Relations and Functions

Relation

01 04
Ordered Pair Properties of Cartesian Product
An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements grouped in a For three sets A, B and C,
particular order. (i ) n( A × B )= n( A) × n( B)
(ii ) A × B = f ,if either A or B is an empty set.
(iii ) A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C )
(iv) A × ( B ∩ C ) = ( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C )
(v ) A × ( B − C ) = ( A × B ) − ( A × C )
02
(vi ) ( A × B ) ∩ (C × D) = ( A ∩ C ) × ( B ∩ D)
Equality of Ordered Pairs (vii ) A × ( B′ ∪ C ′ )=′ ( A × B ) ∩ ( A × C )
Two ordered pairs (a1, b1) and (a2, b2) are equal iff a1 = a2 and b1 = b2. (viii ) A × ( B′ ∩ C ′ )=′ ( A × B ) ∪ ( A × C )
(ix) If A ⊆ B and C ⊆ D, then( A × C ) ⊆ ( B × D)
( x) If A ⊆ B, then A × A ⊆ ( A × B ) ∩ ( B × A)
( xi ) If A ⊆ B, then A × C ⊆ B × C for any set C.
( xii ) A× B = B × A ⇔ A = B
03 ( xiii ) If A ≠ B, then A × B ≠ B × A
(xiv) If either A or B is an infinite set, then A × B is an infinite set.
Cartesian (or Cross) Product of Sets
(xv) If A and B be any two non-empty sets having n elements in
common, then A × B and B × A have n2 elements in common.
For two non-empty sets A and B, the set of all ordered pairs (a, b)
such that a ∈ A and b ∈ B is called Cartesian product A × B, i.e.,
A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
05
06
Relation
Types of Relations
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then a relation R from A to B is a
subset of A × B. (i) Empty or Void Relation As f ⊆ A × A, for any set A, so f is a
If R ⊆ A × B and (a, b) ∈ R, then we say that a is related to b by the relation on A, called the empty or void relation.
relation R, written as aRb. (ii) Universal Relation Since, A × A ⊆ A × A, so A × A is a relation
If R ⊆ A × A, then we simply say R is a relation on A. on A, called the universal relation.
(iii) Identity Relation The relation IA = {(a, a): a ∈ A} is called the
identity relation on A.
(iv) Reflexive Relation A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive
07 relation, if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, (a, a) ∈ R, ∀ a ∈ A ⇒ R is reflexive.
Equivalence Relation (v) Symmetric Relation A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric
relation iff (a, b) ∈ R ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R, ∀ a, b ∈ A
A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation, if it is i.e. a R b ⇒ b R a, ∀ a, b ∈ A
simultaneously reflexive, symmetric and transitive on A. (vi) Transitive Relation A relation R on a set A is said to be transitive
relation, iff (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒ (a, c) ∈ R, ∀ a, b, c ∈ A
08
Inverse Relation
10
If A and B are two non-empty sets and R be a relation from A to B,
then the inverse of R, denoted by R–1, is a relation from B to A and is Important Results on Relation
defined by R–1 = {(b, a):(a, b) ∈ R}.
(i) If R and S are two equivalence relations on a set A, then R ∩ S is
also an equivalence relation on A.
(ii) The union of two equivalence relations on a set is not necessarily
09 an equivalence relation on the set.
(iii) If R is an equivalence relation on a set A, then R–1 is also an
Composition of Relation
equivalence relation on A
(vi) Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n
Let R and S be two relations from sets A to B and B to C respectively,
elements, respectively. Then, A × B consists of mn ordered pairs.
then we can define relation SoR from A to C such that (a, c) ∈ SoR ⇔
So, the total number of relations from A to B is 2nm.
∃ b ∈ B such that (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ S.
(v) If a set A has n elements, then number of reflexive relations from
This relation SoR is called the composition of R and S. 2

(i) RoS ≠ SoR A to A is 2n − n .

