Binary Numbers

01
Decimal System

In the decimal system, we use 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Since, 10 basic symbols are used in this system, so its base or radix is 10.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

02
Conversion of Integral Decimal Numbers

Step 1: Take the 2 as divisor (as the base or radix of binary number is 2).
Step 2: Write the remainder at each step in bracket as shown in the given example.
Step 3: Repeat this process until we obtain quotient less than the divisor.
e.g. Write (21)10 into binary number system.
2 21
2 10 1
2 5 0
2 2 1
1 0

Step 4 : When we obtain 1 as quotient, start writing the number from there to upward direction, as shown
above.
∴ (21)10 = (10101)2
Therefore, 21 of decimal system is equal to (10101) of binary system.
03
Conversion of Fractional Decimal Numbers

Fractional numbers can be converted to binary form by successive multiplication by 2. In each

step, the digit before the decimal point is being transfered to the binary record and the process
is repeated with the remaining fractional number.
The last step is reached, if the fractional part is zero or it is terminated, when the desired accuracy
is attained. The first bit obtained is the most significant and the last is the least significant.

Ex. Conversion of 0.638 to binary form is

a. (0.1010101110)2 b. (1111000011)2
c. (0.1010001101)2 d. None of these
Sol. c Binary
0.638 × 2 = 1.276 1
0.276 × 2 = 0.552 0
0.552 × 2 = 1.104 1
0.104 × 2 = 0.208 0
0.208 × 2 = 0.416 0
0.416 × 2 = 0.832 0
0.832 × 2 = 1.664 1
0.664 × 2 = 1.328 1
0.328 × 2 = 0.6560
0.656 × 2 = 1.3121
Rounding off after 10 bits, the binary result is (0.638)10 = (0.1010001101)2

Note : The point in front of the binary is referred to as the binary point.
 Binary To Decimal Conversion

04 05
Conversion of Integral Binary Numbers Conversion of Fractional Binary Numbers
For converting binary number to decimal number, we start from the In order to convert the binary fractions to decimal numbers, we use
least significant bit, i.e. from right, by multiplying them with the negative powers of 2 to the right of the binary points.
powers of 2 in increasing order, i.e. with 20, 21, 22 and so on. This
process is repeated until the most significant bit, i.e. left bit has been Ex. Find the decimal equivalent to (0.1101)2.
processed. Adding all of them, we get the required decimal number. a. (81.25)10 b. (0.8125)10
c. (8.125)10 d. None of these
Ex. Conversion of (10010)2 to its equivalent decimal number is Sol. b
a. (18)10 b. (81)10 1 1 0 1
c (16)10 d. (34)10
1 1 1 1
= 2−1 = 2−2 = 2−3 = 2−4
Sol. a 2 4 8 16
(10010)2 = 1 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20 1 1 1 1
= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 18 ∴ (0.1101) 2 =
×1 + ×1 + × 0 + ×1
2 4 8 16
∴ (10010)2 = (18)10 = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0 + 0.0625 = 0.8125
Now, (0.1101)2 = (0.8125)10

06 07
Arithmetic Operations of Binary Numbers Binary Addition

The arithmetic operations of binary numbers namely addition, The rules of binary addition are
subtraction, multiplication and division are almost similar to those (i) 0 + 0 = 0
of decimal. (ii) 0 + 1 = 1
(iii) 1 + 0 = 1
(iv) 1 + 1 = 10 (one-zero, not ten)
Note : The last rule of often written as 1 + 1 = 0 with a carry of 1.
08
Binary Subtraction

The rules of binary subtraction are

(i) 0 – 0 = 0 (ii) 1 – 0 = 1 09
(iii) 1 – 1 = 0 (iv) 0 – 1 = 1
Binary Multiplication
Ex. Subtract 10001 form 10011.
a. (00100)2 b. (11000)2 The rules of binary multiplication are
c. (00010)2 d. None of these (i) 0 × 0 = 0 (ii) 0 × 1 = 0
Sol. c (iii) 1 × 0 = 0 (iv) 1 × 1 = 1
10011(19)
Ex. What is the value of X, if (1010)2 × (111)2 = (X)10?
−10001(17) a. 60 b. 70
00010 (2) c. 75 d. 80
Sol. b
Firstly, we multiply (1010)2 and (111)2
1010
×111
10
1010
Binary Division 1010 ×
1010 ××
The rules of binary division are
(i) 1 ÷ 1 = 1 (ii) 0 ÷ 1 = 0 1000110
(iii) 0 ÷ 0 = Not defined (iv) 1 ÷ 0 = Not defined
Now, we convert (1000110)2 to its decimal equivalent
1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 1× 21 + 0 × 20
Ex. Divide (1111)2 by (11)2.
= 64 + 4 + 2 = (70)2
a. (11)2 b. (101)2
∴ X = 70
c. (10)2 d. None of these
Sol. b
11 ) 1111 ( 101
11
11
11
×
 Questions
1. Which one of the following binary numbers is the prime number? 6. What is the decimal equivalent of (101.101)2 ?
(a) 111101 (b) 111010 (a) (5.225)10 (b) (5.525)10
(c) 111111 (d) 100011 (c) (5.625)10 (d) (5.65)10}

2. What is the product of the binary numbers 1001.01 and 11.1 ? 7. The number 0.0011 in binary system represents
(a) 101110.011 (b) 100000.011 (a) rational number 3 / 8 in decimal system
(c) 101110.101 (d) 100000.101 (b) rational number 1 / 8 in decimal system
(c) rational number 3 / 16 in decimal system
3. The multiplication of the number (10101)2 by (1101)2 yields which (d) rational number 5/16 in decimal system
one of the following ?
(a) (100011001)2 (b) (100010001)2 8. What is the equivalent binary number of the decimal number 13.625 ?
(c) (110010011)2 (d) (100111001)2 (a) 1101.111 (b) 1111.101
(c) 1101.101 (d) 1111.111
4. The binary number 0.111111 . . . (where the digit 1 is recurring) is
equivalent in decimal system to which one of the following? 9. What is the binary number equivalent of the decimal number 32.25 ?
1 11 (a) 100010.10 (b) 100000.10
(a) (b) (c) 100010.01 (d) 100000.01
10 10
10
(c) 1 (d) 10. The number 10101111 in binary system is represented in decimal
11 system by which one of the following numbers?
5. What is the binary equivalent of decimal number (0.8125)10 ? (a) 157 (b) 175
(a) (0.1101)2 (b) (0.1001)2 (c) 571 (d) 751
(c) (0.1111)2 (d) (0.1011)2
 Answer Key

1. (d)

2. (a)

3. (c)

4. (b)

5. (b)

6. (d)

7. (b)

8. (c)

9. (c)

10. (c)