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 HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF
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Historical Dictionary of Nepal

Second Edition

Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai

ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD

Lanham • Boulder • New York • London
Published by Rowman & Littlefield
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
www.rowman.com

Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB

Copyright © 2017 by Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Shrestha, Nanda R., author. | Bhattarai, Keshav, 1955- author.

Title: Historical dictionary of Nepal / Nanda R. Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai.
Description: Second edition. | Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield, [2016] | Series: Historical
dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East | Includes bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016035269 (print) | LCCN 2016035644 (ebook) | ISBN 9781442277694 (hard-
cover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781442277700 (electronic)
Subjects: LCSH: Nepal—History—Dictionaries.
Classification: LCC DS494.5 .S58 2016 (print) | LCC DS494.5 (ebook) | DDC 954.96003—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016035269

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.

Printed in the United States of America.

 Contents

Editor’s Foreword ix

Acknowledgments xi

Reader’s Note xiii

Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii

Maps xxi

Chronology xxvii

Introduction 1

THE DICTIONARY 41

Appendix A: Nepal Government Ministries, 2016 393

Appendix B: Prime Ministers of Nepal, 1951–Present 395

Tables 397

Glossary 411

Bibliography 419

About the Authors 481

vii
 Editor’s Foreword

We know little about some countries—indeed, close to nothing in the general

public. About others, we seem to actually know less than nothing. Nepal may
fit in that category. Too much of what the public “knows” derives from brief
and usually pleasant vacations or idyllic descriptions, which make the place
look like Shangri-La. Shangri-La it is not—and probably never was. Instead,
as this book shows, it is just an ordinary country with an extraordinary
number of problems. These include standard ones like inadequate economic
development and social infrastructure, poverty, and corruption, plus worsen-
ing pollution, but now finally there is relative peace and quiet after a hasty
Maoist uprising. Indeed, Nepal has passed through several democratic elec-
tions, and finally seems to be getting on the right track. This means there has
definitely been some progress since the last edition of this dictionary.
This book, thank goodness, does not engage in clichés or indulge illusions.
It describes Nepal’s history, politics, economy, society, and religion in fairly
straightforward terms and in a reasonably balanced manner. It focuses on
significant rulers of the past and present as well as lesser beings who have
risen from among the people in what not so long ago was a kingdom strongly
permeated with traditional religion. The broad historical background can be
found in the introduction, with numerous details in the dictionary section.
The chronology shows where Nepal comes from and, alas, where it has gone
wrong several times and is wandering aimlessly at present. The bibliography
makes it possible to learn even more about the real Nepal, and serves as an
antidote to the often deceptive travel guides and travelers’ tales. Moreover,
this edition is larger and more inclusive than the last one. The Historical
Dictionary of Nepal was written not by historians or political scientists like
most of the books in this series, but by the same team of geographers as the
previous edition. That is hardly a drawback. Geographers, more than other
academics, have to see things from the ground up and cover a lot of territory.
This comes in handy for a country like Nepal. Moreover, both authors were
born and raised in Nepal, and began their studies in Nepal. Both then emi-
grated. Keshav Bhattarai, the younger of the two, actually worked as a dis-
trict forest officer in Nepal before coming to the United States. He is now
professor of geography in the School of Environmental, Physical and Ap-
plied Sciences at the University of Central Missouri. Keshav received his
Ph.D. from Indiana University in 2000 and has published journal articles and
books on various topics related to Nepal. Nanda R. Shrestha, who came to
the United States in 1972, received his Ph.D. from Indiana University in
ix
x • EDITOR’S FOREWORD
1982. Nanda is professor of resources and cultural management in the School
of Business and Industry at Florida A&M University. Over the years, he has
visited Nepal frequently and written on its geography and economic devel-
opment extensively. His publications include numerous journal articles and
several books, namely Landlessness and Migration in Nepal, In the Name of
Development: A Reflection on Nepal, and Nepal and Bangladesh: A Global
Studies Handbook. Together they are a knowledgeable pair of guides with
whom to explore Nepal.

Jon Woronoff
Series Editor
 Acknowledgments

First of all, we would like to thank Jon Woronoff for asking us to do this
book, which was first published in 2003. His insightful comments have
greatly helped to enhance the content and quality of this volume. In addition,
Dinesh Bhattarai provided valuable information on some of the recent devel-
opments concerning Nepali politics and society. We would also like to ex-
tend our sincere thanks to Kim Tabor and Niki Averill for their meticulous
help in the production and copyediting of this book. Often overlooked in
such an endeavor are the silent and invisible contributors who endure the
most and get the least credit for their critical role in bringing a book like this
to fruition. They are the family members, the anchors of our personal and
professional lives. We owe much to our respective families for their unyield-
ing support and understanding. They are our eternal inspiration.

Nanda R. Shrestha
Florida A&M University
Keshav Bhattarai
University of Central Missouri

xi
 Reader’s Note

NEPALI

Is it “Nepali” or “Nepalese”? This is the question one may ask. The quick
answer is that both are common in vernacular use, but no “Nepalian,” please.
Throughout this volume, we use “Nepali” rather than its variant—some
might say deviant—form: “Nepalese.” Not only is the word “Nepali” histori-
cally embedded, it is also rooted in the Nepali system and soil. Furthermore,
the term “Nepalese” does not even exist in the Nepali language; it is not part
of the Nepali vernacular. Use of “Nepalese” among English-speaking Nepali
elite and foreigners is attributed to the Anglicization of “Nepali,” perhaps
dating back to the British colonial rule of India. In other words, one could
argue that wherever the British set their feet, they left their footprints in one
form or another. Regardless, the word “Nepali” refers to the people of Nepal
as well as anything pertaining to Nepal. And it is the country’s national
language.
Written in Devanagari script, Nepali stems from the same root as Hindi:
Sanskrit, the language of original Hindu texts and of Vedic or religious
studies in the past, monopolized by the upper crust of the Brahman caste.
There are many words used in these languages that are similar. They carry
the same meaning and are generally pronounced the same way. Those who
can read Nepali can read Hindi (and Sanskrit) and vice versa. However, they
are not necessarily the same, as they are spoken differently.
As a language, Nepali contains 36 consonants and 12 primary vowels
(including both short and long vowels). Despite its elaborate structure and
sound system (including nasal sounds), most of the Nepali sounds are not
difficult to master. Unlike some other languages, Nepali entails no contradic-
tion between the way it is written and the way it is pronounced. For instance,
in Spanish, the letter J in its written form often has the sound of the letter H
in its spoken form (e.g., José). But Nepali is straightforward in this respect in
that the letter J is pronounced with a “j” sound. That is true with virtually
every English alphabet, with the possible exception of the letter V, which
sometimes carries the sound of the letter B. For instance, Bishnu is often
spelled “Vishnu,” as in the case of Hindu God Vishnu, or Kapilbastu spelled
“Kapilvastu.” Such a tendency perhaps reflects the influence of the Indian
pronunciation and Romanization system.

xiii
xiv • READER’S NOTE
There is one specific Nepali sound that most Westerners find difficult to
pronounce. This sound is associated with the seventh consonant and can be
written in Roman alphabets as “chh.” This is the aspirated and slightly elon-
gated version of the sixth consonant, which in English sounds like “ch” as in
church. The “chh” sound comes more from the throat region than from a
single flap of the tongue against the front part of its roof. Our observations
reveal that most Westerners, including those who are linguistically versatile
and have lived in Nepal for a considerable amount of time, have difficulty
mastering it. While both sounds appear to have the same base, the “chh”
sound is definitely distinct: for instance, Chhetri—one of the caste groups
discussed in this volume.
Another sound that Westerners usually find somewhat difficult to correctly
pronounce is associated with the combination “jh” (e.g., jhanda, meaning
“flag”), which is the aspirated version of the letter J (e.g., janata, meaning
“people,” or as in judge). The “th” sound in Nepali is also problematic, for it
can be either aspirated or non-aspirated. In other words, Nepali has two
distinct alphabets with the “th” sound. In its aspirated form, the letter H in the
“th” sound is almost silent, as in Kathmandu or Shrestha. In its non-aspirated
form, it is pronounced with a dental sound, as in the word “think.” In short,
Nepali has separate consonants for all these varying or aspirated and non-
aspirated sounds.
Similar to Japanese, the word structure or sound system generally follows
an alternate consonant-vowel-consonant pattern, for example, “Tapai kahile
Nepal pharkane pheri?” (When are you returning to Nepal again?) If one
observes each word in the Nepali sentence, it is clear that each consonant (or
what one may call a consonant unit such as “ph”) is followed by a vowel.
The English A vowel when used to Romanize Nepali words can have both
the long and short “a” sounds, thus causing some confusion as to how one
should pronounce a given Romanized Nepali word. Take, for example, Kar-
tik (one of the Nepali months). In this instance, the “a” sound (i.e., Ka) is
long, as in “cartoon.” On the other hand, take the word “karma.” Here both
“a” sounds (“ka” and “ma”) are short, as in “balloon.” In view of this confu-
sion, some people may sometimes use two A’s (i.e., “aa”) in situations where
the “a” sound is long, as in aama (mother). But when written in Nepali itself,
no such dilemma or confusion exists because the language contains both the
short “a” (as in adalat, meaning “court”) and long “a” (as in aama or ama)
vowels.
Variations may be observed when some Nepali names and words are writ-
ten in Roman letters. For instance, the family name Pande may be spelled
“Panday” or “Pandey,” depending on one’s preference. After all, they all
sound the same in Nepali. However, when written in Nepali, such variations
vanish because there is only one way to write it. It can get even more compli-
cated for a name like Poudel, another family name, as some may write it as
 READER’S NOTE • xv
“Paudel,” “Poudyal,” or “Paudyal.” One can find many other cases. This
tendency is more common with family names than with first and second
names.

NEPALI PROPER NAMES

Most Nepalis have three names, including the family name or surname. In
the case of women’s names, their family names change when they get mar-
ried; unlike in the Chinese tradition, married women adopt their husbands’
family names. Again unlike in China or Korea, but similar to Western coun-
tries, Nepalis write their given names first and family names last. It is pre-
cisely the family names that invariably serve as their caste or ethnic identity,
something that seldom happens in the West, at least in the contemporary
context. One may, however, occasionally come across Nepali last names that
may not provide any immediate caste identity. Take, for example, Madhav
Kumar Nepal, one of the dictionary entries in this volume. In this case, Nepal
is the last name of Madhav Kumar, but it offers no clear indication of his
caste or ethnic affiliation. Obviously, it is a name that was adopted or invent-
ed; it does not exist in any of the historical caste or ethnic groups. Many
Nepalis believe that when people change their last or family names, those
people belong to low-caste groups. One can actually find cases in which low-
caste Nepali citizens have adopted “Nepali” as their surname as a way to hide
their true caste identity.
The first and second names are given names. As in India—or for that
matter among Hindu (Sanskritic) names in general—one can observe what
may be described as a two-pronged tradition in Nepal. That is to say, some
write first and second names separately as two different names, whereas
others combine them into one name. Take two entries from the dictionary,
for example, to illustrate the point: Ganeshman Singh and Baburam Bhatta-
rai. In both cases, their given names actually comprise two names: Ganesh
Man and Babu Ram. So one may write their given names both ways, unless
they have already established a specific precedence. In fact, one can see their
names written both ways. In this volume, we have tried to adhere to the
pattern that appears to be most common, or at least more common. In the
dictionary entries, we have avoided hereditary or titular affixes to certain
names, namely Rana and Shah names. Many Ranas have an inherent tenden-
cy to attach “Jang Bahadur” (J. B.) to their names to delineate their distinct
Jang Bahadur lineage—that is, to indicate their superior status even among
the Ranas themselves. After all, they have created three different classes of
Ranas, A, B, and C, to indicate bloodline purity. “A” is, of course, the highest
class, the direct descendants of Jang Bahadur, or “pureblood,” as they called
xvi • READER’S NOTE
it. So the full name is written as “Juddha Shamsher J. B. Rana.” Similarly,
the later Shah kings added “Dev” (divine/god) to their names to signify that
they were Lord Vishnu’s incarnations, for example, “Mahendra Bir Bikram
Shah Dev.” In this volume, we have removed such aggrandizements from
their names.
Finally, we sound a word of caution regarding biographical dates reported
in this volume. Since the Nepali calendar is different from the Western
calendar, conversion of Nepali years into Western years can be tricky and
sometimes slightly off, especially when exact dates (date and month) are
missing. In preparing this volume, we have done our best to be as accurate as
possible in converting Nepali dates that we obtained from different sources.
For any inadvertent errors that might have occurred in this endeavor, we
sincerely apologize.

