8/24/2024

Thomas’ Calculus: Early Transcendentals

Fifteenth Edition

Chapter 1
Functions

Slide - 1
 Section 1.1
Functions and Their Graphs

Examples Exercises
2, 4, 7, 8 3,5,6(only domains), 15, 18,55

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 main
range Functions; Domain
Functions; and
Domain Range
and Range
e I
X not
Y
domain [1 331- : , 2 ,
function
range 5632 6 ~
function
=

iiSodomain u
>

Definition , 5.
633 15
𝑫 𝒀
A function 𝑓 from a set 𝐷 to a set 𝑌 is a 1
a
rule that assigns a unique value 𝑓(𝑥) in 𝑌 2
b 3109
to each 𝑥 in 𝐷. in 2 55
3 ->
&
-

& c 4
:

Domain is the value of 𝑥.

154X
is the set of all possible values of 𝑓 𝑥
Range as 𝑥 varies throughout the domain. f(a) = 1

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Functions; Domain and Range

A diagram showing a function as a kind of machine.

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Functions; Domain and Range

A function from a set 𝐷 to a set 𝑌 assigns a unique element

of 𝑌 to each element in 𝐷.

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 5

 Graphs of Functions X

D =
[0 , 8)
Example 2
↑ P= R =
( - 0 , 0]

Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 over the interval [−2 , 2] .

x
-
2 - 1 0 12
10 14
f(x)Y

2)2 4
s
s
e
( =

e
-

y =
e
LtoR
(-1)2 = I domain :

(0)
2
= 0 Range : Dtolp
(1)2 =
1

(2)" = 4

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 The Vertical Line Test for a Function
·-
it 8 151 -
1 ,
,

A curve in the 𝑥𝑦 plane is the graph of a function of 𝑥 if

no vertical line intersects the curve more than once.

2P
notfun
↓ ~
fur
I
⑧
Fur
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 7
Piecewise-Defined Functions
5
55 5 ,
,

Sometimes a function is described in pieces by using different

formulas on different parts of its domain. One example is the
absolute value function &m
V
2

&j ; 6-116,5
X 0 2
8 12
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 = ቐ
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
# X =
3

321
=
2 - 1 J
B
0) =
O
a) -g

n
=
[0 , S f(x) ( -3) 3
D = ( - 0
,

b) x =
= -
= -

r=
(1 ,
R = [0 0)
,

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Properties of Absolute Values vor

Suppose 𝑎 > 0 is any real number .Then E,

1 𝑥 = −𝑥 -

5 S
|x145
2 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 ⟺ −𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 . { 𝑥 ∈ −𝑎, 𝑎 } xt( -
5
,
5)

3 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≤ −𝑎 . { 𝑥 ∈ −∞, −𝑎 ∪ 𝑎, ∞ }
| x137
4 𝑥 = 𝑎 ⟺ 𝑥 = ±𝑎 x37orx -
7xt) - a
,
-

7]u(7 8) ,

(x) = Y X = 14

1
a=
1
-
(i) a -
=

𝑎2 = 𝑎 if 𝑎 ≥ 0. 𝑎2 = −𝑎 if 𝑎 < 0.

141 . 9
>
-

E 𝑎2 = 𝑎 y
a

2
-

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 QS graph
fun given which

L
,

Example 4 is correct ?
#
-
R D
 − x, x  0 - -

 2 which
-

Sketch the function f ( x) =  x , 0  x  1 graph given ,

correct ?
1, x  1
-

fun is
1
3 tables
· 
*

e
-

W 1 XXI

10-
I
3 2 x) 1

- I
x
-
- -
-

x
y =
-

1
XX
-

y 3 210

X 01 x
y =

301
123
y =
x

y1 1
D 9
-
D = ( - a , 0) =
·5 :
a)
-
,
R = [0 ,

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 10
Increasing and Decreasing Functions x
,
42

1 A function 𝑓 is called increasing on an interval 𝐼,

-

if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼.

-

2 A function 𝑓 is called decreasing on an interval 𝐼,

-

𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) , 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in 𝐼 .

