in Article 12.4.9 " (b) Given : 1 is a function of p, 1, @, D and Q : a =f: H, ®, D,Q) or fi (MPs HD, Q)~ 9 Hence total number of variables, n = 6. “A The value of m, i.e., number of fundamental dimensions for the problem is obtaineg by v5 dimensions of each variable. Dimensions of each variable are Mig 1 = Dimensionless, p = Mf =ML"T", Ost DeLand Q= pp “ m=3 mnt Number of x-terms =n —m=6—3=3 Equation (i) is written as f; (7, p, Wy) = 0 Each r-term contains m + 1 variables, where m is equal to three and is also repeating vatiany Choosing D, « and p as repeating variables, we have =D". opty 1 =D®.@?. pp . 1 =D®.0%.p?.Q First x-term =D"... pt. Substituting dimensions on both sides of Th, MLD = 1% (TY, (ME). ypz27 Equating the powers of M, L, T on both sides Power of M, 0=c, +0, zB c=0 Power of L, 0=a,+0, Fy a,=0 Power of T, O=-h40, by =0 Substituting the values of aj, p and c, in m,, we get vo no igige ee B/ {if a variable is dimensionless, it itself is a n-term, Here the variable 7) is a dimensionless and het 11 is a m-term. As it exists in first m-term and hence = 1. Then there is no need of equating & Powers. Directly the value can be obtained. ] Second x-term Ty =D® wp? ‘Substituting the dimensions on both sides MLD = 1%, (TY, (M2 ye! Equating the powers of M, L, T on both sides Scanned with CamScannerof T O52 etn the values of as, by and cj a =D? gt . =D gh og . Pop i the dimensions on both sides °° 2 LT? = 145 | ¢ gquating the powers of M, Land Ton ie ante br power of Ms = cy poner ofl srt e=0 wer of T, O=-b, by=-1 Sowing the values of a, by and cs in'my, ™=D? op 9. 2 substituting the values of m4, 7 and m; in equation (ii) : BH fi (1. aioe D'ap es) Oorn= late sl problem 12.9 Using Buckingham’s a-theorem, show that the velocity through a circular orifice is sol. _# . iver. byV=2gH o [2 , a where H is the head causing flow, D is the diameter of the orifice, pisco-eficient of viscosity, p is the mass density and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Solution. Given : Visa function of H, D, [1, p and g Ve a D, Ut, p, 8) orf (V, H, D, H, p, 8) =0 .. Total number of variable, = 6 @) Writing dimension of each variable, we have V=LT", H=L, D=L,=ML"T*, p = ML", g=LT”. Thus number of fundamental dimensions, m = 3 +. Number of m-terms =n-m= Equation (i) can be written as f, (1), T%» M5) = 0 Each r-term contains m + 1 variables, where m= isa dependent variable and hence should not be selected as repeating v "heating variable, we get three m-terms as =H .gh pV m= Hg p2-D my = H® «gp? First term m=H". gh ph.v =3. fii) 3 and is also equal to repeating variables. Here V arable. Choosing H, g, P as Scanned with CamScanner