CURRENCY

The Nepali currency is called the rupee, as in India, but they do not weigh the
same in terms of monetary value. Over the years, the value of the Nepali
rupee has been depreciating vis-à-vis the U.S. dollar as well as other interna-
tional currencies.
Nepali Rupee–US Dollar Exchange Rates, 1985–2015

Rupees per US Dollar 1985 1995 2005 2015

End of year 20.7 56.0 74.6 106.4
Average for the year 18.3 51.9 72.1 106.5

HOW TO READ THE DICTIONARY SECTION

The Historical Dictionary of Nepal is arranged alphabetically (A to Z) to

make it user friendly. Depending on the topical or biographical importance in
the national context, some entries are discussed at greater length than others.
The reader can more fully explore certain topics by using cross-references
provided for many entries, printed in boldface type. In addition, more or
related information available on certain matters is given at the end of an entry
under See also.
 Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADB–N Agriculture Development Bank of Nepal
AFP Agence France-Presse
AIC Agriculture Inputs Corporation
APROSC Agricultural Projects Services Centre
ARTEP Asian Regional Team for Employment Production
ASD Agricultural Statistics Division
BBC British Broadcasting Corporation
BS Bikram Sambat (Nepal’s calendar system)
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)
CDG Centre for Development and Governance
CEDA Centre for Economic Development and Administration
CGDS Centre for Governance and Development Studies
CNAS Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies
CPFD Community and Private Forestry Development
CPN Communist Party of Nepal
CPN–M Communist Party of Nepal–Maoist (now called Unified
Communist Party–Maoist)
CPN–UML Communist Party of Nepal–Unified (United) Marxist-
Leninist
CREST Centre for Resources and Environmental Studies
CWIN Child Workers in Nepal
CWS Child Welfare Society
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DFO District Forest Officer
DFRS Department of Forest Research and Survey
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DMP Department of Medicinal Plants

xvii
xviii • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
DOA Department of Agriculture
DOHS Department of Health Services
ENPHO Environment and Public Health Organization
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FES Friedrich Ebert Stiftung
FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency
FMUDP Forest Management, Utilization and Development Project
FNCCI Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry
FOPHUR Forum for Protection of Human Rights
FPDC Forest Products Distribution Committee
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
GTZ German Agency for Technical Cooperation
GWRDB Ground Water Resources Development Board
HMG His Majesty’s Government
HPL Himal Power Limited
ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
IDS Integrated Development Systems
IIDS Institute of Integrated Development Systems
ILO International Labour Organisation
INGO International Non-Governmental Organization
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (World
Conservation Union)
LDC Least Developed Country
LRMP Land Resource Mapping Project
MLD Ministry of Local Development
MOA Ministry of Agriculture
MOF Ministry of Finance
MOFASC Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation
MOH Ministry of Health
MOHA Ministry of Home Affairs
 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS • xix
MOPE Ministry of Population and Environment
MOWAR Ministry of Water Resources
MP Member of Parliament
MRD Movement for the Restoration of Democracy
NARC Nepal Agriculture Research Centre
NC (NCP) Nepali Congress Party
NCC Nepal Chamber of Commerce
NCP or NC Nepali Congress Party
NDC Nepal Development Council
NDP National Democratic Party (see RPP)
NEFAS Nepal Foundation for Advanced Studies
NESAC Nepal South Asia Centre
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NHRC National Human Rights Commission
NIDC Nepal Industrial Development Corporation
NOC Nepal Oil Corporation
NORAD Norwegian Agency for Cooperation and Development
NPC National Planning Commission
NRB Nepal Rastra Bank
NSP Nepal Sadbhavana Party
NWPP Nepal Workers and Peasants Party
POLSAN Political Science Association of Nepal
RNAC Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation
RONAST Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
RPP Rastriya Prajatantra Party (see NDP)
RVDP Rapti Valley Development Project
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SAP South Asia Partnership
SLC School Leaving Certificate
TADO Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Ordinance
TCN Timber Corporation of Nepal
TU Tribhuvan University (Nepal)
xx • ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
UCEP Underprivileged Children’s Educational Programme
UCPN–M Unified Communist Party of Nepal–Maoist (see CPN–M)
ULF United Left Front
UML United Marxist-Leninist (see CPN)
UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USEF United States Educational Foundation
USIA United States Information Agency
USOM United States Operations Mission (predecessor to USAID)
VDC Village Development Committee
WHO World Health Organization
WWF World Wildlife Fund
 Maps

South Asia

xxi
 xxii
•
MAPS
Districts
Development Regions and Zones

MAPS
•
xxiii
 xxiv
•
MAPS
Provinces
MAPS • xxv
 xxvi
•
MAPS
Earthquakes 2015
 Chronology

EARLY HISTORY

563 B.C. Birth of Buddha. The Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) was born on
Baisakh Purnima in Lumbini, located in Nepal’s central Tarai district of
Kapilvastu, which was ruled by the Sakya (Shakya) dynasty. Siddhartha was
a Sakya prince. He was married to Yasodhara, a princess of Koili Dynasty of
Debdaha (near Butwal, located in the adjacent district of Rupandehi).
Before 400 A.D. Various pastoral dynasties ruled Nepal, which included the
Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas. The valley was later ruled by
the Kirata dynasty, founded by Yellung Kirata from the eastern hills. The
Kirata dynasty’s rule spanned at least 1,500 years, until it was dislodged in
400 A.D. by what came to be known as the Licchavi era.

THE LICCHAVI RULE

400–879 A.D. With the inception of the Licchavi period, Nepal slowly
moved onto the terra firma of history. This period is often regarded as the
“Golden Age” in Nepali history. The era began with the rule of Vrasadeva (c.
400–425) and concluded with Manadeva IV (c. 875–879). Raghavadeva,
whose rule began in 879, seemed to be the transitional ruler separating the
end of the Licchavi period and the advent of the medieval period.

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

879–1200 Advent of the medieval period ushered in a dark phase in Nepali

history as the country was completely shrouded in chaos and confusion. The
eclipse cast by the medieval period lasted for more than 300 years until the
onset of the Malla regime with the rule of Ari Malla (Arimalla) in 1200 A.D.

xxvii
xxviii • CHRONOLOGY
THE MALLA RULE

1200–1482 The Early Malla Period. This was the period during which the
Kathmandu Valley was maintained and ruled as one kingdom. While this
phase of the Malla rule continued to expand the foundation built during the
Licchavi period, the kingdom embarked on a self-destructive course follow-
ing the death of Jayasthiti Malla in 1395.
1200–1216 Reign of Ari Malla, the founder of the Malla period.
1345–1346 Sultan Shamshuddhin of Bengal raided Kathmandu.
1382–1395 Reign of Jayasthiti Malla, perhaps the most farsighted of all the
Malla rulers. He was responsible for instituting many social codes, including
the classification of castes and subcastes. The lasting impact of his social and
institutional codes is still felt in many aspects of social life in Nepal.
1428–1482 Reign of Yaksha Malla, the last Malla ruler of the unified Malla
kingdom of the Kathmandu Valley.
1482–1769 The Divided Malla Kingdoms. The breakup of the Malla king-
dom of the Kathmandu Valley following the death of Yaksha Malla in 1482.
It was fragmented into three separate kingdoms: Kathmandu, Bhadgaon
(Bhaktapur), and Patan (Lalitpur). This division signaled the breakdown and
eventual downfall of the Malla rule.
1559 Gorkha principality established in the central hills.
1743 Prithvi Narayan Shah was crowned king of Gorkha. Soon after his
coronation, Prithvi Narayan embarked on a long military campaign of territo-
rial conquests, consolidation, and national unification.
1769 Prithvi Narayan Shah completed the conquest of all three Malla king-
doms, setting the stage for the unification of fragmented Nepal. The city of
Kathmandu was declared the capital of the new Nepal. He was also the
founder of the Shah dynasty.

THE EARLY SHAH RULE

1769–1846 The Shah Period. With the unification of Nepal began the Shah
period, which may be loosely described as the modern period. Many events
took place during this period.
1769–1816 Continued territorial expansion and annexation.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxix
1770–1775 Restriction of trade with Tibet; dispute over the circulation of
Nepal-minted coins in Tibet.
1775 Death of King Prithvi Narayan Shah; treaty between Nepal and Tibet.
1775–1777 Reign of King Pratap Singh Shah.
1777–1799 Reign of King Rana Bahadur Shah after King Pratap’s death.
1788 First Tibet–Nepal War.
1789 Tibet–Nepal Treaty.
1791 Second Tibet–Nepal War.
1792 Treaty of Commerce between Nepal and the East India Company;
China–Nepal War.
1793 The Kirkpatrick Mission to Kathmandu.
1799 Abdication of Rana Bahadur Shah and accession to the throne of his
infant son, King Girvana Yuddha Bikram, at the age of one and a half.
Following that event, Rana Bahadur went to live in Varanasi, India, a place
often considered to be a Hindu sanctuary.
1799–1816 Reign of King Girvana Yuddha Bikram Shah.
1801 Treaty with the East India Company’s government.
1803 Amar Singh Thapa led Nepal’s westward expansion, pushing its boun-
dary all the way to the Satlej (Sutlej) River in India.
1804 The 1801 treaty with the East India Company considered null and void.
1806–1837 Bhimsen (Bhim Sen) Thapa took office as mukhtiyar (prime
minister) and held it until 1837.
1814–1816 War with the British in India (Anglo–Nepal War).
1816 The Treaty of Sagauli (Sugauli) ratified in March. As part of the treaty,
Nepal ceded roughly one-half of its territory to British India.
1816–1847 Reign of King Rajendra Bikram following King Girvana Yud-
dha’s death.
1837 Dismissal of Mukhtiyar General Bhimsen Thapa.
1839 Rearrest and most gruesome death of Bhimsen Thapa.
1845 Mathbar Singh Thapa was appointed prime minister for life in January.
A few months later, in May, he was assassinated by his own nephew Jang
Bahadur Kunwar.
xxx • CHRONOLOGY
1846 Kot Parba (courtyard massacre). In September, Nepal witnessed its
bloodiest courtyard massacre, in which 29 leading bhardars (court nobles)
were slaughtered by Jang Bahadur Kunwar and his brothers. After the massa-
cre, Jang became prime minister and commander in chief.

THE RANA RULE

1846–1951 The Rana Period. The rise of Jang Bahadur Kunwar in 1846 set
in motion the de facto Rana rule, rooted in hereditary and autocratic prime
ministership. As Rana prime ministers usurped power, they turned the Shah
king into a titular head with little authority and power.
1846–1877 Rule of Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Rana.
1846 King Rajendra was compelled by Crown Prince Surendra to vacate the
throne, and then went to Varanasi, India, with his junior queen and two sons.
1847–1881 Occupation of the throne by King Surendra Shah.
1847 In July, ex-king Rajendra was brought back to Nepal; he was kept
under house arrest until his death in July 1881.
1850–1851 Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Kunwar traveled to Britain and
other European countries. He departed from Calcutta, India, in April 1850
and returned to Kathmandu in February 1851. What he did was unprecedent-
ed in Nepal’s history.
1854 Promulgation of the Muluki Ain (administrative procedures, legal
frameworks, or national civil codes regarding various matters) by Prime
Minister Jang Bahadur Kunwar.
1857 Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Kunwar led a Nepali battalion to India to
help the East India Company suppress the Sepoy Mutiny. His support proved
critical for British victory and continued rule of India.
1858 King Surendra bestowed upon Jang Bahadur Kunwar the honorific title
of Rana, an old title used in northern India to denote martial glory. As a
result, Jang Bahadur removed his surname “Kunwar” and adopted in its place
“Rana,” thus initiating the Rana clan and premiership in Nepal.
1877–1885 Rule of Prime Minister Ranoddip Singh Rana.
1878 Death of Crown Prince Trailokya Bikram Shah and the devolution of
his royal rights to his infant son Prithvi Bir Bikram Shah.
1881–1911 At the age of six, Prithvi Bir Bikram was crowned king upon his
grandfather’s death.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxxi
1885–1901 Rule of Prime Minister Bir Shamsher Rana, following the assas-
sination of Prime Minister Ranoddip Singh.
1901 Rule of Prime Minister Dev Shamsher Rana, following the death of Bir
Shamsher. In a month, Dev Shamsher was deposed in a bloodless coup and
was replaced by Chandra Shamsher.
1901–1929 Rule of Chandra Shamsher Rana.
1911–1955 Tribhuvan Bir Bikram ascended to the throne after King Prithvi
Bir Bikram’s death.
1914–1918 World War I. More than 200,000 Gorkha (Gurkha) soldiers were
placed at the disposal of the British Empire. In addition, almost 17,000
Nepali soldiers were sent to India for garrison duties.
1918 Tri-Chandra College founded, the first college in the nation.
1923 A new treaty signed with British India.
1924 Slavery (das pratha) abolished by Chandra Shamsher.
1929–1932 Rule of Prime Minister Bhim Shamsher Rana, following the
death of Chandra Shamsher Rana.
1932–1945 Rule of Prime Minister Juddha Shamsher Rana, following the
death of Bhim Shamsher Rana.
1934 15 January: An 8.4 earthquake in India and Nepal killed some 15,000
people. It damaged the Mahabuddha Temple in Patan, Nepal.
1936 Nepal Praja Parishad—or Praja Parishad (People’s Council)—was
founded under the leadership of Tanka Prasad Acharya. It was the first politi-
cal party in Nepal, created to overthrow Rana autocracy and establish democ-
racy. In Bihar, India, the party published a periodical called Janata (The
People) to promote its political position and policy, advocating a multi-caste,
democratic government and the overthrow of the Ranas.
1939–1945 World War II. Once again, Nepal denuded its hill villages to send
forth its young lads to fight and die for the British Empire. Over 160,000
were recruited. Altogether more than 24,000 were killed and 40,000 incapac-
itated while serving the imperial cause of the global British army.
1940 October: Arrest of 43 Nepal Praja Parishad leaders and workers for
plotting to dismantle the Rana rule. King Tribhuvan was found to be in-
volved in the plot.
1941 Of the 43 arrested in 1940, three of the primary leaders were given
capital punishment and executed. 24 January: On the order of Prime Minis-
ter Juddha Shamsher, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, who gave King Tribhuvan
xxxii • CHRONOLOGY
lessons in wrestling, was hanged to death. Also hanged on the same day was
Shukra Raj Shastri, an anti-Rana activist who had been jailed since 1938. 27
January: Three days later, Juddha Shamsher had Dasharath Chand and Gan-
ga Lal Shrestha executed by shooting. These four executed leaders are recog-
nized as shahid (martyrs). Every year, Nepal celebrates Shahid Dibas (Mar-
tyrs’ Day).
1945 Return of the last nine units of the Nepali troops to Kathmandu.
1945–1948 Padma Shamsher Rana’s prime ministership, when Juddha
Shamsher voluntarily relinquished his office.
1947 24 January: All-India Nepali National Congress set up by Nepali
political exiles and Nepalis domiciled in Varanasi and Darjeeling, India.
4–27 March: Jute mill workers’ strike at Biratnagar and arrest of several
leaders, including B. P. Koirala and Man Mohan Adhikari. 25 April: A
friendship and commerce agreement signed with the U.S.A. 30 April–4
May: Mass anti-Rana demonstration and processions in the Kathmandu Val-
ley. 11 July: The status of British and Nepali legations in London and Kath-
mandu elevated to embassies. 15 August: Independence of India. The end of
the British Raj proved to be a deadly blow to the Rana regime as it fell four
years later.
1948 Nepal established diplomatic relations with the U.S.
1948–1951 Rule of Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher Rana, following Padma
Shamsher’s resignation.
1949 22 April: The Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) was established, with
Puspa Lal Shrestha leading it as its founding general secretary. 1 May:
Mohan Shamsher imprisoned B. P. Koirala, who went on a 27-day hunger
strike (annasan).
1950 Setting the Stage for Rana Demise. 9 April: Nepali Congress Party
born out of a merger between Nepali National Congress and Nepal Demo-
cratic Congress parties. 31 July: Treaties of Peace and Friendship and of
Trade and Commerce signed with India. 24 September: Arrest of Nepali
Congress armed volunteers. 6 November: King Tribhuvan, who fled the
palace with his queens and Crown Prince Mahendra, sought asylum in the
Indian embassy in Kathmandu. But one of his sons, Prince Gyanendra, hap-
pened to be left behind. 7 November: Prince Gyanendra crowned king. 11
November: The Indian embassy flew King Tribhuvan and his family to
Delhi on two Indian Air Force planes. Birganj, a key gateway town along the
Nepal–India border, was captured by Nepali Congress armed freedom fight-
ers. 24 December: Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher unilaterally proposed
his own internal reforms.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxxiii
RETURN OF THE SHAH RULE

