29.

1
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Mathematical
APUL Reasoning

CHAPTER

29 Mathematical Reasoning

Chapter Highlights

Mathematical Reasoning, Statement, The Connecting Word ‘OR’, Quantifiers, Implications.

MATHEMATICAL REASONING This may also be written as

~p: It if false that diagonals of a rectangle are equal.
In mathematical language, there are two kinds of
We may also write it as
reasoning-inductive and deductive. We have already
~p: There is at least one rectangle whose diagonals
discussed the inductive reasoning in the context of math-
are not equal.
ematical induction. In this chapter, we shall discuss some
fundamentals of deductive reasoning.
Compound Statement
STATEMENT A compound statement is a statement which is made up of
two or more statements. Each statement is called a com-
A sentence is called mathematically acceptable statement if pound statement.
it is either true or false but not both.
For example, consider the following sentences: The Connecting Word ‘AND’
1. Eight is less than six We can connect the two statement by the word ‘AND’. For
This sentence is false because eight is greater than six. example,
Hence, it is a statement. P: All rational numbers are real
2. The sun is a star
q: All real numbers are complex
It is a scientifically established fact that sun is a star
and therefore, this sentence is always true. Hence, it is p and q: All rational numbers are real and all real
a statement. numbers are complex.
3. Mathematics is fun Truth Value of p and q
This sentence is subjective in the sense that for those The compound statement with ‘and’ is true if all its com-
who like mathematics, it may be fun but for others, it ponents of statements are true otherwise it is false, i.e., it
may not be. This means that this sentence is not always is false when
true. Hence, it is not a statement.
1. p is true and q is false
2. p is false and q is true
Negation of a Statement 3. p is false and q is false
The denial of a statement is called negation of the state- For example, consider the following compound statements:
ment. If p is a statement, then the negation of p is also
a statement and is denoted by ~p and read and not p. 1. p and q: A line is straight and extends indefinitely in
For example, If both directions.
p: Diagonals of a rectangle are equal, Then The components of statements are
p: A line is straight
~p: Diagonals of a rectangle are not equal.
q: A line extends indefinitely in both directions.
29.2 Chapter 29
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
Both these statements are true, therefore, the Inclusive ‘OR’
compound statement is true.
2. P and q: 0 is less than every positive integer and every In a statement p or q, if at least one of the two alternatives
negative integer. occurs, the connecting of word “OR” is inclusive. For
The components of statements are example, consider the statement:
p: 0 is less than every positive integer. p or q: A student who has taken physics or mathemat-
ics can apply for M.Tech programme.
q: 0 is less than every negative integer.
The second statement is false. Therefore, the com- This means that the students who have taken physics or
pound statement is false. mathematics or both can apply for the M.Tech programme.
3. p and q: All living things have two legs and two eyes. In this case, we are using inclusive ‘OR’
The components of statements are
Truth Value of p or q
p: All living things have two legs.
q: All living things have two eyes. When p and q statements both are false, then p or q is also
Both these statements are false. Therefore, the com- false, otherwise it is true. Thus, p or q is true when
pound statements is false. 1. p is true, q is false.
2. p is false, q is true.
3. p and q both are true.
CAUTION
QUANTIFIERS
A Statement with ‘And’ is not always a compound statement.
For example, consider the statement: Quantifiers are phrases like, “There exists” and “For all”.
• A mixture of alcohol and water can be separated by
chemical methods. “There Exists”
This statement cannot be considered as a compound state-
ment with ‘And’. Here, the word ‘And’ refers to two things—
There exists, is used of at least one. For example, consider
alcohol and water. the statement
p: There exists, a quadrilateral whose all sides are
equal.
THE CONNECTING WORD ‘OR’ The statements is equivalent to
There is atleast one quadrilateral whose all sides are
The statement p, q may be connected by the connecting
equal.
word ‘OR’, i.e., p or q. For example,
p: Cold drink is available at dinner. “For All”
q: Coffee is available at dinner. The quantifier “for all” or “for every” can be interpreted
p or q: Cold drink or coffee is available at dinner. as saying that all the members of the given set S where the
property applies must satisfy that property. For example,
Exclusive ‘OR’ consider the statement
In a statement p or q, if exactly one of the two alterna- p: For every prime number p, p is an irrational
tives occurs, the connecting of word ‘OR’ is exclusive. For number.
example, consider the statement This means that if S denotes the set of all prime numbers,
q or q: An ice cream or pepsi is available with a thali then for all the members p of the set S, p is an irrational
in a restaurant. number.
This means that a person who does not want ice cream can
have a pepsi along with thali or one does not want pepsi can
NOTE
have an ice cream along with thali. A person cannot have The words ‘And’ and ‘Or’ are called connectives and ‘There
both ice cream and pepsi. This is called exclusive ‘OR’. exists’ and ‘For all’ are called quantifiers.
 29.3
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Mathematical
APUL Reasoning
IMPLICATIONS Converse Statement
The statements with “If–then”, “only if ” and “if and only If p and q are two statements, then the converse of the
if ” are known as implications. implication “if p then q” is “if q then p”. For example,
“If p then q” If a number x is odd, then x2 is also odd.
The statement “if p then q” says that in the event if p is true Its converse is : If x2 is odd then x is also odd.
then q must be true. For example, consider the following
statement: Contrapositive statement
If a number is a multiple of 4 then it is a multiple of 2. If p and q are two statements, then the contrapositive of the
Here, p: A number is a multiple of 4. implication “if p then q” is “if ~q then ~p”. For example,
q: The number is a multiple of 2. If a number is divisible by 4, then it is divisible by 2.
When p is true i.e., a number is a multiple of 4, then q is Its contrapositive statement is
true i.e., the number is a multiple of 2. If a number is not divisible by 2, then it is not divis-
ible by 4.
NOTE
“If And Only If” Implication
“If p then q” is the same as the following:
■ p implies q: It is denoted by p ⇒ q. The symbol ⇒ stands
If p and q are two statements, then the compound statement
for implies. p ⇒ q and q ⇒ p is called “if and only if ” implication and
This says that a number is a multiple of 4 implies that it is denoted by p ⇔ q.
is a multiple of 2. For example, consider the following two statements:
■ p is a sufficient condition for q. p: If a rectangle is a square, then all its four sides are
This says that knowing that a number is a multiple of 4 is equal.
sufficient to conclude that it is a multiple of 2. q: If all the four sides of a rectangle are equal, then
■ p only if q. the rectangle is a square.
This says that a number is a multiple of 4 only if it is a Then, the compound statement using “if and only if ” is
multiple of 2.
A rectangle is a square if and only if all its four sides
■ q is a necessary condition for p.
are equal.
This says that when a number is a multiple of 4, it is nec-
essary a multiple of 2.
Truth Value of “If and Only If”
■ ~q implies ~p.

