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___
Content Copyright by Pierian Data
Warm Up Project Exercises
It is time to get you to put together all your skills to start building usable projects!
Before you jump into our full milestone project, we will go through some warm-up
component exercises, to get you comfortable with a few key ideas we use in the
milestone project and larger projects in general, specifically:
Getting User Input
Creating Functions that edit variables based on user input
Generating output
Joining User Inputs and Logic Flow
Function to Display Information
Creating a function that displays a list for the user
In [3]:
def display_list(mylist):
print(mylist)
In [4]:
mylist = [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
display_list(mylist)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
Accepting User Input
Creating function that takes in an input from user and returns the result in the
correct data type. Be careful when using the input() function, running that cell
twice without providing an input value will cause python to get hung up waiting
for the initial value on the first run. You will notice an In[*] next to the cell if it
gets stuck, in which case, simply restart the kernel and re-run any necessary
cells.
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In [8]:
input('Please enter a value: ')
Please enter a value: 2
Out[8]: '2'
In [10]:
result = input("Please enter a number: ")
Please enter a number: 2
In [11]:
result
Out[11]: '2'
In [12]:
type(result)
Out[12]: str
In [13]:
int(result)
Out[13]: 2
In [15]:
result = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
Please enter a number: 2
In [17]:
type(result)
Out[17]: int
In [19]:
# Example of an error!
result = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
Please enter a number: two
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-19-202dd8101f66> in <module>()
1 # Example of an error!
----> 2 result = int(input("Please enter a number: "))
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'two'
** Creating a function to hold this logic: **
In [20]:
def user_choice():
'''
User inputs a number (0-10) and we return this in integer form.
No parameter is passed when calling this function.
'''
choice = input("Please input a number (0-10)")
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return int(choice)
In [21]:
user_choice()
Please input a number (0-10)2
Out[21]: 2
In [22]:
result = user_choice()
Please input a number (0-10)2
In [23]:
result
Out[23]: 2
In [24]:
type(result)
Out[24]: int
Validating User Input
** Check that input is valid before attempting to convert.**
We'll use a simple method here.
As you get more advanced, you can start looking at other ways of doing this (these
methods will make more sense later on in the course, so don't worry about them for
now).
Various Posts on This
StackOverflow Post 1
StackOverflow Post 2
In [31]:
some_input = '10'
In [32]:
# Lot's of .is methods availble on string
some_input.isdigit()
Out[32]: True
** Edit the function to confirm against an acceptable value or type **
In [35]:
def user_choice():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't an integer
choice = 'wrong'
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g
# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice.isdigit() == False:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Choose a number: ")
# We can convert once the while loop above has confirmed we have a digit
return int(choice)
In [38]:
user_choice()
Choose a number: hello
Choose a number: two
Choose a number: 2
Out[38]: 2
Let's try adding an error message within the while loop!
In [39]:
def user_choice():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't an integer
choice = 'wrong'
# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice.isdigit() == False:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Choose a number: ")
# Error Message Check
if choice.isdigit() == False:
print("Sorry, but you did not enter an integer. Please try again
# We can convert once the while loop above has confirmed we have a digit
return int(choice)
In [40]:
user_choice()
Choose a number: two
Sorry, but you did not enter an integer. Please try again.
Choose a number: 2
Out[40]: 2
Now let's explore how to "clear" the output, that way we don't see the history
of the "Choose a number" statements.
NOTE: Jupyter Notebook users will use the IPython method shown here. Other
IDE users (PyCharm, VS, etc..) will use
In [3]:
from IPython.display import clear_output
clear_output()
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In [4]:
def user_choice():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't an integer
choice = 'wrong'
# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice.isdigit() == False:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Choose a number: ")
if choice.isdigit() == False:
# THIS CLEARS THE CURRENT OUTPUT BELOW THE CELL
clear_output()
print("Sorry, but you did not enter an integer. Please try again
# Optionally you can clear everything after running the function
# clear_output()
# We can convert once the while loop above has confirmed we have a digit
return int(choice)
In [5]:
user_choice()
Choose a number: 2
Out[5]: 2
Checking Against Multiple Possible Values
In [1]:
result = 'wrong value'
acceptable_values = ['0','1','2']
In [2]:
result in acceptable_values
Out[2]: False
In [7]:
result not in acceptable_values
Out[7]: True
In [16]:
from IPython.display import clear_output
clear_output()
In [11]:
def user_choice():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't an integer
choice = 'wrong'
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# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice not in ['0','1','2']:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Choose one of these numbers (0,1,2): ")
if choice not in ['0','1','2']:
# THIS CLEARS THE CURRENT OUTPUT BELOW THE CELL
clear_output()
print("Sorry, but you did not choose a value in the correct rang
# Optionally you can clear everything after running the function
# clear_output()
# We can convert once the while loop above has confirmed we have a digit
return int(choice)
In [12]:
user_choice()
Choose one of these numbers (0,1,2): 1
Out[12]: 1
More Flexible Example
In [1]:
def user_choice():
choice ='WRONG'
within_range = False
while choice.isdigit() == False or within_range == False:
choice = input("Please enter a number (0-10): ")
if choice.isdigit() == False:
print("Sorry that is not a digit!")
if choice.isdigit() == True:
if int(choice) in range(0,10):
within_range = True
else:
within_range = False
return int(choice)
In [2]:
user_choice()
Please enter a number (0-10): 12
Please enter a number (0-10): 2
Out[2]: 2
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Simple User Interaction
Finally let's combine all of these ideas to create a small game where a user can
choose a "position" in an existing list and replace it with a value of their choice.
In [2]:
game_list = [0,1,2]
In [10]:
def display_game(game_list):
print("Here is the current list")
print(game_list)
In [11]:
display_game(game_list)
Here is the current list
['hi', 'no', 2]
In [12]:
def position_choice():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't an integer
choice = 'wrong'
# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice not in ['0','1','2']:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Pick a position to replace (0,1,2): ")
if choice not in ['0','1','2']:
# THIS CLEARS THE CURRENT OUTPUT BELOW THE CELL
clear_output()
print("Sorry, but you did not choose a valid position (0,1,2)")
# Optionally you can clear everything after running the function
# clear_output()
# We can convert once the while loop above has confirmed we have a digit
return int(choice)
In [13]:
def replacement_choice(game_list,position):
user_placement = input("Type a string to place at the position")
game_list[position] = user_placement
return game_list
In [14]:
def gameon choice():
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de ga eo _c o ce():
# This original choice value can be anything that isn't a Y or N
choice = 'wrong'
# While the choice is not a digit, keep asking for input.
while choice not in ['Y','N']:
# we shouldn't convert here, otherwise we get an error on a wrong in
choice = input("Would you like to keep playing? Y or N ")
if choice not in ['Y','N']:
# THIS CLEARS THE CURRENT OUTPUT BELOW THE CELL
clear_output()
print("Sorry, I didn't understand. Please make sure to choose Y
# Optionally you can clear everything after running the function
# clear_output()
if choice == "Y":
# Game is still on
return True
else:
# Game is over
return False
Game Logic All Together
In [18]:
# Variable to keep game playing
game_on = True
# First Game List
game_list = [0,1,2]
while game_on:
# Clear any historical output and show the game list
clear_output()
display_game(game_list)
# Have player choose position
position = position_choice()
# Rewrite that position and update game_list
game_list = replacement_choice(game_list,position)
# Clear Screen and show the updated game list
clear_output()
display_game(game_list)
# Ask if you want to keep playing
game_on = gameon_choice()
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