1951 Restoration of the Shah Rule. During this year several key events
occurred, culminating in the demise of the Rana rule and the revival of the
Shah rule. 8 January: Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher Rana announced
more reforms and reversed Prince Gyanendra’s succession to the throne. 10
January: In India, self-exiled King Tribhuvan welcomed Mohan Sham-
sher’s reversal of Gyanendra’s illegitimate crowning. 7 February: Agree-
ment known as the “Delhi compromise” was reached to form a joint govern-
ment with equal representation from the Rana and Nepali Congress sides,
with Mohan Shamsher as prime minister. B. P. Koirala was appointed as
home minister (security and defense portfolio). 15–17 June: Indian Prime
Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s visit to Nepal. 6 November: Police firing killed
Chiniya Kaji, a student protester. 10 November: Following Chiniya Kaji’s
death, Home Minister Koirala tendered his resignation, along with his Con-
gress ministers, thus undercutting the Ranas’ tenuous hold on the govern-
ment. 12 November: Prime Minister Mohan Shamsher and his Rana cabinet
members resigned, thereby handing the power to the king to appoint a new
government. 16 November: Tribhuvan selected Matrika Prasad Koirala as
prime minister and appointed a new non-Rana government, thus bringing
finality to the end of the Rana rule.
1952 March: Former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States
visited Nepal during a world tour. June: The U.S. Information Service
opened the American Library in Kathmandu.
1953 29 May: Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay became the first two
climbers to reach the summit of Sagarmatha (Mount Everest). Tenzing Nor-
gay later authored his autobiography, entitled Man of Everest.
1954 June: U.S. Ambassador George Allen visited Nepal. During the sum-
mer monsoon season, Nepal experienced a series of devastating floods and
landslides as a result of torrential rains that lasted several days. The natural
disaster caused enormous damage in the central hills as houses were swept
away, properties destroyed, and farmland lost. Approximately 1,000 people
were killed, over 130,000 rendered homeless, and domestic animals washed
away. October: The U.S. Operations Mission (USOM) in Nepal signed an
agreement, granting $2 million to assist in reconstruction. The Tarai frontier
in Chitwan was opened for hill migrants to move in, reclaim land, and reset-
tle in the area.
1955–1972 Reign of King Mahendra Bir Bikram Shah. After the death of
King Tribhuvan on 13 March, Mahendra was crowned king.
xxxiv • CHRONOLOGY
1956 February: USOM announced a $2 million grant in economic aid to
Nepal, focused on malaria eradication, community development (land recla-
mation/settlement), and road construction in the Rapti Valley of the central
Tarai district of Chitwan. Known as the Rapti Valley Development Project, it
was Nepal’s first systematically planned Tarai land settlement and agricultu-
ral development project—all designed to rehabilitate the hill victims of the
1954 natural havoc.
1957 15 December: Mahendra announced his plan to hold elections on 18
February 1959 to form a parliamentary government.
1958 May: Election Commission constituted.
1959 12 February: Announcement of the new constitution accepting a par-
liamentary government, but vesting the crown with sovereign authority over
all three branches— executive, judicial, and legislative—including the army.
18 February: National parliamentary elections got under way. 3 April: Na-
tional elections completed. 10 May: Announcement of national election re-
sults. Nepali Congress led by B. P. Koirala won 74 out of 109 seats in the
House of Representatives. 27 May: Formation of the first nationally elected
democratic government headed by Nepali Congress. Its leader B. P. Koirala
became the first elected prime minister of Nepal.
1960 Palace Coup, Revival of the Absolute Shah Rule, and Infanticide of
Democracy. 15 December: King Mahendra launched a palace coup against
Prime Minister Koirala’s infant government. Mahendra jailed Koirala, along
with many party leaders, and prematurely aborted nascent democracy. Ma-
hendra usurped all the power and restored his direct rule.
1961 Nepali Congress in exile organized several revolutionary activities
along the Indian border.
1962 16 December: King Mahendra promulgated a new constitution and
formalized a four-tier Panchayat system. Even though it was heralded as
partyless, Panchayat was essentially a one-party political system grafted to
bolster Mahendra’s absolute rule and wishes.
1970 15 April: Six Nepali Sherpas died in an avalanche during a Japanese
Everest skiing expedition. 6 May: Yuichiro Miura (b. 1932) of Japan skied
down Mount Everest.
1972 January: King Mahendra died during a hunting trip to Chitwan in the
central Tarai from a cardiac arrest. Crown Prince Birendra became king
following his father’s death.
1973 The European Communities and Nepal established diplomatic rela-
tions.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxxv
1975 February 24: Birendra was formally crowned.
1975 May 16: Japanese climber Junko Tabei (b. 1939) became the first
woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
1979 In early 1979, nationwide pro-democracy protests against the Panchay-
at system were launched. As the protest movement heated up and spread, it
posed a serious threat to the system. In response, King Birendra announced
on 24 May that he would hold a national referendum on Panchayat within a
year.
1980 2 May: The national referendum was held, and the king and Panchayat
declared victorious in a referendum that was believed to have been rigged.
As a result of the referendum, the Panchayat system gained a semblance of
popular legitimacy. Subsequently, some cosmetic amendments to the consti-
tution were made in December.
1981 May: Elections to the National Panchayat held. Banned political parties
rejected the amended constitution and boycotted the elections.
1982 21 July: B. P. Koirala passed away.
1983 To promote regional cooperation and growth, the South Asian Associa-
tion for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) was founded on 2 August, during
the Delhi meeting of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Paki-
stan, and Sri Lanka. It was inaugurated on 7 December 1986 at its Dhaka
meeting. SAARC is headquartered in Kathmandu.
1984 Nepal authorities introduced 72 rhinos (Rhinoceros unicornis) in the
Babai Valley, 320 kilometers southwest of Kathmandu, as part of a conserva-
tion drive. (By 2007 at least 23 had died due to poaching and other causes
and many others were missing.)
1986 Second elections held to the National Panchayat. Again, banned Nepali
Congress and most other parties boycotted the elections.
1989 March: India imposed an economic embargo on Nepal and closed all
but two border entry points. Nepal suffered a debilitating blow as its econom-
ic conditions deteriorated, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley. In fact, it
proved to be a prelude to the downfall of the Panchayat raj.