This says that if a number is not a multiple of 2, then it is The statement with “if and only if ” is true when
not a multiple of 4. 1. p is true, q is true
2. p is false, q is false
Truth Value of “If p then q” The statement with “if and only if ” is false when
1. p is true, q is false
Truth value of the statement “if p then q” is false when p
2. p is false, q is true
is true and q is false otherwise it is true i.e., it is true when
1. p is true, q is true
2. p is false, q is true
3. p is false, q is false SOLVED EXAMPLES

NOTE 1. Consider the following statements

P: Suman is brilliant.
There methods are adopted to test the truth value of this
Q: Suman is rich.
statement:
R: Suman is honest.
■ Assuming that p is true, prove that q must be true.
The negation of the statement “Suman is brilliant
■ Assuming that q is false, prove that p must be false.
and dishonest if any only if Suman is rich” can be
■ Assuming that p is true and q is false, obtain a contradiction.
expressed as
29.4 Chapter 29
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
(A) ~(P ∧ ~ R) ↔ Q (B) ~ P ∧ (Q ↔ ~ R) 4. Let p be the statement “x is an irrational number”, q be
(C) ~(Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R)) (D) ~Q ↔ ~P ∧ R the statement “y is a transcendental number”, and r be
the statement “x is a rational number if y is a transcen-
Solution: (C)
dental number”.
Suman is brilliant and dishonest is P ∧ ~R
Suman is brilliant and dishonest iff suman is rich is Statement-1: r is equivalent to either q or p
Statement-2: r is equivalent to ~ (p ↔ ~ q).
Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R)
(A) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
Negative of statement is expressed as (B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2
~[Q ↔ (P ∧ ~ R)] is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
2. The negation of the statement “If I become a teacher, is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
then I will open a school”, is: (D) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(A) I will become a teacher and I will not open a Solution: (D)
school Given statement r = ~ p ↔ q
(B) Either I will not become a teacher or I will not Statement-1: r1 = (p ∧ ~ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q)
open a school.
(C) Neither I will become a teacher nor I will open a Statement-2: r2 = ~ (p ↔ –q) = (p ∧ q) ∨ (~q ∧ ~p)
school. From the truth table of r, r1 and r2, r = r1.
(D) I will not become a teacher or I will open a school. Hence Statement-1 is true and Statement-2 is false.
Solution: (A) 5. The statement p → (q → p) is equivalent to
Let p : I will become a teacher (A) p → (p → q) (B) p → (p ∨ q)
q : I will open a school (C) p → (p ∧ q) (D) p → (p ↔ q)
Negation of p → q is ~ (p → q) = p ∧ ~ q Solution: (B)
i.e., I will become a teacher and I will not open a
p → (q → p) = ~ p ∨ (q → p)
school.
= ~ p ∨ (~ q ∨ p)
3. Statement-1: Consider the statements since p ∨ ~p is always true
p: Delhi is in India = ~p ∨ p ∨ q = p → (p ∨ q)
q: Mumbai is not in Italy. 6. Statement-1: ~ (p ↔ ~ q) is equivalent to p ↔ q.
Then the negation of statement p ∨ q, is ‘Delhi is not Statement-2: ~ (p ↔ ~ q) is a tautology.
in India and Mumbai is in Italy’. (A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
Statement-2: For any two statements p and q is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∨ ~q is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(A) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 (C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
is a correct explanation for Statement-1. (D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
(B) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true, Statement-2 Solution: (C)
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false. p q p↔q ~q p↔~q ~ (p ↔ ~ q)
(D) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. T T T F F T
T F F T T F
Solution: (C)
F T F F T F
~(p ∨ q) = ~p ∧ ~q = Delhi is not in India and Mumbai F F T T F T
is in Italy
So statement-1 is correct and statement-2 is false.
 29.5
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL Mathematical
APUL Reasoning
EXERCISES

