Subject Code Math 2 Intermediate Algebra

Module Code 7.0 Quadratic Equations

Lesson Code 7.1.1 Definition and Graph of a Quadratic Function
(Lesson Proper Part 1)
Time Frame 30 Minutes

TARGET
After this lesson, you should be able to
▪ define quadratic function in general form: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, and
▪ graph a quadratic function by using set of ordered pairs or table of values.

HOOK TA: 5 Minutes* ATA**:

Covid-19 spreads primarily from one person to another. Fighting this disease is our joint
responsibility. Protect yourself and others by wearing face mask and face shield when in public places.
The primarily function of wearing a face shield is to protect the eyes of the person wearing it. At this
time, we do not know how much protection a face shield provides to people around you. However,
wearing a mask may not be feasible in every situation for some people. For example, people who
interact with those who are deaf or hearing impaired may find that a face shield is better than a mask
when communicating. That is why there is an increase on the demand of face shield. Consider the
scenario below:

Figure 1. Face shields for COVID-19 frontliners, Retrieved November 15, 2020,
from https://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/news/latest-news/373-dost-produces-face-shield

Angelo works at a face shield factory that operates from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. He notices that the number
of face shield that the machines produce increases from the start of the daily operations but decreases
after 5 hours until closing time due to some non-functional machines. Using this pattern, he defines the
production function to be 𝑓(𝑥) = −100𝑥 2 + 1000𝑥. At what time do the machines produce the greatest
number of face shield? How many face shields are produced at this time?

The given function in the problem is what we call a quadratic function. By the end of Lesson 7.1,
we must be able to graph quadratic functions such as the one given in the problem using table of values.

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 IGNITE TA: 25 Minutes* ATA**:

Polynomial functions are functions defined by polynomial expressions. The function given
by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 is called a polynomial function of x with
degree n. Polynomial functions of degree 1 are called linear functions. Function 𝑓(𝑥) = −2𝑥 + 6 is a
linear function since it is of degree 1 and its leading term is −2𝑥 .

In this section, we are going to learn about quadratic functions. Quadratic functions are polynomial
functions of degree of 2. Function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1 is a quadratic function since it is of degree 2 and
its leading term is 2𝑥 2 .

Quadratic Function

Let 𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐 be real numbers with 𝑎 ≠ 0. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐

is called a quadratic function.

The graph of any quadratic function is a parabola. If the leading coefficient 𝑎 of the quadratic
function is positive, then the parabola opens up. If the leading coefficient 𝑎 of the quadratic function is
negative, then the parabola opens down.

RECALL: Vertical Line Test

One way to distinguish if a relation is a function or not, is to graph the
relation and apply the vertical line test. The vertical line test works by checking if a
vertical line passes through at least two points on the graph of the relation
simultaneously. If it does, it is not a function. If it does not, it is a function.

Example 1: Identifying whether a quadratic equation is a function or just a mere relation.

Identify whether the given quadratic equation is a function or just a mere relation.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 2. 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

Figure 2. Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟕 Figure 3. Graph of 𝒚 = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐

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 𝑥
3. 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 4. 𝑦 2 = − 3

𝒙
Figure 4. Graph of 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙 Figure 5. Graph of 𝒚𝟐 = − 𝟑

Solution:
As mentioned earlier, we can check if a given equation is a function or not by investigating its graph
using the vertical line test.

1. Graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7. 2. Graph of 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2

The equations 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 and 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2 are quadratic functions because they

pass the vertical line test – any vertical line will intersect their graph at exactly one point.

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 𝑥
3. Graph of 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 4. Graph of 𝑦 2 = − 3

𝑥
The equations 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 2 = − 3 are NOT functions because the vertical line in each
figure intersects the graph at two points.

Example 2: Graphing a Quadratic Function using Table of Values

Sketch the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8, where 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 using table of values.

Solution:
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8, where 𝑥 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The computations to find 𝑓(𝑥)
for the given values of 𝑥 are shown below.