DEMOCRACY AND CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY

1990 Second Coming of Democracy, End of the Panchayat Raj, and Consti-
tutional Monarchy. Although seemingly legitimized by the referendum, Pan-
chayat’s longevity was never secure due to its internal decay and dysfunc-
xxxvi • CHRONOLOGY
tionality. A new pro-democracy movement ensued to disarm the Panchayat
raj. The movement unfolded as follows: 15 January: Six different factions
of the Communist Party of Nepal joined together to form a united front:
United Left Front (ULF). 18–20 January: Defying its banned status, the
Nepali Congress Party (NCP) held a national conference within the country
and announced 18 February as the launching date of its non-violent pro-
democracy movement against Panchayat. ULF decided to join NCP to fulfill
the mission of the movement. 18 February: As planned, NCP and ULF
jointly launched the pro-democracy movement known as the Movement for
the Restoration of Democracy (MRD). 19 February: MRD organized non-
violent protests, including a national call for Nepal Band (Nepal shutdown,
i.e., closing shops, grounding transportation, and so forth). In Bhaktapur,
police fired on protesters, causing some deaths and many injuries. 24 Febru-
ary: A protest at Bir Hospital by several hundred nurses and health workers.
25 February: Black day observed in Kathmandu and other cities. Later, the
Nepal Engineering and Medical Associations issued statements of support. 2
March: Successful second Nepal Band across the country, followed by vari-
ous other types of protests and anti-Panchayat statements from several pro-
fessional groups. 14 March: Third successful Nepal Band observed through-
out the country. Other forms of protests continued. Students, intellectuals,
shopkeepers, professionals, workers, and masses of other people swelled the
ranks of protesters. 16 March: Government-organized pro-Panchayat rally
in Pokhara. King Birendra addressed the crowd and took a defiant stance
against the MRD. 23 March: National People’s Unity Day observed. 29
March: Planned blackout in the Kathmandu Valley as people turned off their
electricity as a form of protest. 30 March: Some people killed and many
injured by police firings in Patan. 4 April: Massive demonstrations in the
valley. Police firing killed some demonstrators in Kirtipur. 6 April: King
Birendra removed Prime Minister Marichman Shrestha and appointed Lo-
kendra Bahadur Chand prime minister with a promise to reform. His seem-
ingly palliative move and promise of reforms failed to sway the movement,
as the people had lost faith. Thousands of protesters filled the streets and
marched toward the palace, chanting anti-Panchayat and anti-king slogans.
Police fired, killing some and injuring many. That was the largest demonstra-
tion that Kathmandu had ever witnessed in its political history. In a separate
police firing in Butwal, there were some fatal casualties. 7 April: Continued
police brutality and killing provoked more and larger demonstrations across
the nation. 8 April: The shaken king lifted the ban on political parties. 16
April: End of the Panchayat raj; Prime Minister Lokendra Chand resigned.
King Birendra dissolved the National Panchayat, thus sounding Panchayat’s
death knell. 19 April: Revival of parliamentary democracy; King Birendra
grudgingly called on Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, a senior NCP and MRD
leader, to form an interim coalition government to draft a new constitution
 CHRONOLOGY • xxxvii
and to hold national parliamentary elections. 11 May: Birendra appointed a
Constitution Commission without consulting with the interim government,
thus revealing his deep-seated aversion toward the MRD for eroding his
absolute monarchy. But this commission was rejected. 31 May: Birendra
was compelled to consult with the interim government and announced the
formation of another Constitution Commission. 10 September: First draft of
the new constitution submitted to the king, who forwarded it to the interim
cabinet. 11 October: The cabinet finalized the constitution and submitted it
to Birendra for his review and approval. 21 October: In a stunningly insidi-
ous and defiant move—which revealed, once again, his continued resistance
to democracy—King Birendra shelved the constitution finalized by the cabi-
net. In its place, he released his own draft, vastly different from the one the
cabinet had submitted. The king was publicly criticized for his open attempt
to thwart the people’s will with his anti-democratic moves and his obvious
motive behind them. 5 November: However, the cabinet did incorporate
some features of the palace draft into its final draft and resubmitted the
revised constitution. 11 November: End of the absolute Shah rule and the
emergence of constitutional monarchy; Birendra promulgated a new consti-
tution that legitimized a multiparty democratic system and constitutionalized
the crown.
1991 8 January: With the elections looming on the horizon, the ULF and
another communist faction merged to create a new Communist Party of
Nepal called United Marxist-Leninist (UML), thus becoming the largest
communist faction and a formidable electoral force. 5 May: Elections held.
Nepali Congress won the majority of the contested parliamentary seats. 29
May: Nepali Congress formed the government with Girija Prasad Koirala as
prime minister. This was the second elected government in Nepali history.
November: Mrs. Francine Henrich was appointed the first European Eco-
nomic Community ambassador to Nepal.
1993 16 March: General secretary of CPN–UML Madan Bhandari died in a
car accident at Dasdhunga in Chitwan. But the car driver, Amar Lama, sur-
vived the accident. It is widely believed that the accident was a murder plot
against Bhandari, whose popularity was beginning to soar among the people
of Nepal. However, two separate investigations into his death did not find
any conspiracy.
1994 10 July: Prime Minister Koirala resigned after losing the vote of confi-
dence. With the parliament dissolved, the date was set for new elections. 15
November: Elections were held, but no party won a clear majority. The
Communist Party of Nepal–UML won the plurality of seats and NCP came
xxxviii • CHRONOLOGY
second. 29 November: UML managed to form a minority government led by
Man Mohan Adhikari, the second popularly elected Marxist government in
the world.
1995 March: U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton went to Nepal on a
three-day visit. During her visit, she toured various health and education
service organizations and Chitwan’s national park and wildlife reserve. 10
September: Prime Minister Man Mohan Adhikari’s minority government
collapsed. 11 September: A coalition government of NCP, National Demo-
cratic Party (NDP), and Nepal Sadbhavana Party (NSP), led by NCP leader
Sher Bahadur Deuba, was formed.
1996 13 February: “People’s War” declared by the Maoist faction of the
Communist Party of Nepal (CPN–Maoist), led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal (alias
Prachanda), Baburam Bhattarai, and Mohan Baidya (alias Kiran). They
launched a nationwide guerilla revolution from their power base in the west-
ern hills (namely around the districts of Pyuthan, Rolpa, Rukum, and Sal-
yan). It is pertinent to point out that this is the region where, in the early
1980s, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)
implemented the biggest integrated rural development project in Nepal’s
economic history. Commonly known as the People’s War, the ongoing revo-
lution soon spread throughout the country.
1997 6 March: The Deuba government dissolved. 10 March: A new coali-
tion government of NDP, UML, and NSP formed under NDP leader Loken-
dra Bahadur Chand. 8 September: Death of Ganesh Man Singh, NCP’s
supreme leader and the national statesman. 3 October: The Chand govern-
ment fell. 6 October: A new three-party coalition government of NDP, NCP,
and NSP was constituted with another NDP leader, Surya Bahadur Thapa, as
prime minister.
1998 The Endless Game of Governmental Reshuffle. 11 April: Prime Minis-
ter Thapa resigned. 12 April: Girija Prasad Koirala formed a minority NCP
government. 21 December: Prime Minister Koirala resigned, but managed to
form a new coalition government with UML and NSP two days later, on 23
December.
1999 Fresh General Elections. 26 April: Death of UML leader and former
prime minister Man Mohan Adhikari. 3, 5 May: Third parliamentary elec-
tions were held in two phases. NCP won the majority of seats in the House of
Representatives—111 out of 205—whereas UML won 71 seats. 31 May:
Headed by Krishna Prasad Bhattarai as prime minister, NCP formed a new
government.
 CHRONOLOGY • xxxix
2000 18 March: Prime Minister Bhattarai was ousted by his own party and
former prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala replaced him. 17 July: Nepal
abolished debt-bondage slavery, emancipating some 4,000 families from five
districts. Many of them still live in refugee camps, though a few received
land from the government.
2001 Palace Massacre, More Governmental Reshuffle, and the Year of
Chaos and Volatility. 1 June: In a most bizarre and bloody palace massacre,
King Birendra and his whole immediate family were gunned down by Crown
Prince Dipendra, who later shot himself. Dipendra was placed on life sup-
port. 2 June: Dying Dipendra declared king. 4 June: King Dipendra pro-
nounced dead. With no heirs surviving from Birendra’s lineage, Dipendra’s
uncle Gyanendra (Birendra’s brother) was crowned king. 22 July: Ongoing
internal power struggles within NCP drove Prime Minister Koirala out of
power. He was replaced by another NCP leader, former prime minister Sher
Bahadur Deuba, who espoused a plan to hold negotiations with the Maoists
in order to end the People’s War, which had already cost hundreds of lives
across the nation. 16 August: The government outlawed discrimination
against members of the lowest caste, the Dalits, who would be free to enter
any temple or religious structure. 23 November: Following the breakdown
of peace talks with the Deuba government, Maoists ended a four-month-old
cease-fire with a wave of attacks on police posts and army barracks. The
attacks continued. Scores of police and army personnel were killed. It was
also reported that the army had killed several hundred Maoist fighters during
its assaults on them. 26 November: State of Emergency. In response to
growing Maoist actions across the country, King Gyanendra declared a state
of emergency, thus suspending decade-old and hard-won civil liberties, in-
cluding freedom of the press as well as freedom of assembly, expression, and
movement. Nepal’s nascent democratic experiment was, once again, severely
strained in the name of weeding out the Maoist movement, which controlled
almost 30 percent of the national territory.
2002 Continued Conflicts between the Nepali Army and Maoists and Swell-
ing Death Tolls. 17 January: The government announced new taxes on
industrial products and additional import-export duties to fund a military
offensive against the Maoists. 18 January: U.S. Secretary of State Colin
Powell’s visit to Nepal. In addition to holding talks with the king and prime
minister, Powell was briefed by the army chief on the military offensive
against the Maoists. Subsequent to his visit, American military advisors/
personnel had been sent to Nepal to advise and train Nepal’s armed forces in
their fight against the Maoists. 16–17 February: At midnight, Maoist rebels
launched the deadliest-ever attack of their six-year-old movement. Accord-
ing to news reports provided by The Kathmandu Post and BBC online, 142
people were killed. The Maoists, seeking to overthrow Nepal’s monarchy
xl • CHRONOLOGY
and establish a socialist republic, mounted attacks on a local airport, govern-
ment buildings, a military barrack, and an armory in Mangalsen, the district
headquarters of Achham in far western Nepal. Buildings were blown up and
banks looted. Gun battles between rebels and the security forces went on for
many hours, from midnight until well after dawn. Among the dead during the
offensive were 57 out of 58 soldiers, 49 policemen, the chief district officer
Mohan Singh Khatri, the district intelligence officer Lok Raj Upreti and his
wife, a postman, and a local photographer. The heavy casualties also in-
cluded some rebels. Many were injured. 2 March: The state of emergency
was extended. 29 March: Bomb explosion on a bridge in Kathmandu,
wounding at least 27 people. 12 April: Maoist revolutionaries killed almost
90 policemen in four separate and almost simultaneous attacks in the district
of Dang in western Nepal, about 190 miles west of Kathmandu. Also killed
during the attacks and counter military assaults were scores of rebels. In one
mass grave–like discovery alone, 62 Maoists were found buried in ditches.
According to one estimate, more than 300 were feared dead, including both
policemen and rebels. 13 April: Land mine blast in the far western district of
Bajura killed three people. This was believed to be the first land mine explo-
sion in Nepal. 16 April: Maoists ambushed a police patrol and killed at least
nine policemen in the Gorkha district, about 70 miles west of Kathmandu. 18
April: Two bomb explosions shook the capital city of Kathmandu. This was
a clear indication that the raging “People’s War” extended its frontier from
the rural fringes to urban trenches. The intensification of the confrontations
between the military and Maoists besieged the nation and claimed more than
3,500 lives since the Maoist revolution was set in motion in early 1996, and
the number of casualties continues to climb every day. Of the current total,
1,700 were killed since the declaration of the state of emergency in Novem-
ber 2001 and subsequent military mobilization against the Maoists and those
suspected of supporting the People’s War. Many more were jailed. Although
the number of military and police casualties were quite small relative to
innocent and rebel body counts, the Maoists gained a psychological edge
over the Nepali army and police forces despite their massive military disad-
vantage. In addition, the Maoists managed to garner remarkable support and
sympathy from peasants throughout the nation. 23 April: In response to a
Maoist call for a nationwide strike, Nepal was shut down as everything came
to a halt. Businesses, schools, and offices were closed across the country. 24
April: The nation remained paralyzed. The total shutdown was most notice-
able in the bustling twin cities of Patan and Kathmandu. In the meantime, the
Bush administration asked Congress for a supplemental appropriation of $20
million in military aid for Nepal. This was in addition to sending U.S. mili-
tary advisors who had been actively scouring parts of Nepal controlled by the
Maoist revolutionaries. For the first time, the Nepali government floated
bounty offers of $64,000 for the capture or murder of Maoist supremos Dr.
 CHRONOLOGY • xli
Baburam Bhattarai, Prachanda (Pushpa Kamal Dahal), and Kiran (Mohan
Baidya). 27 April: According to the Nepal government press release, a total
of 35 Maoists were murdered by its army in several clashes. 2 May: Maoists
proposed to resume peace talks with the government, but the prime minister
rejected the offer. 3 May: Just days ahead of Nepali Prime Minister Sher
Bahadur Deuba’s visit to the U.S. to plead for more aid, the government of
Nepal claimed to have killed a total of 90 rebels—50 in Rolpa and 40 in Doti,
respectively 185 and 280 miles from Kathmandu. BBC said there was no
independent verification of the Nepali army’s latest claim of its killing of
Maoists. 4 May: As the prime minister prepared for his eagerly awaited U.S.
visit, the government dramatically raised the body count of the Maoists re-
ported killed by the army on 3 May—from 90 to 396. Although there was no
independent confirmation of this claim, the Agence France-Presse (AFP)
report quoted a source in the Nepali cabinet as saying that “Prime Minister
Deuba will explain to Mr. Bush the success of the army and will seek finan-
cial and material support from the U.S. to combat the rebels.” The same
report added that the intent was to sell the idea to President George W. Bush
that the Nepali army “can quash the rebels with sufficient help.” If these
reports of death tolls are accurate, the number of individuals killed in Nepal
as a result of the military and Maoist clashes had already exceeded 4,000. 6
May: Nepal’s Supreme Court ruled that marital sex without a wife’s consent
should be considered rape, along with forced sex with sex workers. Viewed
as alien until a few years ago, the subject of marital rape had emerged as an
important social issue, a battle front, among many human and women’s
rights activists in the nation, who hailed the ruling as a “big victory” for the
women of Nepal. This ruling nullified the previous law, which failed to
recognize marital rape as a crime; such a charge could not be filed against a
husband. Despite this legal victory, the activists were aware of the real chal-
lenge that lay ahead—the challenge of implementing the law and convincing
the victims of marital rape to come forward to file charges against their
husbands. 7 May: Nepali Prime Minister Deuba arrived in the U.S. and met
with President Bush to extract additional military and financial assistance to
fight what he called “Maoist terrorism in the country,” while atrocities raged
on at the domestic front. According to the Associated Press, “Army helicop-
ters fitted with night-vision devices carried out the air strikes in the remote
western districts of Rolpa and Pyuthan.” Relentless aerial bombardments of
the Maoist bases and camps in the western hills were reported. In the mean-
time, despite the lack of any independent verification, the government con-
tinued to raise, almost on a daily basis, the number of rebels its army claimed
to have killed. In its news report, the Associate Press mentioned that Amnes-
ty International was gravely concerned that civilians were being killed by the
Nepali army in the name of eliminating the Maoist rebels. In reference to the
ongoing offensive by the army, the news report quoted an Amnesty Interna-
xlii • CHRONOLOGY
tional researcher who said, “It seems like a massacre has taken place.” In its
news coverage of the People’s War in Nepal, the AFP quoted a U.S. State
Department official as saying, “We’ll be looking at ways in which we can
support Nepal, both on the military security side, and in terms of develop-
ment.” In the same AFP report, the U.S., for the first time, confirmed that “at
least a dozen U.S. military experts have in recent weeks toured far western
parts of Nepal. . . . There is a team out there from Pacific command; it is for
us to see where assistance can be best allocated.” 11 May: After a ferocious
battle against waves of Maoist forces, Nepal’s army was short men and
weapons. They retreated from two positions in the western hills to regroup
and brace for another major attack by the Maoists. 12 May: Some Red Cross
officials traveled to the Maoist heartland in the Rolpa district, where hun-
dreds of civilians were feared dead as a result of human rights violations
from both sides. 13 May: From the U.S., Prime Minister Deuba flew to
London and met with British Prime Minister Tony Blair to seek aid, includ-
ing weapons and logistical training. 17 May: The U.S. Embassy in Nepal
issued a fresh Nepal travel warning due to “recent reports of threats against
American trekkers and increased anti-American rhetoric by the Maoist lead-
ership.” 22 May: King Gyanendra dissolved parliament when the House of
Representatives, with the support of a substantial number of ruling Nepali
Congress Party members, appeared unwilling to renew the state of emergen-
cy that he had imposed. 23 May: The ruling Congress Party suspended Prime
Minister Deuba because he had asked the king to dissolve parliament without
consulting the party. 26 May: The ruling Congress Party expelled Prime
Minister Deuba from the party, but his post of prime minister was not af-
fected because of the fact that parliament had already been dissolved. 27
May: The king reimposed the state of emergency, thus continuing to suspend
all civil or constitutional rights in the country, two days after it lapsed amid a
bitter row over moves to extend it. 6 June: The New York–based Committee
to Protect Journalists reported that Nepali journalists who had written about
Maoist rebels had been tortured after illegal arrests. At a news conference,
Josh Friedman of the Committee to Protect Journalists stated, “We are
alarmed by the arrest of journalists in Nepal who are tortured, blindfolded,
and even threatened with death while in custody.” More than 100 Nepali
journalists had been detained. Nepal’s political crisis took a new turn on 6
June when 61 former representatives challenged in the Supreme Court the
dissolution of parliament. Radio Netherlands aired a special analysis entitled
“Nepal’s Democracy at Risk.” 19 June: A two-day international conference
was held in London to discuss ways to help the government of Nepal to root
out the Maoist revolution raging in the country. In addition to the UK, the
conference was attended by the U.S., Russia, China, India, Australia, and
several European countries. British Foreign Office Minister Mike O’Brien
mentioned the British military aid boost to Nepal from $1 million to almost
 CHRONOLOGY • xliii
$10 million. The military aid package was to include training, weapons, and
logistics; there was no plan to send British troops yet. 21 June: The partici-
pants at the London conference pledged to help Nepal. 25 June: India of-
fered to help Nepal to fight the Maoists. 27 June: As part of its push for
privatization, the government of Nepal prepared to sell up to 49 percent of its
Royal Nepal Airlines to private companies or joint ventures. A human rights
group called Reporters Without Borders (Reporters sans Frontières) reported
that Krishna Sen, editor of the pro-Maoist newspaper Janadisha, had been
tortured to death by the national security forces after being taken into deten-
tion in May. 16 July: Journalists in Nepal began a boycott of all government
functions. In addition, the Nepali Journalists Federation had called for a
blackout of news and pictures of the prime minister, his cabinet, and other
government officials. Massive flooding and landslides resulting from the
torrential monsoon rains caused enormous damage in the eastern hills, espe-
cially Khotang district, 300 kilometers away from Kathmandu. In less than a
week, some 60 people died, and many houses and hundreds of hectares of
farmland were washed away, including other properties. This natural calam-
ity was quite reminiscent of the massive flooding and landslides of 1954 that
imperiled the central hills and that proved to be one of the catalysts of the
policy of settling the Tarai frontier in a planned way. In 1956, the post-Rana
government of Nepal launched the Rapti Valley Development Project in the
central Tarai district of Chitwan to resettle hill migrants, particularly the hill
victims of the 1954 natural disaster. 19 July: Maoist revolutionaries renewed
their call for a resumption of dialogue with the government to end the Peo-
ple’s War, which had been going on since early 1996. 20 July: Emboldened
by huge amounts of military aid from various countries, including the United
States and India, to destroy the Maoist movement, the Nepal government had
hardened its position. It rejected the offer of peace talks from Prachanda, the
Maoist leader. 23 July: The UK agreed to provide almost $5 million worth of
defense equipment, including two Mi-17 support helicopters as well as ex-
plosive ordinance disposal tools and communication devices.
2003 12 January: The United States held military exercises with the Nepali
army to contain Maoist aggressions. 29 May: Lokendra Bahadur Chand
resigned from the post of prime minister. 4 June: Surya Bahadur Thapa was
appointed new premier. 27 August: The Maoists called for a three-day strike
to denounce the army’s attacks on their cadres. Rebels withdrew from the
seven-month-long cease-fire. Prachanda issued a statement: “Since the old
regime has put an end to the forward-looking solution to all existing prob-
lems through the cease-fire and peace talks, we herein declare that the ratio-
nale behind cease-fire . . . and peace process has ended.” 18 September:
Nepal was shut down in a three-day strike imposed by the Maoist rebels.
xliv • CHRONOLOGY
2004 23 April: Nepal joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). 7 May:
Prime Minister Surya Bahadur Thapa resigned following street protests
staged by the five-party alliance. 2 June: Sher Bahadur Deuba was appointed
prime minister, the same man Gyanendra had sacked in 2002, provoking a
crisis in a country reeling from a bloody Maoist revolt. August 31: Twelve
Nepali hostages were beheaded by their captors in Iraq.
2005 1 February: King Gyanendra dismissed Prime Minister Deuba and
declared a state of emergency. The king assumed direct power, thus reviving
the absolute monarchical rule in the country. 26 July: The anti-graft commis-
sion created by the king sentenced Deuba to two years in jail for corruption.
22 November: The Seven-Party Alliance (SPA) and the Communist Party of
Nepal–Maoist agreed on a historic and unprecedented 12-point memorandum
of understanding to end the king’s dictatorial rule and to restore peace and
democracy in the country.
2006 2 January: Maoist rebels called off a four-month unilateral truce. 14
February: Former prime minister Deuba was set free after the Supreme
Court dissolved the royal anti-corruption commission. 6 April: On the day of
the 16th anniversary of Jana Andolan I, major parliamentary parties and the
Maoists called for a four-day general strike (bandh in Nepali), also known as
Jana Andolan II. Except for one or two restaurants to keep the tourists alive,
everything was closed in Kathmandu. 9 April: The bandh was extended
indefinitely. 24 April: A million-person march succeeded in forcing King
Gyanendra to restore parliament and renounce absolute monarchy. 10 June:
Parliament revoked the king’s power. 19 June: The government and the
Maoists agreed to dissolve parliament and set up an interim administration
that included Maoist rebels. 9 August: The government and rebels agreed to
confine Maoist troops and their weapons to temporary camps under UN
supervision. 8 November: Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala and the
Maoists signed a comprehensive peace deal.
2007 15 January: The interim constitution came into force (and the 1990
constitution became nullified). The interim constitution was designed to
guide Nepal’s constitutional transformation from its monarchical rule to a
federal republic, a process set in motion by Jana Andolan II. 4 February:
Violent ethnic Madhesi protests. Many members of the media were severely
beaten up by members of the Madhesi People’s Rights Forum (MPRF) in
Biratnagar. During the two-week-long violence, at least 17 people died. 8
March: The British government bowed to pressure to improve conditions for
Nepali Gorkha soldiers. The British government granted them full pensions
and other rights. 1 April: Former Maoist rebels joined the interim (coalition)
government led by Koirala and agreed to be part of the political mainstream.
22 May: The U.S. offered to resettle thousands of Bhutanese refugees of
 CHRONOLOGY • xlv
Nepali origin who languished in overcrowded camps in eastern Nepal. 24
December: Parliament voted to abolish the monarchical system in 2008. 31
December: Following parliament’s vote to scrap the monarchy in 2008, the
Maoists rejoined the interim government.

