Department of Computer Science & Engineering

CSE-111
CSE 111 Introduction to Computer Science
Instructor : Dr. Ahmed Gomaa

Fall, 2024
 Overview

• This lecture covers:

– Differences between system software and application software
– Functions of and differences among operating systems
– Various types of operating systems
– Functions of and various types of utility programs
– A look at the possible future of operating systems

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 System Software and Application Software

• System software: The operating system and utility programs

that control a computer system and allow you to use your
computer
– Enables the boot process, launches applications, transfers files,
controls hardware configuration, manages hard drive, and protects
from unauthorized use
• Application software: Programs that allow a user to perform
specific tasks on a computer
– Word processing, playing a game, preparing taxes, browsing the Web,
and so forth

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 The Operating System

• Operating system: A collection of programs that manage and

coordinate the activities taking place within a computer system
– Acts as an
intermediary
between the
user and the
computer

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 Functions of an Operating System

• Interfacing with users (typically via a GUI)

• Booting the computer
• Configuring devices
– Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if
needed
– Plug and Play devices are recognized
automatically

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 Functions of an Operating System

• Managing resources and jobs

– Makes resources available to devices
– Monitors for problems
– Scheduling routines
• File management
– Keeps track of files stored
on computer
– Hierarchical format
• Security
– Passwords
– Biometric characteristics
– Firewalls

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File Management

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

• Multitasking: The ability of an operating

system to have more than one program
(task) open at one time
• CPU rotates between tasks
• Switching is done quickly
• Appears as though all programs executing at the
same time

The same as Multiprocessing and parallel processing

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency

• Multiprocessing and parallel processing: Multiple processors

(or multiple cores) are used in one computer system to
perform work more efficiently
– Simultaneous processing: Performs tasks at the same time
– Multiprocessing: Each CPU (or core) typically works on a different job
• Used with personal computers with multi-core processors
– Parallel processing: CPUs or cores typically works together to
complete one job more quickly
• Used with servers and mainframes

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 Processing Techniques for
Increased Efficiency
• Memory management: Optimizing the use of main memory
(RAM)
– Virtual memory: Memory-management technique that uses hard
drive space as additional RAM

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 Differences Among Operating Systems

• Command line vs. graphical user

interface (GUI)
– Most operating systems use
GUI today

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 Differences Among Operating Systems

• Personal vs. server operating system

– Personal operating system: designed to be installed on a single
computer
– Server operating system: designed to be installed on a network
server
• Client computers still use a personal operating system
• Server operating system controls access to network resources
– Many operating systems come in both versions
• Mobile and embedded operating systems also exist

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Server Operating Systems

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 Operating Systems for
Personal Computers and Servers

• DOS: Disk Operating System

– PC-DOS: Created originally for IBM
microcomputers
– MS-DOS: used with IBM-compatible computers
– DOS traditionally used a command-line
interface
– Can enter DOS commands in Windows

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 Windows

• Windows: The predominate personal operating

system developed by Microsoft Corporation
– Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x
– Windows 95 and Windows 98
– Windows NT (New Technology)
– Windows Me (Millennium Edition)
– Windows 2000
– Windows XP Replaced both Windows 2000 and
Windows Me
– Windows Vista:

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Windows Vista

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 Windows

– Windows 7: Newest version of Windows released Oct. 2009

• 32-bit and 64-bit versions in four editions

– Windows 8 and Windows 10

– Windows Server: Server version of Windows

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Windows 7

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 Mac OS

• Mac OS: Proprietary operating system for

computers made by Apple Corporation

– Includes:
• Safari Web browser
• New features like Time Machine, Stacks, Quick Look,
Boot Camp, etc.
• More responsive than previous versions

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Mac OS

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 Linux

• Linux:
available without charge over the Internet

– Increasingly being used with personal

computers, servers, mainframes, and
supercomputers
– Is open-source software: has been
collaboratively modified by volunteer
programmers all over the world

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Linux

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 Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices

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 Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices

• Windows Mobile: Designed for mobile phones.

• Windows Embedded: Designed for consumer

and industrial devices that are not personal
computers
– Cash register, GPS devices, ATMs, medical devices
and robots.
– Windows Automotive and Microsoft Auto for cars
• Ford Sync

• Android: Linux based OS developed

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 Operating Systems for
Mobile Phones and Other Devices

• iPhone OS: Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile

devices.

• BlackBerry Operating System: Designed for BlackBerry devices

• Embedded Linux: Used with mobile phones, GPS devices, and

other mobile devices

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 Utility Programs

• Utility program: Software that performs a specific task, usually

related to managing or maintaining the computer system
• Many utilities are built into operating systems (for finding files,
viewing images, backing up files, etc.)
• Utilities are also available as stand-alone products and as
suites

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Using Windows Explorer

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 Utility Programs

• Search tools: Designed to search for files on the user’s hard drive
– Windows includes search tools
• Diagnostic programs: Evaluate your system and make
recommendations for fixing any errors found
• Disk management programs: Diagnose and repair problems related
to your hard drive
• Uninstall utilities: Remove programs from your hard drive without
leaving bits and pieces behind
• Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete them

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 Utility Programs

• Clean up utilities: Delete temporary files

• File compression programs: Reduce the size of files so they
take up less storage space on a storage medium or can be
transmitted faster over the Internet
– Both zip and unzip files
– WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)

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 Utility Programs

• Backup and recovery utilities: Make the backup

and restoration process easier
– Backup: Duplicate copy of data or other computer
content

– Good backup procedures are critical for businesses

– Individuals should back up important documents,

e-mail, photos, home video, etc.

– Back up your entire computer once all programs

have been installed, so your system can be restored
to that configuration.

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Backup Programs

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 Utility Programs

• Security programs: Protect computers and users

– Antivirus programs
– Antispyware programs
– Firewalls
– Many are included in Windows and other operating systems

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 The Future of Operating Systems

• Will continue to become more user-friendly

• Will eventually be driven primarily by a voice interface

• Will likely continue to include improved security features

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Thank You