(ii) (SoR)–1 = R–1oS–1 known as reversal rule.
 Function

11 13
Function Exponential function

Let A and B be two non-empty sets, then a function f from set A to set f(x) = ax, a > 0, a ≠ 1.
B is a rule which associates each element of A to a unique element 0<a<1 a>1
f
of B. It is represented as f : A → B or A  → B and function is also
called the mapping.

12
Classification of Function
Domain = R, Range = (0, ∞)
1. Constant function
f (x) = k, k is a constant
2. Identity function
The function y = f (x) = x, ∀x∈R 14
Here domain & Range both R
Logarithmic function
3. Polynomial function
y = f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn–1 +...+ an, n is non negative integer, ai f (x) = loga x [a > 0, a ≠ 1]
are real constants. Given a0 ≠ 0, n is the degree of polynomial 0<a<1 a>1
function
There are two polynomial functions, f (x) = 1 + xn & f (x) = 1 − xn
1 1
satisfying the relation: f ( x) ⋅ f   =f ( x) + f  
 x  x
where ‘n’ is a positive integer

4. Rational functions
It is defined as the ratio of two polynomials.
P( x)
f ( x) = provided Q(x) ≠ 0
Q( x) Domain = (0, ∞), Range = R
Dom {f (x)} is all real numbers except
when denominator is zero [ i,e, Q(x) ≠ 0]
15 16
Proprieties of Log. Functions Trigonometric Functions

1. loga (xy) = loga | x | + loga | y | , where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and xy > 0 Sine function Cosecant Function
1
2. loga = for a > 0, a ≠ 1 and x > 0, x ≠ 1
log x a
x x
3. log a  =  log a | x | − log a | y | , where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and > 0
 y y
4. loga (x ) = n loga | x |, where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and x > 0
n n
f (x) = sin x.
m f (x) = cosec x
5. log an x
= m
log|a| | x | , where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and x > 0 Dom (f ) = R Dom (f ) = R –{np, n ∈ z }
n Ran (f ) = [–1, 1] Ran (f ) = R – (–1, 1)
6.= x loga y y loga x where x > 0, y > 0, a > 0, a ≠ 1
7. If a >1 , then the values of f(x)= loga x increase with the increase Cosine function Secant Function
in x.
i.e. x < y ⇔ loga x < loga y
< 0 for 0 < x < 1

Also,= log a x  0= for x 1
> 0 for x > 1 f (x) = cos x
 f (x) = sec x

{ }
8. If , 0 < a <1, then the values of f (x) = loga x decrease with the Dom (f ) = R p
increase in x . Ran (f ) = [–1, 1]. Dom (s)= R − ( 2n + 1) | n ∈ Z
2
i.e. x < y ⇔ loga x > loga y
Tangent function Ran (f ) = R – (–1, 1).
> 0 for 0 < x < 1
 Cotangent function
log a x  0=
Also,= for x 1
< 0 for x > 1


f (x) = tan x
 (2n + 1)p 
Dom (f ) =
R− ,n ∈ z
 2  f (x) = cot (x)
Ran (f) = R Dom (f ) = R –{nπ | n ∈ Z}
Ran (f ) = R.
17 18

Absolute Value Function Signum Function

 x, x > 0
y= f ( x=
) | x=| 
 − x, x < 0 | x |
 if x ≠ 0
=y sgn(
= x)  x
0 if x = 0