END OF THE MONARCHICAL RULE AND ESTABLISHMENT OF

THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL

2008 10 April: A general election for the Constituent Assembly (CA) was
held, and the Maoist party won the largest bloc of the CA seats, although
they failed to achieve an outright majority. 28 May: The monarchy was
abolished and Nepal was declared a republic: Federal Democratic Republic
of Nepal. 21 July: Dr. Ram Baran Yadav of the Nepali Congress Party
became Nepal’s first president. 15 August: Maoist Chairman Pushpa Kamal
Dahal (aka Prachanda) was elected the first prime minister of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Nepal by a huge majority of CA votes. He formed a
coalition government, but Nepali Congress remained in opposition.
2009 26 February: Narayanhiti, the former Royal Palace, was opened to the
public. 4 May: In the row over the dismissal of Nepal’s army chief, Rukman-
gat Katuwal, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal resigned. 17 May: An
alliance of 22 political parties proposed a coalition government under the
leadership of Madhav Kumar Nepal of CPN–UML. 23 May: Madhav Kumar
Nepal was elected prime minister. 22 August: India and Nepal agreed to a
new trade treaty. 31 August: Prime Minister Nepal opened the first climate
change conference of Himalayan nations in Kathmandu.
2010 7 January: Nepal began releasing from cantonments hundreds of for-
mer child soldiers who were previously deployed by the Maoists as members
of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). 20 March: Nepal’s former prime
minister Girija Prasad Koirala died. 30 June: Prime Minister Nepal resigned
as the Maoists agreed to cooperate in drafting a new constitution. 13 Decem-
ber: The United Nations announced that 40,000 Bhutanese refugees of Ne-
pali origin living in refugee camps in Nepal would be resettled in various
Western countries.
2011 14 January: The UN concluded its peace mission to Nepal after four
years, during which time it had played an important role in ending a commu-
nist insurgency. 22 January: The Maoist leader handed command of his
fighters over to the government as part of the peace deal. 3 February: Jhala
Nath Khanal was elected Nepal’s new prime minister with the support of the
Unified Communist Party of Nepal (UCPN–Maoist) and 15 other, smaller
parties. May: Constituent Assembly failed to meet the deadline for promul-
xlvi • CHRONOLOGY
gating a new constitution. 14 June: The UN declared Nepal free of land
mines. 20 June: Nepal’s first public lesbian wedding ceremony was held to
end sexual discrimination. 28 June: Workers renovating the Hanuman Dho-
ka in Kathmandu, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, discovered a huge stash
of gold and silver ornaments weighing more than 300 kilograms (661
pounds). 14 August: Prime Minister Jhala Nath Khanal resigned after six
months in office. 28 August: UCPN–M leader Dr. Baburam Bhattarai was
elected new prime minister. 29 November: The CA term was extended for
the fourth time to give more time to its members to draft a new constitution
in line with the peace accord.
2012 18 January: The U.S. Embassy in Kathmandu announced that Peace
Corps volunteers would return to Nepal seven years after they were with-
drawn. 21 February: For the first time in Nepal’s history, the Supreme
Court convicted a sitting minister of corruption. Information and Communi-
cations Minister Jay Prakash Prasad Gupta was handed down an 18-month
jail term and slapped with a fine of Rs 8.4 million ($8,850). 28 May: Prime
Minister Bhattarai dissolved the CA and set 22 November 2012 as the date
for the next CA election. 18 June: A faction of CPN–Maoist breaks away
from the governing party, accusing Prachanda and Bhattarai of being oppor-
tunists and revisionists, indulging in a lavish lifestyle in stark contrast to
Communist Party ideals. Mohan Baidya (aka Kiran) led the new breakaway
party CPN–M.
2013 4 January: The government issued new identity cards to former PLA
combatants. 13 March: Four parties (UCPN–M, NCP, CPN–UML, and
Madhesi) agreed to form an interim government under the chairmanship of
sitting Supreme Court Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi to hold the second CA
election. 28 June: Dr. Baburam Bhattarai quit UCPN–M vice-chair position
as a gesture of sacrifice for the welfare of the party. 15 August: Former
prime minister Marichman Singh Shrestha, who served during the Panchayat
period, died at the age of 72. He was denied full state honors with gun salute.
26 August: Nepal commissioned a group of former Maoist fighters as offi-
cers in the national army, fulfilling a main component of the peace deal that
ended the civil war. 19 November: Nepal conducted its second CA election.
The Nepali Congress Party won the most CA seats, but failed to secure the
majority status. 26 November: Archeologists discovered traces of a wooden
structure dating back to the 6th century B.C. inside the sacred Mayadevi
Temple in Lumbini. They believed it to be the world’s oldest Buddhist
shrine.
2014 2 January: The Supreme Court decreed against any bid to offer blan-
ket amnesty to those alleged to have committed serious human rights viola-
tions during the armed conflict (1996–2006), and the Office of the High
 CHRONOLOGY • xlvii
Commissioner for Human Rights headquartered in Geneva welcomed the
decision. 27 January: NCP initiated talks with other parties to form a coali-
tion government under its leadership. The CPN–UML supported Koirala so
that he could form a new government. 10 February: Sushil Koirala of the
Nepali Congress Party was elected prime minister. 14 February: During its
first meeting, the 49-member CA Regulations Drafting Committee elected
Laxman Lal Karn as its chair. 17 February: CPN–UML’s Subash Chandra
Nembang was elected CA speaker. 4 April: The CA approved the constitu-
tion-drafting timetable and set 22 January 2015 as the deadline. 23 May:
Prime Minister Koirala agreed in principle to hold a round-table conference
to resolve disputes in the constitution-drafting process. 10 July: Seven oppo-
sition parties—the UCPN–M, Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum–Democratic,
Madhesi Janaadhikar Forum–Nepal, Tarai Madhes Democratic Party, Sadb-
hawana Party, Tarai Madhes Sadbhawana Party–Nepal, and Federal Socialist
Party–Nepal—formed a Federal Republican Front to demand an identity-
based federal constitution. 1 August: Key leaders from various political
parties agreed to register official views of their respective parties and allow
the constitution-drafting process to move forward without any hindrance. 3
August: Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Nepal to help speed
up negotiations on a power trade pact.
2015 25 April: The country suffered one of the most severe earthquakes in
its history. Registering almost 8 on the Richter scale, the earthquake caused
widespread destruction. Thousands of people were killed and many thou-
sands more injured. Damage to buildings and infrastructure was massive.
Many of the country’s historic structures in the Kathmandu Valley that had
been included in a UNESCO World Heritage Site were destroyed or severely
damaged. In addition, the quake triggered avalanches on Mount Everest,
killing 19 people, surpassing the death toll from the 2014 avalanche. Numer-
ous aftershocks followed the initial quake, including a severe magnitude 7.3
temblor on 12 May. In total, some 9,000 people were killed and nearly
16,800 more injured in those earthquakes. 20 September: Nepal’s parlia-
ment finally approved the new constitution, establishing the country as a
secular federal-style republic. Promulgation of the constitution elicited vio-
lent protests by Madhesis in the southern part of the country, whose members
claimed that their rights were not being adequately protected. Protests re-
sulted in what most described as India’s de facto economic blockade of
Nepal as the former stopped the flow of goods and products to the latter
under the pretext that the protesters had blocked the major border entry
points. 11 October: Nepal’s parliament elected Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli
as prime minister, succeeding Sushil Koirala. Following Oli’s election, the
legislators voted to elect Onsari Gharti Magar as (first woman) speaker and
Bidhya Devi Bhandari as the country’s new (first woman) president.
xlviii • CHRONOLOGY
2016 19–25 February: Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli visited India to
hold bilateral talks with his Indian counterpart, Prime Minister Narendra
Modi. Oli’s visit occurred during the time when the ties between the two
countries had soured in the wake of agitation by the Madhesi community in
the Tarai, opposing Nepal’s new constitution. At the end of the visit, no joint
communiqué was issued because India was reluctant to endorse Nepal’s new
constitution. 20–24 May: Prime Minister Oli visited China and signed six
memorandums of understanding: to construct a regional airport in Pokhara;
open up more trade routes between the two countries; establish one Nepali
cultural center in Beijing; upgrade and expand the Kodari highway and Kath-
mandu–Kerung highway; conduct a feasibility study of Kathmandu–Pokhara
rail service; and conduct a feasibility study of monorail service in Kathman-
du.
Other documents randomly have
different content
Codrington, kodriŋt’n.

Coefficient, kouəfiš’nt, medewerkend; subst. coefficient.

Coemption, kouem(p)š’n, het opkoopen of koopen in het groot.

Coequal, kouîkw’l, subst. en adj. gelijk(e); Coequality, kouikwoliti,

gelijkheid.

Coerce, kouɐ̂ s, dwingen; Coercer; Coercion = dwang; Coercion-

act = dwangwet.

Coessential, kouəsenš’l, van hetzelfde wezen.

Coetaneous, kouiteiniəs, even oud.

Coeternal, kouitɐ̂ n’l, eeuwig bestaand met; subst. Coeternity.