For x = 0, For x = 1,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
𝑓(0) = (0)2 − 6(0) + 8 𝑓(1) = (1)2 − 6(1) + 8
𝑓(0) = 0 − 0 + 8 𝑓(1) = 1 − 6 + 8
𝑓(0) = 8; (0, 8) 𝑓(1) = 3; (1, 3)

For x = 2, For x = 3,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
𝑓(2) = (2)2 − 6(2) + 8 𝑓(3) = (3)2 − 6(3) + 8
𝑓(2) = 4 − 12 + 8 𝑓(3) = 9 − 18 + 8
𝑓(2) = 0; (2, 0) 𝑓(3) = −1; (3, −1)

For x = 4, For x = 5,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8
𝑓(4) = (4)2 − 6(4) + 8 𝑓(5) = (5)2 − 6(5) + 8
𝑓(4) = 16 − 24 + 8 𝑓(5) = 25 − 30 + 8
𝑓(4) = 0; (4, 0) 𝑓(5) = 3; (5, 3)
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 The results of the computations for the value of 𝑓(𝑥) are shown in the table of values below.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) 8 3 0 -1 0 3

We will now proceed to plotting the points on the Cartesian plane. Make sure to connect the points
with a curved line so that a parabola will come out as shown on the graph below. Notice that the parabola
opens upward because the leading coefficient of the given function is greater than zero. Since the parabola is
opening upward, the point (3, -1) is its minimum point and it is where we can find the vertex.

From the graph, we can see that the domain is the set of real numbers and the range is the set of real
numbers greater than or equal to -1.

Figure 6. Graph of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟖

Example 3: Graphing a Quadratic Function using Table of Values

Sketch the graph of 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5, where 𝑥 = −4, −3, −2, −1, and 0.

Solution:
Given: 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5, where 𝑥 = −4, −3, −2, −1, and 0. The computations to find 𝑔(𝑥) for
the given values of 𝑥 are shown below.

For x = -4 For x = -3 For x = -2

𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 −5 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑔(−4) = −(−4)2 − 4(−4) − 5 𝑔(−3) = −(−3)2 − 4(−3) − 5 𝑔(−2) = −(−2)2 − 4(−2) − 5
𝑔(−4) = −16 + 16 − 5 𝑔(−3) = −9 + 12 − 5 𝑔(−2) = −4 + 8 − 5
𝑔(−4) = −5; (−4, −5) 𝑔(−3) = −2; (−3, −2) 𝑔(−2) = −1; (−2, −1)

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 For x = -1 For x = 0
𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 𝑔(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 −5
𝑔(−1) = −(−1)2 − 4(−1) − 5 𝑔(0) = −(0)2 − 4(0) − 5
𝑔(−1) = −1 + 4 − 5 𝑔(0) = 0 − 0 − 5
𝑔(−1) = −2; (−1, −2) 𝑔(0) = −5; (0, −5)

The results of the computations for the value of g(𝑥) are shown in the table of values below.
x -4 -3 -2 -1 0
g(x) -5 -2 -1 -2 -5

We will now proceed to plotting the points on the Cartesian plane. Notice that the parabola opens
downward because the leading coefficient of the given function is less than zero. We can also observe from
the graph that its domain is the set of real numbers and its range is the set of real numbers less than or equal
to -1.

Figure 7. Graph of 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓

Practice Exercises (Nongraded). Complete the table of values and sketch the graph of the following
functions. Answers can be found at the end of this learning guide.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
x -3 -2 -1 0 1

f(x)

2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2

g(x)

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 3. ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2

h(x)

1
4. 𝑘(𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2
x -4 -2 0 2 4

k(x)

REFERENCES:

Albarico, J.M. (2013). THINK Framework. Based on Ramos, E.G. and N. Apolinario. (n.d.)
Science LINKS. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore Inc.

Covar, M.M., Fetalvero, R.L.,San Jose, R.M.(2010). Real-World Mathematics C & E Publishing, Inc,

McLogan, B.(October 20, 2012). Learn how to graph a quadratic.[Video file]. Retrieved November 15,
2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cn1aFaxRyeU

Oronce, O.A.,Mendoza, M.O, e-math Intermediate Algebra Rex Bookstore, Inc.2007

Young, Cynthia Y.(2014). PreCalculus, 2th Edition. Jonh Wiley & Sons, Inc,

-END-

Prepared by: Marjun I. Balquin Reviewed by: Arvin C. Fajardo

Position: Special Science Teacher (SST) III Position: Special Science Teacher (SST) III
Campus: PSHS-SOCCSKSARGEN Campus Campus: PSHS-Central Luzon Campus

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Answers for the Practice Exercises

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8
x -3 -2 -1 0 1

f(x) 5 8 9 8 5

2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2

g(x) 6 3 2 3 6

3. ℎ(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 + 2
x -2 -1 0 1 2

h(x) -2 1 2 1 -2

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 1
4. 𝑘 (𝑥) = 2 𝑥 2
x -4 -2 0 2 4

k(x) 8 2 0 2 8

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