1. | x |2 = x 2
2. x 2 =| x |
19
3. =
| x | max{− x, x}
Greatest Integer Function
4. − | x =| min{− x, x}
a +b a −b f(x) = [x] the integral part of x,
5. max(=
a, b) +
2 2 which is nearest & smaller integer
a +b a −b 1. [ x]x < [ x] + 1
6. min(=
a, b) − 2. x − 1 < [ x] < x
2 2
7. | x+ y|≤| x|+| y| 3. I ≤ x < I + 1 ⇒ [ x] =I
8. | x + y | = | x | + | y | if xy > 0  2 x, x∈I
4. [ x] − [− x] =
9. |x− y|= | x | + | y | if xy  0 2 x + 1, x ∉ I
10. | x |  a (is − ve) x ∈ R  0, x ∈ I , x ∈ I
5. [ x] + [− x] =
11. a ≤ | x |  b ⇒ −b ≤ x ≤ −a or a ≤ x ≤ b.x ∈ [−b, − a ] ∪ [a, b]. −1, x ∉ I , x ∉ I
6. [ x] ≤ n ⇔ x < n + 1, n ∈ I
7. [ x] < n ⇔ x < n
 x   x + 1
8. =[ x]   +  
2  2 
 n + 1  n + 2   n + 4 
9.  + +  +…= n
 2   4   8 
10. [ x] + [ y ]  [ x + y ]  [ x] + [ y ] + 1
 1  2  n − 1
11. [ x] +  x +  +  x +  +  +  x + [nx]
=
 n  n  n 
20 21
Fractional Part Function Odd and Even Function

y ={x} fractional part of x. 1. if f(–x) = –f(x) ∀x ∈R then f is an odd function, odd functions are
y = {x} = x – [x] symmetrical in opposite quadrants or about origin.
1. {x} = x, 0 ≤ x < 1. 2. If f(–x) = f(x). then even. It is symmetric about y axis.
2. {x} = 0, x ∈ I
3. {-x} = 1-{x}, x ∉ I Properties
4. {x ± integer} = {x} 1. Product of two odd or two even function is an even function.
2. Product of odd & even function is an odd function.
3. Every function can be expressed as the sum of an even and odd
f ( x) + f (− x) f ( x) − f (− x)
function,
= i.e, f ( x) +
2 2
22 4. Derivative of an odd function is an even function and of an even
Periodic function is odd.

f (x) is periodic if f (x + T) = f (x) ∀ x ∈ R , T = period

Functions Period 23
sin x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x
n
π(n is even), 2π(n odd/ fraction Composition of Function
tann x, cotn x π
|trig function| π
x −[x] 1.
f (x) = constant Periodic with no fundamental
period.
• h(x) = g f (x) = (gof) (x).
Properties of Periodic functions • gof ≠ fog.
If f (x) is periodic with period T, then • Composition of two bijection is a bijection.
1. c. f (x) is periodic with period T Properties of Composite Function
2. f (x + c) is periodic with period T.
3. f (x) ± c is periodic with period T. f g fog
T even even even
4. kf (cx + d) has period period is only affected by coefficient of
x. | c | odd odd odd
even odd even
odd even even
24 25
Kinds of Mapping Number of functions

1. One-one/Injective/Homomorphic: f (x) = f (y) ⇒ x = y, then

one-one Graphically, if no line parallel to x-axis meets the graph
of function at more than one point.
2. Onto/Surjective: If range = co-domain. Method to show
subjectivity: Finding the range of y = f (x) & Showing range of
f = co-domain of f
3. Many-one mapping:If two or more element in domain have
same image in co-domain. Total no of functions = mn
4. Into Function : There's an element in B not having a pre image
 m Pn , m ≥ n
in A under f. [f : A → B]. Number of One to one functions = 
0, m<n
m n − m Pn , m  n
No. of many one functions = n
 m , m<n
26 No. of constant function = m.