Single Option Correct Type

1. Which of the following is not a statement? (C) Paris is in England or London is in France.
(A) Give me a glass of water. (D) None of these
(B) Asia is a continent. 8. Negation of “2 + 3 = 5 and 8 < 10” is
(C) The earth revolves round the sun.
(A) 2 + 3 ≠ 5 and 8 < 10
(D) The number 6 has two prime factors 2, 3.
(B) 2 + 3 = 5 and 8 v 10
2. Which of the following is not a statement? (C) 2 + 3 ≠ 5 or 8 v 10
(A) Every set is a finite set. (D) None of these
(B) 8 is less then 6. 9. Negation of the conditional: “If it rains, I shall go to
(C) Where are you going? school” is
(D) The sum of interior angles of a triangle is 180
(A) It rains and I shall go to school.
degrees.
(B) It rain and I shall not go to school.
3. Which of the following is not a statement? (C) It does not rain and I shall go to school.
(A) Roses are red. (D) None of these
(B) New Delhi is in India. 10. Negation of “Manu is in class X or Anu is in class XII” is
(C) Every square is a rectangle.
(A) Manu is not in class X but Anu is in class XII.
(D) Alas! I have failed.
(B) Manu is not is class X but Anu is not in class XII.
4. Which of the following is a statement? (C) Either Manu is not in class X or Anu is not is class
(A) Open the door. XII.
(B) Do your homework. (D) None of these
(C) Switch on the fan. 11. Truth value of the statement “if p then q” is false when
(D) Two plus two is four.
(A) p is true, q is true
5. Which of the following is a statement? (B) p is true, q is false
(A) May you live long! (C) p is false, q is true
(B) May God bless you! (D) p is false, q is false
(C) The sun is a star. 12. Truth value of the statement “p or q” is false, when
(D) Hurrah! We have won the match.
(A) p is true, q is false
6. Which of the following is not a statement? (B) p is false, q is true
(A) Please do me a favour. (C) p and q both are true
(B) 2 is an even integer. (D) p and q both are false
(C) 2 + 1 = 3. 13. Truth value of the statement with “if and only if ” is
(D) The number 17 is prime. false, when
7. Negation of “Paris is in France and London is in (A) p is true, q is true
England” is (B) p is false, q is false
(A) Paris is in England and London is in France. (C) p is true, q is false
(B) Paris is not in France or London is not in England. (D) p is false, q is true

Previous Year’s Questions

14. The Boolean Expression ( p∧ ~ q) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q) is (A) p∨ ~ q (B) ~ p ∧ q

equivalent to [2016] (C) p ∧ q (D) p ∨ q
29.6 Chapter 29
AIM : FREE EDUCATION TO ALL APUL
ANSWER KEYS

Single Option Correct Type

1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (C) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (D)
11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (D)

Previous Year’s Questions

14. (D)

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

Previous Year’s Questions

14. Given Boolean expression is Now,
( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ q ∨ (~ p ∧ q) ( p ∨ q) ∨ (~ p ∧ q) = p ∨ q
( p ∧ ~ q) ∨ q = ( p ∨ q) ∧ (~ q ∨ q) = ( p ∨ q) ∧ t = ( p ∨ q) The correct option is (D)