Coeval, kouîv’l = Coetaneous.

Coexist, kouegzist, gelijktijdig bestaan; subst. Coexistence; adj.

Coexistent.

Coffee, kofi, koffie: A cup of black coffee; To grind, make,

roast, take coffee; Coffee-beans (= Coffee-nibs); Coffee-mill;
Coffee-pot; Coffee-room = gelagkamer.

Coffer, kofə, subst. geldkist, kist, koffer, schat; gracht, galerij

(vestingb.), sluis (in een kanaal); Coffer verb. in eene kist besluiten;
Coffer-dam, kofədam, kistdam; Coffered.

Coffin, kofin, subst. doodkist, pasteikorst, peperhuisje, bovenste

van een paardehoef, kar van een drukpers; Coffin verb. in eene kist
besluiten, insluiten.
Cog, kog, subst. kam of tand (van een rad); kleine boot; Cog verb.
paaien, door mooie praatjes bedriegen: His dice were cogged =
zijne dobbelsteenen waren valsch (met lood aan ééne zijde
bezwaard); Cog-wheel = tand- of kamrad.

Cogency, koudž’nsi, overtuigende kracht; Cogent, koudž’nt,

krachtig, overtuigend.

Coggle, kog’l, kleine boot; Coggle-stone = afgeronde keisteen.

Cogitate, kodžiteit, denken, overpeinzen; subst. Cogitation; adj.

Cogitative.

Cognac, ko(u)njak, cognac.

Cognate, kognit, subst. bloedverwant; adj. verwant (in Schotl.

vooral van moederszijde), vermaagschapt, van denzelfden aard;
Cognation = bloedverwantschap.

Cognition, kogniš’n, kennis (door eigen ondervinding of onderzoek

opgedaan); adj. Cognitive.

Cognizable, ko(g)nizəb’l, kenbaar, vervolgbaar; Cognizance,

ko(g)niz’ns, kennis(neming), kenmerk, insigne; competentie,
(rechts)gebied: Out of the cognizance of the post; Cognizant,
ko(g)niz’nt, kennis dragend of nemend van (of).

Cognomen, kognoum’n, familienaam, bijnaam; benaming.

Cognovit, kognouvit, schriftel. erkenning door den gedaagde, dat

de eischer in zijn recht is.

Cogue, kog, nap, vaatje, emmer, slok.

Cohabit, kouhabit, (als man en vrouw) samenwonen; subst.
Cohabitation.

Coheir(ess), kouêə(rəs), mede-erfgenaam.

Cohere, kouhîə, samenkleven, logisch samenhangen; subst.

Coherence = Coherency; adj. Coherent; Coherer = cohaerer,
fritter (Draadl. telegr.).

Cohesion, kouhîž’n, cohesie, samenhang, verband; adj. Cohesive;

subst. Cohesionness.

Cohort, kouhöt, krijgsbende (oudtijds 500 à 600 man).

Coif, kôif, kwof, subst. kuif, kap, kapsel; Coif verb. met eene kap
bedekken.

Coiffure, kwofûə, kapsel.

Coign(e) kôin. Zie Coin.

Coil, kôil, subst. kronkeling, bocht; vlecht: (False back coils),

rumoer, verwarring, menigte; Coil verb. kronkelen.

Coin, kôin, subst. hoek, buitenhoek, wig, muntstempel

(gestempelde munt); Coin verb. munten, smeden, bedenken,
verzinnen: Current coin = gangbare munt: To be all over coin =
een bom duiten hebben; He was paid in his own coin = met
gelijke munt betaald; He is coining money = hij verdient geld als
water; He coined new words = smeedde; Coinage, kôinidž, het
munten van geld, muntstukken, het bedenken (van onware of
valsche voorstellingen); Coiner = stempelaar, valsche munter,
bedenker (van leugens, enz.).
Coincide, kouinsaid, samenvallen, overeenkomen; Coincidence =
samenloop (v. omstand.).

Coir(e), kôiə, kaiə, kokosbast (touw).

Coition, kouiš’n, conjunctie; bijslaap.

Cojuror, koudžûrə, getuige van eens anders geloofwaardigheid of

onschuld.

Coke, kouk, subst. coke(s); Coke verb. in coke(s) veranderen.

Coker-nut, koukənɐt = Cocoa-nut.

Colander, kɐl’ndə, vergiettest; Colander verb. doorzijgen.

Colchester, koultšəstə.

Cold, kould, adj. koud, huiverig, koel, zonder deelneming of

opgewektheid, bedaard: subst. koude, verkoudheid: Cold comfort
= schrale troost; It must be a cold day in August ere I ever try it
again = het zal lang duren, vóór ik het weer beproef; To be down
with a bad cold; To have (to catch) a cold; She always had the
joint in cold the second day = als koudvleesch; To leave out in
the cold = in de kou laten staan; negeeren; afschepen; Cold-
blooded = koudbloedig, koelbloedig; Cold-cream = zalfje voor
barsten; Cold-served = koud voorgediend; vervelend, saai; Cold-
short = koudbroos, koudbreukig; He gave me the cold-shoulder
= negeerde mij, zag mij met den nek aan; I am severely colded =
zwaar verkouden; Coldish = wat koud; Coldness = koude,
koelheid.

Coleoptera, kolioptərə, schildvleugelige insecten.

Cole, koul: Colemouse = Coal-mouse; Colerape, koolraap;
Colerape-seed = koolzaad; Cole-wort = Cabbage.

Colic, kolik, subst. koliek, hevige buikpijn: Devonshire colic,

Painter’s colic = loodvergiftiging; Colicky = koliek …

Colinderies, kəlindəriz, koloniale producten, enz.; eene

tentoonstelling daarvan.

Coliseum, kolisîəm. Zie Colosseum.

Collaborate, kəlabəreit, samenwerken; Collaborator.

Collapse, kəlaps, subst. instorting, invalling, geheele mislukking;

Collapse verb. invallen, instorten; Collapsible tubes =
samendrukbare. [99]

Collar, kolə, subst. kraag, boord(je), halsband, halsring; Collar

verb. een halsband, enz. aandoen, bij den kraag pakken, de hand
leggen op, wegnemen, stelen; eene rollade maken: Against the
collar = met tegenzin; He slipped the collar = streek de halster
(af), ging er vandoor; He is out of collar = buiten betrekking, heeft
geen werk; A collar of brawn = eene rollade van varkensvleesch;
The beef was collard = het vleesch werd tot den vorm eener
rollade gemaakt; Collar-beam = dwarsbalk; Collar-bone =
sleutelbeen; Collar-work = zwaar werk; Collared herring =
rolmops; Collarette = dameskraagje.

Collate, kəleit, vergelijken (vooral van oude handschriften of

boeken), ordenen of rangschikken, schenken, overdragen, met een
kerkelijk “benefice” begiftigen; Collation, kəleiš’n, vergelijking;
lichte maaltijd, begiftiging, geschenk; Collator, kəleitə, vergelijker,
collator, schenker.
Collateral, kəlatər’l, subst. bloedverwant in de zijlinie, adj. zij aan
zij, parallel loopend, indirect, zijdelingsch: Collateral security =
bij- of nevenborg; subst. Collateralness.

Colleague, kolîg, subst. ambtgenoot; Colleague verb. (kolîg) zich

vereenigen, samenspannen; Colleagueship.

Collect, kolekt, kort gebed, gebed voor een bepaalden tijd of dag;
vijver, waterplas (Amer.).

Collect, kəlekt, vereenigen, verzamelen, incasseeren; afhalen; door

waarneming of inlichting verkrijgen; gevolgtrekkingen maken: He
collected himself = hij herkreeg zijne zelfbeheersching; He was
not collected = bedaard, zichzelf meester; Collection =
verzameling, incasseering (v. coupons), gevolgtrekking, buslichting;
Collection bag (box) = kerkzakje; Collections = een soort
tentamen (Oxf.); To make a collection = collecteeren; Collective
= verzamelend, vereenigd, afleidend (uit): The collective body of
a nation = Body Politic; Collector = verzamelaar, ontvanger (v.
belastingen enz.); een der twee B.A.’s met de regeling der
Dispuutcolleges belast (Oxf.); Collectorate, Collectorship =
ontvangersdistrict of ontvangersbetrekking.

College, kolidž, college, seminarium, universiteit, leerinrichting;

verkiezingslichaam (Amer.): College-pudding = pudding van
nierenvet, brood, rozijnen en eieren.

Collegiate, kəlîdžiit, subst. lid van een college; adj. tot een college
behoorende: Collegiate church = collegiale kerk, die door het
kapittel en de kanunikken wordt bediend en geen bisschopszetel
heeft.

Collet, kolət, halsband, ringkas.

Collide, kəlaid, tegen elkander stooten.

Collie, koli, Schotsche herdershond.

Collier, koljə, kolengraver, kolenhandelaar; kolenschip; Colliery =

kolenmijn, kolenhandel.

Colligate, koligeit, verbinden; Colligation = samenhang.

Collision, kəliž’n, botsing, aanvaring; tegenstand.

Collocate, koləkeit, plaatsen, stationeeren; Collocation =

bijeenplaatsing, regeling.

Collodion, kəloudj’n, collodium.

Colloid, kolôid, gelatineachtig, amorph; subst. gelatineachtige stof.

Collogue, kəloug, samenspannen (with).

Collop, koləp, stukje vleesch, lapje.

Colloquial, kəloukwiəl, tot de omgangstaal behoorende,

alledaagsch, gemeenzaam: A colloquial command of the
language = vertrouwdheid met de omgangstaal; Colloquial
powers = onderhoudendheid; Colloquialism = alledaagsche
uitdrukking; Colloquy, koləkwi, gesprek.

Collude, kəl(j)ûd, onder één hoedje spelen, samenspannen;

Colluder; Collusion = geheime samenspanning.

Colluvies, kəl(j)ûviîz, etterhaard, vuil.

Collyrium, kəliriəm, oogzalf (-water).

Colman, koulm’n; Colnebrook, konbruk.

Colocynth, koləsinth, kolokwint.

Cologne, kəloun, Keulen: Cologne-water = Eau de Cologne.

Colon, koulən, kronkeldarm; dubbele punt; Colon, kəloun, kolən

(plaatsn.).

Colonel, kɐ̂ n’l, subst. kolonel; Colonel verb. (kolənel) = aanvoeren

als kolonel; aanspreken met kolonel; Colonelcy; Colonelship.

Colonnade, koləneid, zuilenrij.

Colonial, kəlouniəl, koloniaal: The colonial Dutch (Dutch

colonials) = Holl. kolonisten; Colonial-office = Min. v. Koloniën;
Colonial-produce = koloniale waren; Colonist; Colonization;
Colonize.

Colophon, koləfon, koləfoun, colophoon, einde, sluitsteen: From

title to colophon = van ’t begin tot het einde.

Colophony, kəlofəni, koləfouni, colophonium (vioolhars).

Colorado(-beetle), kolərâdou(bît’l), colorado(-kever).

Colorate, kɐlərit, kolərit, gekleurd, geverfd, getint; Coloration;

Colorature, kɐləritjə, koləritjə, koloratuur; Colorific, kɐlərifik,
kolərifik, kleurgevend, kleur—.

Colossal, kəlos’l, Colossean, koləsîən, kolossaal, reusachtig.

Colosseum, koləsîəm, Colosseum.

Colossus, kəlosəs, colossus.

Colostrum, kəlostr’m, biestmelk.

Colour, kɐlə, subst. kleur, tint, verf, voorkomen, (valsche) schijn,
soort, karakter; Colour verb. verven, kleuren, tinten, doorrooken,
blozen, bedekken, bewimpelen, aanneembaar maken, overdrijven: A
man of colour = kleurling; State colour = regimentsvaandel,
waarmede alleen voor den koning wordt gesalueerd; Colours =
kleuren; vlag, standaard, insigne: In colours = opgeschikt; That is
off colour = niet de ware kleur; I am all off colour = flets,
onlekker; de kluts kwijt; The off coloured son of an Indian Civilian;
Under colour of = onder het voorwendsel van; To change, lose
colour = van kleur verschieten, bleek worden; To nail the colours
to the mast = ten teeken dat men zich niet wil overgeven;
volhouden; To serve with the colours = als soldaat dienen; To
colour a pipe = doorrooken; He coloured to the eyes = bloosde
tot over de ooren; Colour-bearer = vaandeldrager; Colour-box =
verfdoos; In the oil and colour line = in oliën en verfwaren;
[100]Colour-man = verfbereider, verfverkooper; Colour-sergeant
= onderofficier-vaandeldrager; Coloured = gekleurd (niet wit),
zwartbruin; Colouring = valsche schijn, kleur(sel); Colourless;
Colourist.

Colportage, kolpötidž, ook Fr. uitspr. colportage; Colporte(u)r,

kolpötɐ̂ , kolpötɐ̂ , colporteur.

Colquhoun, kəhûn.

Colstaff, kolstaf, draagstok voor watervat of last.

Colt, koult, subst. veulen (ook fig.): Colt’s foot = klein hoefblad
(de bladeren worden wel gerookt tegen asthma); Colt’s-tooth =
melktand; Colt verb. dartelen, springen (Amer.); afstraffen met een
eind touw; Coltish = dartel.

Colter, koultə. Zie Coulter.

Colton, koult’n.

Coluber, koljubə = Colubrid(e), adder; Colubrine, koljubr(a)in,

slangachtig, listig.

Columbarium, koləmbêriəm, columbarium.

Columbia, kəlɐmbjə.

Columbine, kol’mb(a)in, subst. akelei; Colombine; violette

weerschijn; adj. met de kleur van een duivenhals.

Columbus, kəlɐmbəs.