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 :

Weak more
inc , dec
practice
Example 7

Determine whether the following graph is increasing, decreasing

or neither. axis
look at 2

dec 1 -0
, 0)

inc 10 1)
,

neither (1 a)
,

~
3

inc , des always open

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 24 August 2024 13

Example

The function whose graph is given is

(a) Increasing on −∞, 0 .

(b) Increasing on 0, ∞ .

(c) decreasing on −∞, 0 .

(d) decreasing on ℝ.

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 13
 Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

Even Function Odd Function

If 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷, then If 𝑓 −𝑥 = −𝑓 𝑥 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝐷, then 𝑓 is

𝑓 is called an even function. called an odd function.

The graph is symmetric with The graph is symmetric with respect

respect to the _y_ ax
_ _ is
__. to the _origin
_____.

17
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is even 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 is odd
2)2 X2 X3 not even
< C x)3 +
=
syny- even
-
-
-

~
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved= 3
odd - -
f(x) = - (x3) -
X
Slide - 14
 32
-
Se :
e

E
Special Properties
even
odd
Note (3x7)(x) f(x) = constant =
even
3 4 , 9
odd ,

even ± even even -even

f(x) = 3x4
: e

odd ± odd odd

odd ± even neither - Codd)
.
i even neither

even diff-odd
F same >
-

even × even even

even
f(x) = a

f(x) = (x) even F ÷

even => f even odd × odd even
f(x) ynan ÷
f odd
=
-n odd =>

even f even odd × even odd

nn ÷
f(x) = aX -n odd => f odd

I odd
even
I even
od to
even
even
·d
x2
=
even
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 15
#
 Determine whether each of the following
Example 8
functions is even, odd or neither even nor odd.

(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1 (c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 (d) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1

I

even odd even

even
even
odd
even neither

Exercise 55
Note
1 even
ℎ 𝑡 = (a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 _ _ ___
even
𝑡−1 odd-even

(b) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is _even
____
neither
𝑖𝑠 ቊ −− − 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 is even
even
(c) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑛
_ _ _, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 is odd
_ _odd

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 16
 -T for
Power att
S
fun func I
-
H
a=
Linear D X got fun

identify evenrecord
=

S non-
constant
ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS
int

-]
+
n =

rational
diy
radical
y
polynomi
F
Quadratic

Any function constructed from

Polynomial Functions
polynomials using algebraic
Rational Functions operations (such as +, −,×,÷,
𝒏
)

Radical Functions starting with polynomials.

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 17

 Common Functions

Linear Functions

A function of the form 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃, where 𝑚 and 𝑏 are fixed constant is

called a linear function. The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 where 𝑚 = 1 and 𝑏 = 0 is
called the identity function. When 𝑚 = 0 , then 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 is called the /
constant function.

D = IR
R = IR

Linear
(a) Lines through the origin with (b) A constant function with
slope 𝑚. slope 𝑚 = 0
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 18
 Power Function is a function of the from 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑎

a is a constant

we have 3 cases #*
Godd
1 𝑎 = 𝑛 ( +𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 5 , … ) even f

Symmetric [ii
𝑫 = ℝ = (−∞, ∞) 𝑫 = (−∞, ∞) 𝑫 = (−∞, ∞) 𝑫 = (−∞, ∞) 𝑫 = (−∞, ∞)

𝑹 = ℝ = (−∞, ∞) 𝑹 = [𝟎, ∞) 𝑹 = (−∞, ∞) 𝑹 = [𝟎, ∞) 𝑹 = (−∞, ∞)

𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 19
 1 1
2 𝑎 = −𝑛 (𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: , 2 , … . )
𝑥 𝑥
-
1
x
-
2
reciprocal
x

in

origin
sym
odd
&
-
I

Eig
syne
e
𝑫 = (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞) R -
[03 𝑫 = (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞)
𝑹 = (−∞, 𝟎) ∪ (𝟎, ∞) 𝑹 = (𝟎, ∞)
R -
[03
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 20
 1 1 1

3 𝑎= ( +𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … ) 2 3

𝑛
* 3 Root function

* · :
neither
neither odd even

𝑫 = 𝟎, ∞ 𝑫 = ℝ = (−∞, ∞) 𝑫 = 𝟎, ∞ 𝑫 = (−∞, ∞)
𝑹 = 𝟎, ∞ 𝑹 = ℝ = (−∞, ∞) 𝑹 = 𝟎, ∞ 𝑹 = 𝟎, ∞

3 x5
X

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 24 August 2024 22

a x
jis
Polynomial Function I
-

coeff war

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is called a polynomial if constant

f(x) = 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎0 f(x) =
Ex + = 3X
eg

