1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence?

In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with
different new technologies day by day Here, one of the booming technologies of
computer science is Artificial Intelligence which is ready to create a new
revolution in the world by making intelligent machines.The Artificial Intelligence
is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields, ranging
from general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems,
playing music, Painting, etc.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a
great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human

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aldefines"man-made,"andintelligencedefines"thinkingpower",henceAImeans"aman
-madethinkingpower."

Definition of Artificial Intelligence

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines

which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as
learning, reasoning, and solving problems With Artificial Intelligence you do not
need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite that you can create a

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machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own intelligence, and
that is the awesomeness of AI

It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per
Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave
like humans.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the
importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to
learn about AI:

With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve
real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues,
marketing, traffic issues, etc.

With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.

With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.

AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
Replicate human intelligence
Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
An intelligent connection of perception and action
Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such
as:
Proving a theorem
Playing chess
Plan some surgical operation
Driving a car in traffic

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are

prone to less errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.

High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision

making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the
same action multiple times with high accuracy.

Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such

as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.

Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the

users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to
show the products as per customer requirement.

Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities

such as a self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate
with the human in human-language, etc.

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Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial
intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages
which we need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are the
disadvantages of AI:

High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as

it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter

machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only
do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.

No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding

performer, but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of
emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.

Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of

technology, people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are
losing their mental capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine

some new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence
and cannot be creative and imaginative.

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Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming
essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient
way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education,
etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.

Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance: AI and finance industries are the best matches for each
other. The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

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5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing
very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine
software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting
the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using
AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for
better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user
for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots
are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help

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of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.

Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk
and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce
AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

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History of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers.
This technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths
of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some
milestones in the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to
till date development.

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Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial
neurons.

Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.

Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing
Machinery and Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the
machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence,
called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This
program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more
elegant proofs for some theorems.

Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American

Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time,
AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL

were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time .

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The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)
Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can
solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in
1966, which was named as ELIZA.

Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which
was named as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from government for AI researches.

During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased .

A boom of AI (1980-1987)
Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System".
Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a
human expert.

In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.

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Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high
cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost
effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion,
Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.

Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.

Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies
like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

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