Column, kol’m, zuil, pilaar, kolom, kolonne (troepen), rij: Column

of companies = compagniescolonne; Column of route =
marschcolonne; Columnar = zuilvormig, zuil - -.

Colure, kəljûə, kouljuə, (meest mv.) coluren (sterrek.), snijpunt.

Coma, koumə, slaapziekte, diepe slaap; nevelkring van een komeet;

zaadpluisje.

Co-mate, koumeit, subst. kameraad.

Comatose, koumətous, koumətous, door slaap bevangen,

slaapzuchtig.

Comb, koum, subst. kam, hekel, wolkam, hanekam, honigraat;

Comb verb. kammen, hekelen, rollen en uiteenspatten (der golven):
To cut a person’s comb = een toontje lager doen zingen; To
comb some one’s head (hair) = iemand onder den duim houden;
He combed his hair with his hands = streek met de hand door.

Combat, kombət, kɐmbət, subst. strijd, gevecht: Private, single

combat = duel; Combat verb. strijden, worstelen, bestrijden;
Combatable = bestrijdbaar; Combatant, subst. (ook: Combater)
strijder; adj. strijdend, strijdlustig; Combative = strijdlustig;
Combativeness = strijdlustigheid.

Combe, kûm, koum.

Comber, koumə, hij die kamt, wolkam(mer), lange omkrullende

golf.

Combinable, kəmbainəb’l, vereenigbaar.

Combination, kombineiš’n, verbinding, vereeniging, komplot;

Combinations = hemdbroek, = Combination-garment;
Combination-laws = Eng. arbeidswetten van 1824;
Combination-room = gezelschapszaal (aan de universiteit te
Cambridge); Combinative, Combinative = verbindend, verbindings …

Combine, k’mbain, nauw verbinden, (zich) vereenigen,

samenvoegen; subst. bond, kongsie.

Combings, koumiŋz, kamharen.

Combustibility, k’mbɐstibiliti, brandbaarheid; Combustible,

k’mbɐstib’l, subst. brand(bare) stof; adj. verbrandbaar; driftig,
opvliegend; Combustion, k’mbɐstj’n, verbranding: Spontaneous
combustion = zelfverbranding.

Come, kɐm, komen, naderen, aankomen, verschijnen, uitbotten,

gebeuren, afloopen: Come, that’s satisfactory = komaan, dat is
plezierig; Come, come, hope for the best = kom, kom, laten we
’t beste er van hopen; Come, don’t be a fool; Come your ways
= allo, kom mee; She was trying to come that dodge = die
bedriegerij aan te wenden; Will you come the cruise? = tochtje
meemaken; You shall not come your ghosts over me = me niet
bang maken met je spoken; To come to hand = in goede orde
ontvangen; It has come home to me = is me duidelijk geworden;
That stab came home = was raak; That word came home =
maakte een diepen indruk; To come to light = aan het licht
komen; To come to pass = geschieden; To come short = te kort
schieten, falen; That is coming it strong = dat is kras gezegd; To
come true = uitkomen, waar blijken; To come undone = losgaan;
In time to come = in de toekomst; For a long time to come =
het zal nog lang duren; First come best served = die ’t eerst
komt, ’t eerst maalt; Lightly come, lightly go = zoo gewonnen,
zoo geronnen; He’ll be sixty come next Christmas = a.s.
Kerstmis; The time has come about, round = is weer daar; How
did it come about? = hoe is het gebeurd? To come across =
toevallig aantreffen, stooten op; Come along, old man = ga nu
mee; To come at = bereiken, raken, te pakken krijgen; She was
always coming backward and forward = zij was er, of ze kwam
er; The soldiers came by = kwamen voorbij; How did you come by
that horse? = kwaamt gij aan? To come down = naar beneden
komen, vallen, dalen; He came down very soon = hij bakte heel
gauw zoete broodjes; They came down handsomely = zij dokten
flink op; To come down (up)on = aanpakken (fig.); Come in =
kom binnen; I just came in for the last act = ik was nog net op tijd
voor het laatste bedrijf; He came in for a good scolding = kreeg
een flink standje; We came in for a storm = werden overvallen;
Chimney-pot hats have come in again = zijn weer in de mode; To
come in = te pas komen; He has come into his own = heeft zijn
(erf)deel gekregen; He came off scot-free = hij heeft het er zonder
kleerscheuren afgebracht; When will the concert come off? =
wanneer zal het concert plaats hebben? The trial will soon come off
= beginnen; My hair is coming off = ik groei door mijn haar; The
soldiers came off duty = kwamen van de wacht; He came out with
his guess prematurely = hij raadde te vroeg; Nothing will come out
of it = daar zal niets uit voortkomen; She came out on her 18th
birthday = kwam in de wereld; kwam uit; The bankrupt has come
out again = heeft zich weer (in de maatschappij) vertoond; It came
out as I told you = gebeurde; He came out with his secret =
[101]hij verklapte zijn geheim; The truth came out; This comes out
clearly = blijkt duidelijk, komt duidelijk aan ’t licht; The book came
out = verscheen; He has come out strongly = is kranig voor den
dag gekomen; To come over to a party = overgaan bij; To come
round = komen aanrijden, vóór komen, etc.; He is sure to come
round = hij zal wel bijdraaien; The patient will soon come round
again = hersteld zijn, tot bewustzijn komen; You shall not come
round me = bepraten, inpalmen; He came to (himself) in no time
= kwam dadelijk weer bij (uit flauwte); It comes to the same thing
= komt op ’t zelfde neer; When all comes to all = alles
bijeengenomen; That has come up of late = dat is in den laatsten
tijd gebruik geworden; He struck gold, and came up by leaps and
bounds = hij vond goud, en werd zeer spoedig rijk; To come up to
= beantwoorden aan; He came up to me = naderde mij; To come
up to the scratch = iemand staan, een uitdaging aannemen,
toebijten; Two travellers came up with me = haalden mij in; He
came upon me very suddenly = hij viel mij plotseling op het lijf;
Come-at-able = genaak(verkrijg)baar; Come-down = val,
vernedering; Come-off, kɐmof, kɐmof, uitvlucht, tot stand koming;
Come-outer = bekeerde; radicaal (Amer.); He has found his
Come-uppance = hij heeft zijn meerdere gevonden, hij heeft zijn
man gevonden.

Comedian, kəmîdj’n, tooneelspeler, blijspeldichter; Comedietta,

komədjetə, klucht; Comedy, komədi, blijspel.

Comely, kɐmli, bevallig, knap, gepast.

Comer, kɐmə, komende, bezoeker: The first comer = de eerst

komende, de eerste de beste; Newcomer = nieuweling,
vreemdeling.
Comestibles, kəmestib’lz, eetwaren.

Comet, komət, komeet, een kaartspel; Cometary = komeet - -;

Cometarium = cometarium.

Comfit(ure), kɐmfit(jə), suikergoed, bonbon. Comfit = confijten.

Comfort, kɐmfət, subst. troost, vertroosting, aanmoediging,

bijstand; soort sprei (Amer.); Comfort verb. troosten, kracht geven,
opwekken, opbeuren: We are in comfort = kunnen ons goed
redden; To take comfort = zich troosten, moed scheppen;
Comfortable = subst. soort sprei of polsmof (Amer.); adj. (=
Comfy) aangenaam, gemak gevend: Now I am comfortable = nu
ben ik (voel ik mij) op mijn gemak; Comforter = trooster;
fopspeen; bouffante; de Heilige Geest (Joh. XIV, 26 ).

Comfy = Comfortable.

Comic(al), komik(’l), grappig; subst. Comicality, Comicalness.

Coming, kɐmiŋ, toekomstig: Coming! Sir! = aannemen! mijnheer!

Coming in = binnenkomen; inkomsten; Coming on = nadering,
toeneming.

Comitia, kəmišə, volksvergaderingen; adj. Comitial.

Comity, komiti, (burgerlijke) beleefdheid, hoffelijkheid: Comity of

nations = internationale hoffelijkheid, waardoor b.v. de wetten van
het eene land erkend worden binnen de grenzen van een ander.

Comma, komə, komma: Inverted commas = aanhalingsteekens;

Comma-bacillus.

Command, kəmând, subst. bevel, gebod, macht, gezag,

commando; Command verb. bevelen, bestellen, bedingen,
beheerschen, afdwingen: The Boers of De Wet’s command =
commando; Command of oneself = zelfbeheersching; I am at
your command = ben tot uw dienst; To be in command = het
bevel voeren; This hill commands (a view of) the surrounding
landscape = deze heuvel bestrijkt (geeft het gezicht op);
Commandant, kom’ndânt, als titel bij een naam; kom’ndânt =
commandant; Commandeer, kom’ndîə, requireeren in den oorlog
(Zuid-Afrika): They commandeered the caffres for military service;
Commander = bevelhebber, zeeofficier met rang tusschen Captain
en First Lieutenant; stamper; Commander of the Faithful = titel
van den Sultan van Turkije; Commander-in-chief =
opperbevelhebber; Command(e)ry = kommandeurschap;
Commandership = bevelhebberschap; Commandment = gebod,
bevel; Commando: The Transvaal commandos.

Commeasurable, kəmežər’b’l = Commensurable.

Commemorate, kəmeməreit, herdenken, vieren; subst.

Commemoration; adj. Commemorative.

Commence, kəmens, beginnen, worden, een zeker karakter

aannemen; Commencement = begin, opkomst, oorsprong; de dag
waarop vroeger uitsluitend de promotie tot M. A. of Doctor plaats
had te Cambridge.

Commend, kəmend, prijzen, aanbevelen, opdragen,

toevertrouwen: For a mild winter, commend me to the South of
France = voor zacht winterweer moet men het Zuiden van Frankrijk
hebben; Commend me to him = doe mijne groeten aan hem; adj.
Commendable = prijzenswaardig; subst. Commendableness =
prijzenswaardigheid; Commender; Commendam = tijdelijk beheer
van een kerkelijk ambt of een leen (in 1863 afgeschaft);
Commendation = lof; Commendatory = prijzend, aanbevelings- -
(Commendatory letter); een prebende in commendam hebbend;
subst. tijdelijk beheerder van een opengevallen prebende (=
Commendam) = Commendator.

Commensurability, kəmenšurəbiliti, commensurabiliteit;

Commensurable = commensurabel: A is commensurable with B
= Commensurate, kəmenšureit.

Comment(ary), kom’nt(əri), commentaar; Comment =

verklarende aanteekeningen maken bij, kritiek uitoefenen (on);
Commentator = uitlegger, verklaarder.

Commerce, koməs, handel, verkeer, omgang; een kaartspel:

Commerce Union = tolverbond; Commerce of ideas =
gedachtenwisseling.

Commercial, kəmɐ̂ š’l, handels …: Commercial college =

handelsschool; Commercial education = handelsonderwijs;
Commercial relations = handelsbetrekkingen; Commercial
room = monsterkamer in een hotel voor handelsreizigers;
Commercial-school = handelsschool; Commercial traveller =
handelsreiziger.

Commination, komineiš’n: Commination-service = een deel van

de liturgie der Eng. kerk, [102]op Aschwoensdag gelezen, waarbij
Gods toorn tegen zondaars wordt uitgesproken; Comminatory =
dreigend.

Commingle, kəmiŋg’l, (zich) vermengen.

Comminute, kominjût, tot gruis of poeder maken; inkrimpen;

subst. Comminution.

Commiserate, kəmizəreit, beklagen; subst. Commiseration.

Commissariat, komisêriət, subst. de intendance van het leger, de
daartoe behoorende officieren; ook adj.: All the commissariat
animals had been killed = al het slachtvee (voor het leger) was
gedood.

Commissary, komisəri, gemachtigde; officier van het

Commissariat: Commissary Court = gerechtshof (van een
graafschap) inzake erfenissen; Commissary-general = generaal-
intendant.

Commission, kəmiš’n, subst. opdracht, last, lastbrief,

commissie(loon); officiers-aanstelling (bij marine of leger):
Commission verb. machtigen, belasten, in commissie bestellen;
een commission verleenen: Ships in commission = in dienst
gestelde schepen; Commission of (the) peace = aanstelling tot
vrederechter; To be put into the Commission of Peace =
benoemd worden tot vrederechter; Commission of lunacy =
commissie van onderzoek naar den toestand der geestvermogens;
Commission-agent = (Commission-merchant); Commissional
= gevolmachtigd; Commissioned officer = officier; Non
commissioned officer = onderofficier; Commissioner =
gevolmachtigde, commissaris, lid van een commissie, commissionair
= Commissionaire.

Commissure, komišuə, voeg, naad.

Commit, kəmit, toevertrouwen, toewijzen, gevangen nemen,

blootstellen, compromitteeren, (zich) verbinden, doen, bedrijven,
naar eene commissie verzenden: He rarely commits himself in
speaking = hij zegt zelden domme of gekke dingen; I would not
commit myself to these conclusions without examining the affair
myself = ik wou niet instemmen met dergelijke conclusies; He
committed himself to that course = besloot tot die wijze van
doen; They stand committed to that policy = moeten volgen;
Parliament has the power of committing = het recht om wetten
enz. in handen eener commissie te stellen, of een bevel tot
gevangenneming uit te vaardigen; He committed these words to
memory = leerde van buiten; To commit to paper = op papier
brengen; Commitment = verwijzing, overdracht,
inhechtenisneming; Committable = te begane; Committal =
subst. toewijzing, gevangenneming, bevel daartoe, begaan; adj. I
thought of a non-committal thing to say = ik bedacht mij op iets,
dat ik gerust kon zeggen, waardoor ik mij niet bloot gaf;
Committee, kəmitî, commissie, comité; Committee, komitî,
curator (van een idioot of krankzinnige); Committer = bedrijver,
lastgever.

Commode, kəmoud, hoog dameskapsel (van vroeger tijd); latafel;

stilletje.