2x5 xi + 2 xi + 5
=

x is a variable Voeg6
Leading coefficient coefficients 2
f(x) Xi 2X 1V deg =

516148
-

= -

= + rx -

2xX
f(x) = x
-
not +int

Examples f(x) = x -
7x + 1X

𝑛: non-negative integer f(x) 2x + 3x*

zVdeg6
int
= +

S 2 2
𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑛−1 , … , 𝑎1 , 𝑎0 ∈ ℝ
=
5
S (1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1 is a polynomial
3
Domain of f(x) = ℝ = −∞, ∞ . deg.( 𝒇 𝒙 ) = 5
Degree of the polynomial = 𝑛. −1 + 𝑥&
(2) 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2𝑥& 2∕3
g %
⑰ is not a polynomial

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 22
 info graph imp
Poly
,

1 Constant Function u
3 Quadratic Function
D = R

𝑓 𝑥 =𝑐 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2

Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) = f D = 12

R R =
𝐷𝑓 =
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = [C] 21
f(x) 5=
, - , 2 ,
sin spa
c)
𝑎>0 (0 ,
𝑎<0
2 Linear Function
I
4 Cubic Function
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑
Deg. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1
poly Deg. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3
Domain = R
Range= R Domain = R
Range= R

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 23
Graphs of three polynomial functions.

" 8
deg
.

3
deg
.

de
.

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 24

 25

Rational Function >

-

A rational function is a ratio of two polynomial functions:

𝑝 𝑥 The Domain of the rational function :
𝑓 𝑥 = , 𝑞 𝑥 ≠0
𝑞 𝑥 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑥 ∈ ℝ: 𝑞 𝑥 ≠ 0 = ℝ − {𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑞 𝑥 }
R-
[13
bx + c
x +

(( )
cy0 +
+

b 2)
=
1) -
,

b= = 5

(0 + ( + )( -
)
(, =k) -
7) + (
b45'6
b= = 5

Graphs of three rational functions. The straight red lines approached by the
graphs are called asymptotes and are not part of the graphs.

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 25
 x2 - x - 6 26

Examples 3) x2 + x 6
(x + 2)(x
-
-

3 92 -
2 ,
3651 (x + 3)(x 2)
-

(x -
1)(x + 2
24
- .

% 60 1;191 ,

-
3𝑥 − 1
ℎ 𝑥 =
2𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 + 1 3 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6
1 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 4 3 , 2Xbc 3 ,
- 2 or - 3,2

all if sum 5
0 6 1 &
2 y =
- =
x
-

.2
3 1
𝐷𝑓 = x2 = 4 2
𝐷𝑓 = =

x 1) gRx2 2

63
-
=

2) =0
R 511 -

23
-

E 2, (x + 2)(x
-

RR -
-

-2)0( - 2, 2)022 , 8)
(- ,
1
2 𝑔 𝑥 =
5𝑥 − 3 4
4 𝑘 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥2 + 4
impossible
= Fl 𝐷𝑓 = 0
𝐷𝑓 = x2 not neg
at all x(x 1) - =

1
0x
=
x
IR
: =

R -

[0 13 ,

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 26
 19/02/1446 27

Radical Function > Root "Fx--Radical

𝑛
A radical function is an algebraic function of the form : 𝑅(𝑥) = 𝑓 𝑥
Y
where 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial. Poly

ℝ odd 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒐𝒅𝒅
𝒏 R
𝒅𝒐𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒇 𝒙 :ቊ
𝒙∈ℝ ∶𝒇 𝒙 ≥𝟎 even 𝒊𝒇 𝒏 = 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏

-2 "Ex
xY 2
Example
-

27,2 ,
-

Find the domain of x[2

D [2 a)
=
,

D =
c - 0
, 2]
"Vi 𝑏 𝑓 𝑡 =
3
2𝑡 − 1
𝑎 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥+2 D= R
xy - 2 I