Inverse of a function  n
∑ (−1) Cr (m − r ) , n ≥ m
r m n

No. of onto function =  r = 0

g : B → A , f (x) = y ⇔ g(y) = x ∀ x ∈ A and y ∈ B. mn , n<m

Then g is inverse of f
1. Inverse of a bijection is unique. No. of one-to-one onto functions = n!, if m = n
2. If f : A → B is a bijection g : B → A is the inverse of f, then fog =
IB , gof = IA , where IA & IB are identity function
3. The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection (gof)–1 = f –1 og–1.
27
Hyperbolic functions

e x − e− x e x − e− x
sinh x = tanh x = x
2 e + e− x

e x + e− x e x + e− x
cosh x = coth x = x
2 e − e− x
28 29
Elementary Transformation of Graphs Things to remember

1. Drawing the graph of y = |f (x)| from the

1. Range of a cos x + b sin x is  − a + b , a + b 
2 2 2 2
 

2. Range of f ( x) = a − x + x − b if a > b > 0 is a − b + 2(a − b)

 1 1
3. Range of  x +  + is (−∞, −2.5] ∪ [2.5, ∞)
 x  1
x+ 
 f ( x) if f ( x)0  x
| f ( x) |= 
− f ( x) if f ( x) < 0

2. Drawing graph of y = f (|x|) from the known graph of y = f (x).

30
Functional Equation

1. f ( x + y ) f ( x)=
= f ( y ), then f ( x) a x
Neglect the curve for x <0 & take the images of curve for x  0 2. f ( xy ) = f ( x) + f ( y ), then f ( x) =log a x
about y axis.  x + y  f ( x) + f ( y )
3. f = , then f ( =
x) mx + c
 2  2
3. Drawing graph of |y| = f (x) from the know m graph of y = f (x).
1
4. f ( x) f   = 1, then f ( x) = ± x n
 x

Remove portion that lies below x axis. Plot the remaining portion
of the graph & also its mirror image in x-axis.
 Questions
1. If [x]2 – 5[x] + 6 = 0, where [ . ] denote the greatest integer function, x
then 6. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 3x2 – 5 and g: R → R by g ( x) = 2 .
x +1
(a) x ∈ [3, 4] (b) x ∈ (2, 3] Then gof is
(c) x ∈ [2, 3] (d) x ∈ [2, 4) 3x 2 − 5 3x 2 − 5
(a) (b)
9 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 26 9 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 26
1
2. Range of f ( x) = is 3x 2 3x 2
1 − 2 cos x (c) 4 (d)
x + 2x2 − 4 9 x 4 + 30 x 2 − 2
1
  1
(a)  ,1 (b)  −1,  7. Which of the following functions from Z into Z are bijections?
3   3
(a) f (x) = x (b) f (x) = x + 2
 1
(c) (−∞, −1] ∪ , ∞   
(d) − ,11  (c) f (x) = 2x + 1 (d) f (x) = x2 + 1
 3   3 
1
x2 + 2x + 1 8. A function f is defined by f ( x)= x + . Consider the following.
3. The domain of the function f given by f ( x) = 2 x
x − x−6 (1) (f (x))2 = f (x2) + 2
(a) R – {3, –2} (b) R – {–3, 2} (2) (f (x))3 = f (x3) + 3f (x)
(c) R – [3, –2] (d) R – (3, –2) Which of the above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
4. The domain and range of the function f given by f (x) = 2 – |x – 5| is (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
(a) Domain = R , Range = (–∞, 1]
+

(b) Domain = R, Range = (–∞, 2] 9. If a set A contains 4 elements, then what is the number of elements in
(c) Domain = R, Range = (–∞, 2) A × P(A) ?
(d) Domain = R+, Range = –∞, 2] (a) 16 (b) 32
(c) 64 (d) 128
1
5. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x) = ∀x ∈ R . Then f is
x 10. Let R = {x | x ∈ N, x is a multiple of 3 and x ≤ 100} S = {x | x ∈ N, x
(a) one-one (b) onto is a multiple of 5 and x ≤ 100}. What is the number of elements in (R
(c) Bijective (d) f is not defined × S) ∩ (S × R) ?
(a) 36 (b) 33
(c) 20 (d) 6
 Answer Key

1. (c)

2. (b)

3. (a)

4. (b)

5. (d)

6. (a)

7. (b)

8. (c)

9. (c)

10. (a)