[- 2 , a)
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 27
 ?
28

untif
pir
Important Functions · fund

1 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2

(0,a)
-a a -a a

a] a)
1 0 , −aju[a ,
[ a (R1 a)
domain=−− − domain=−−−− domain = −− −
, - e
,
- -

So , a] [0−a) [a 0) zaz
range=−− − range=−− , range = −− − ,

/
-

example example example r

ℎ 𝑥 = 4 − 𝑥2 xX12 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 5
x2x 4 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 −9
x27, 5
-

,
x29
-
-

domain x24 domain domain

1x122 (x)3 3 IR
/ Range ,
Range x330x1 3 Range
50 , 2] 2[x[2
-

2,7 -

Copyright © 2017, 3]u(3

e)
a) 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
[02013, All(5 ,
8)
Rights Reserved Slide - 28
[ 2 , 2]
-
,
( 0. -
,
-
 Algebraic Functions

Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic operations

(addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots) lies
within the class of algebraic functions. All rational functions are
algebraic, but also included are more complicated functions (such as
those satisfying an equation like 𝑦 3 − 9𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 3 = 0.

The figure below displays the graphs of three algebraic functions.

32 T
5x3 +4

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 29

 Exercise 3 Find the domain of Exercise 6 Find the domain of

2
𝐹 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 10 𝐺 𝑡 = 2
𝑡 − 16
10
5xY
-

4) 0
(t -
4)(t + =

xy -
2
t= 4 4

43
-
,

[ -2 , 8) R -

[ - 4 ,

4)5( 4 4)6(4 , 8)
(
-

a,
-
,
Exercise 5 Find the domain of
4
𝑓 𝑡 =
3−𝑡

- t =

= 3
t = 3

R -

533
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 30
 poly is
any
Exercise 15 Rational Exercise 18

Find the natural domain and Find the natural domain and
graph the function graph the function not root
linear
det
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 − 2𝑥
-
poly 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 Radical
rational
IR - x70
x -
2 - 1012 x =8

y97 53 c -
0 ,
0]

n
- 4 =
10

2 I O

&
PR D = c - & , 0)

R = [0 ,
a)

Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide - 31
 TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTIONS

Functions that are not algebraic are called transcendental;

Trigonometric Functions i

algebraic
~

S
non Exponential Functions
opposite
Logarithm Functions
·ind
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 32
 sec
sin se tan
Trigonometric Functions cot x
-

COS2 CSC2
-

Periodic Function
The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are shown below.

/9
-symorigin symy
axis

odd even

D = R D = IR

R = [ - 1 , 1] R = C - 1 , 1]

2 Th Period =
2 Th
Period =

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 33

Exponential Functions
(t)" (2) de
=
poly
power
34 (t)"de
=
f(x) =
23 cubic

f(x) 3" exponential

are of the form of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥, 𝑎 is a base > 0 , 𝑎 ≠ 1.
=

Domain=IR
Domain= RR Range= 10 a
Range= 10 8
,

j9

10 ,12
(0 , 1)
& *

increasing decreasing
neither
neither
𝟏 𝒙
𝒂>𝟏, 𝒚= 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝟎 < 𝒂 < 𝟏, 𝒚= 𝟐

e .

9
(2) e .
g()
Increasing or decreasing !!
even or odd ?
Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 34
 ‫العدد‬ f(x) =1)ax
Logarithmic Functions 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥 &
aT
F *
10,
o(a(I
= IR R = 10 ,d
D ,

The power to which we The base 𝒂 is ‫الأساس‬

raise 𝒂 to get 𝒙 ‫القوى‬ a +ve constant ≠ 𝟏

S
neither
4
1096y
=

D
·

x4 = 64 : x= 3 (1 , 0)

logx =
3 10 , 0
2 D =

x
R
Note
=

64 =
36 : x= 2
e = x
𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑥 = ln 𝑥
1
neither
𝑙𝑜𝑔 functions are the inverse functions
2 of the exponential functions.
0
Domain= 10 , Range= R I
3 O
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 1 = ⋯ , 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑎 = ⋯
Increasing or decreasing !!
even or odd ?
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 HOMEWORK

1,2, 17, 19, 49, 53

Copyright © 2024 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved Slide - 36