Commodious, kəmoudjəs, geriefelijk; subst. Commodiousness;

Commodity, kəmoditi, gerief, gemak, handelsartikel, waar.

Commodore, komədö = Captain of the Fleet = rang tusschen

schout-bij-nacht en kapitein ter zee; bevelhebber van een eskader;
het voorop zeilend schip van een koopvaardijvloot.

Common, kom’n, subst. gemeenteweide, meente; adj. (al)gemeen,

gewoon, gebruikelijk, openbaar, van lagen rang, plat, onrein,
gemeenschappelijk, gemeenslachtig (van subst. en werkw.);
Common verb. gezamenlijke grondrechten hebben; samen eten:
We have it in common = gezamenlijk; He is above the common
= meer dan gewoon; It is out of the common = buitengewoon,
ongewoon; Common carrier = vrachtrijder; Common divisor =
gemeene deeler; Common council(man) = gemeenteraad(slid);
Common crier = stadsomroeper; Common gender = van ’t
zelfde gramm. geslacht; Common hall = raadhuis; aula; Common
law = gewoonterecht (tegenover het geschreven recht); Common
noun = gem. zelfst. nmw.; Common Pleas = oud gerechtshof;
thans opgenomen onder de Queen’s Bench Division van het
Hooggerechtshof; Book of Common Prayer = ritueel en
gebedenboek der Angl. kerk; Common sense = gezond verstand:
That is a common sense remark = van gezond verstand
getuigende; Commonable = gezamenlijk, gemeenschappelijk;
Commonage = gezamenlijk bezit, gemeenschappelijk recht;
Commonalty = burgerij (wat niet tot den adel behoort);
Commoner = burger; lid van het House of Commons; iemand, die
mede recht heeft op gemeenschappelijken grond: Gentleman
commoner = betalend student, die eerst in later tijd werden
toegelaten; Commonish = vrij algemeen, alledaagsch;
Commonplace, kom’npleis, subst. gewoon onderwerp, gewone
uitdrukking, gemeenplaats, memorandum; adj. gewoon,
alledaagsch; Commonplace verb. in een memorandum of
commonplace-book aanteekenen; Commons, komənz, het volk; de
leden van het Lagerhuis = House of Commons; voedsel (aan eene
algemeene tafel): His cheeks were hollow; he had been on short
commons for four years = hij had het schraal van eten gehad;
Doctors’ Commons = oud gerechtshof bestaande uit 5 hoven,
vervangen door het Probate Court, thans Prob. Division van het
Hooggerechtshof; Commonty = land, aan twee of meer
toebehoorende; gemeenteweide; Commonweal, kom’nwîl, het
algemeen welzijn; Commonwealth, kom’nwelth, gemeenebest,
staatslichaam, statenbond, republiek (in Engeland onder Cromwell:
1649–1660).

Commorance, -cy, komər’ns(i), domicilie; Commorant = wonend.

Commotion, kəmouš’n, beroering, beweging, drukte, tumult.

Communal, komjun’l, kəmjûn’l, communaal; Commune, komjûn,

gemeente, commune (Fr.), communie: To hold commune (with)
= spreken met, raadplegen.

Commune, kəmjûn, komjun, spreken met, raadplegen; deelnemen

aan het Avondmaal (Amer.); de communie ontvangen (Kath. kerk).

Communicability, kəmjûnikəbiliti, mededeelbaarheid;

Communicable, kəmjûnikəb’l, mededeelbaar; Communicant,
kəmjûnikənt, avondmaalsganger, communicant; Communicate,
kəmjûnikeit, mededeelen, schenken, openbaren, omgang hebben, in
verbinding staan met, deelnemen [103]aan het Avondmaal,
communiceeren, ter communie gaan.

Communication, kəmjûnikeiš’n, mededeeling, omgang,

communicatie (middel), verbindingsweg: Communication-cord =
noodrem; Evil communications corrupt good manners =
kwade samensprekingen bederven goede zeden; Communicative =
mededeelzaam; subst. Communicativeness; Communicator =
mededeeler, noodlijn; Communion, kəmjûnj’n, verbinding,
gemeenschap, omgang; Avondmaal; communie: Communion cup,
table, service = avondmaalsbeker, -tafel, -dienst.

Communism, komjunizm, eigendomsgemeenschap, communisme,

socialisme; Communist; adj. Communistic(al).

Community, kəmjûniti, gemeenschap, gemeente(wezen).

Commutability, kəmjûtəbility, vervreemdbaarheid,

verwisselbaarheid; adj. Commutable.

Commutation, komjuteiš’n, verwisseling, verandering;

abonnement (Amer.); stroomwisseling, aflossing; adj. Commutative;
Commutator = stroomwisselaar; Commute, kəmjût, verruilen,
ineens betalen in plaats van in termijnen, veranderen, wisselen: The
sentence of death was commuted into lifelong imprisonment = het
doodvonnis werd veranderd in.

Compact, kompakt, verdrag, overeenkomst, verbond; Compact,

k’mpakt, adj. aaneengesloten, vast, kort, bondig, bestaand uit (of);
Compact verb. krachtig verbinden, nauw vereenigen, verdichten: A
compactly built young fellow = kort en stevig ventje;
Compactness = beknoptheid, soliditeit, stevigheid.

Companion, k’mpanj’n, subst. gezel, kameraad, makker,

compagnon, laagste graad in eene ridderorde, kampanje, kapluik (bij
de trap van eene kajuit), koekoek (uitstekend dakvenster); adj.
vergezellend; Companion verb. vergezellen: Companion-hatch =
kap boven de kajuitstrap; Companion-ladder, Companion-
stairs, Companion-way = kajuitstrap; Companionable =
gezellig; Companionless; Companionship = gezelschap.

Company, kɐmpəni, subst. gezelschap, maatschappij, gilde,

genootschap, compagnie, bemanning: I will bear, keep you
company = u gezelschap houden; To be in company with, in the
company of = in gezelschap van; Two is company, three is
none = twee is gezellig, drie is te veel; He kept company with
our servant = had verkeering met onze meid; My friend sees no
company = is zéér eenzelvig; She wept for company = schreide
mee; Company verb. het gezelschap genieten van: I companied
with very interesting people.

Comparable, kompərəb’l, vergelijkbaar; Comparative, k’mparətiv,

vergelijkend, betrekkelijk; subst. comparatief; A comparatively
small sum = betrekkelijk geringe som.

Compare, k’mpêə, vergelijken, gelijkstellen, gelijk zijn, in den

comparatief zetten; zich laten vergelijken; subst. vergelijking: His
eloquence may be compared to a thunderstorm = kan worden
vergeleken bij; I cannot compare the one statesman with the
other = vergelijken met; On our comparing notes, many
circumstances tallied with wonderful exactness = toen wij onze
bevindingen vergeleken (van gedachten wisselden), kwamen vele
omstandigheden merkwaardig juist overeen; You cannot compare
(You compare disadvantageously) with your friend = gij kunt
een vergelijking met uw vriend niet doorstaan; Beyond compare,
past compare = onvergelijkelijk.

Comparison, k’mparis’n, vergelijking, trappen van vergelijking:

Beyond all comparison, Out of all comparison, Without
comparison = onvergelijkelijk; By way of comparison =
vergelijkenderwijze; To bear (stand) comparison with = de
vergelijking doorstaan met.

Compartment, k’mpâtm’nt, afdeeling, coupé, vak.

Compass, kɐmpəs, subst. omtrek, omvang, omweg, ruimte, grens,

bestek, bereik, kompas; Compass verb. omvatten, omringen,
bekleeden, verkrijgen, bedenken, beramen, tot stand brengen: We
have boxed the compass = zijn de rij rond geweest; He fetched
a compass = hij maakte een omweg, ging niet recht op het doel af;
We speak within compass in asserting this = wij zeggen niet te
veel met dit te beweren; True as a compass = echt waar; They
compass heaven and earth to make one proselyte = doorzoeken
hemel en aarde; He compassed his end = bereikte zijn doel; I felt
resolved to compass revenge = op wraak te peinzen; Compass-
box = kompashuisje; Compass-card = kompasroos; Compass-
saw = cirkelzaag; Compass-timber = kromhout; Compass-
window = vooruitspringend boogvenster; Compasses = passer.

Compassion, k’mpaš’n, subst. medelijden; Compassion verb.

beklagen, zich erbarmen; Compassionate, k’mpašənit, adj.
mededoogend, medelijdend; Compassionate verb. k’mpašəneit,
beklagen, medelijden hebben met.

Compatibility, k’mpatibiliti, vereenigbaarheid, bestaanbaarheid;

Compatible, k’mpatib’l, bestaanbaar, passend, vereenigbaar (met
with).

Compatriot, k’mpeitriot, k’mpatriot, subst. landgenoot; adj. uit

hetzelfde land; subst. Compatriotism.

Compeer, k’mpîə, subst. evenknie, gelijke, makker; Compeer verb.

evenaren.

Compel, k’mpel, dwingen, drijven, verplichten: That actor

compelled tears from his audience = dwong zijn gehoor tranen af;
Compeller = verzamelaar.

Compend, kompend, Compendium, k’mpendj’m, kort begrip,

verkorte opgaaf; Compendious = beknopt, bevattelijk; subst.
Compendiousness.

Compensate, komp’nseit, k’mpenseit, goed maken, vergoeden,

opwegen; Compensation = vergoeding, compensatie,
tegenrekening: Workman’s Compensation Act = ongevallenwet;
Compensation-balance (pendulum) = compensatieslinger; adj.
Compensative = Compensatory; Compensator = compensator.

Compesce, k’mpes, bedwingen, beteugelen.

Compete, k’mpît, wedijveren, strijden om.

Competence, kompitens, Competency, kompitensi, bevoegdheid,

welgesteldheid, gepastheid: They led a life of competence = zij
konden het goed stellen in de wereld; He has a competency = kan
 goed redden; Competent = bevoegd, toereikend,
[104]zich
overeenkomstig.

Competition, kompitiš’n, mededinging, wedijver, concurrentie,

kooplust; Competitive, k’mpetitiv, vergelijkend (van een examen
b.v.), mededingend; Competitor = mededinger, concurrent;
Competitress = Competitrix.

Compilation, kompileiš’n, verzameling.

Compile, k’mpail, samenstellen, samenvoegen, verzamelen; een

aantal ‘runs’ maken (cricket); subst. Compiler.

Complacence, k’mpleis’ns, Complacency, k’mpleis’nsi,

welbehagen, voldoening, aangename wijze van optreden, manieren,
enz.; beleefdheid; Complacent = behaaglijk, etc.

Complain, k’mplein, subst. klacht; Complain verb. klagen, morren,

aanklagen: He complained of the boys = klaagde over; To
complain to = zich beklagen bij; Complainant = klager, lijder,
eischer; Complaining = klagend, onpasselijk; subst. klacht;
Complaint = klacht, aanklacht, kwaal, ongesteldheid.

Complaisance, kompləz’ns, kompləzans, beleefdheid, hoffelijkheid,

inschikkelijkheid; adj. Complaisant of Complaisant.

Complement, kompliment, subst. aanvulling, volle getal, volheid,

toevoegsel, het bijkomende, complement; Complement verb.
aanvullen: Three meals a day was the Homeric complement = de
taks, het aantal in de dagen van H.; The complement of the
squadron = getalsterkte; Complemental, Complementary =
aanvullend, complementair.

Complete, k’mplît, adj. volledig, voltooid, af, volkomen; Complete

verb. afmaken, voltooien; subst. Completeness; Completion =
voltooiing, vervulling; Completive = volkomen makend; Completory,
subst. de completen, het deel van het Brevier, dat het officium van
den dag afsluit (Kath. Kerk); adj. vervullend, voltooiend.

Complex, kompleks, subst. het geheel; adj. samengesteld,

ingewikkeld.

Complexion, k’mplekš’n, gelaatskleur, teint, voorkomen;

temperament, lichaamsgesteldheid.

Complexity, k’mpleksiti, samengesteldheid, ingewikkeldheid.

Compliance, k’mplaiəns, toegeving, toestemming, onderwerping:

In compliance with = overeenkomstig; Compliant, toegevend,
inschikkelijk.

Complicate, komplikeit, adj. ingewikkeld; Complicate verb.

verwikkelen, verwarren; Complication = verwikkeling, complicatie
(Med.).

Complicity, k’mplisiti, medeplichtigheid.

Compliment, kompliment, subst. plichtpleging, lof, vleierij:

Compliments of the season = Nieuwjaarswenschen; (Make) my
best compliments to = mijne hartelijke groeten aan; With the
author’s compliments = van den schrijver.

Compliment, kompliment, verb. complimenteeren, gelukwenschen,

complimenten maken; Complimental = beleefd, beleefdheids … =
Complimentary (op boeken) = presentexemplaar.

Complin(e), komplin = Completory, de completen (Kath. kerk): To

go to Complins.
Comply, k’mplai, voldoen, toegeven aan, toestemmen: I complied
with his wishes = voldeed aan; Complying = Complaisant.

Compo, kompou, compositie; mengsel, enz.; het woord is kort voor

Composition.

Component, k’mpoun’nt, subst. en adj. samenstellend (deel).

Comport, k’mpöt, overeenkomen, overeenstemmen, zich gedragen;

subst. compôte, kompət: She comported herself with much
gravity; The hangings do not comport with the furniture = het
behangsel past niet bij het ameublement; Comportment = gedrag,
houding.

Compose, k’mpouz, samenstellen, samenvoegen; bevredigen, tot

bedaren brengen, in orde brengen, voorbereiden; zetten (drukkerij),
componeeren, dichten, ontwerpen: What was it composed of? =
waaruit bestond het?; Composed = kalm; rustig; subst.
Composedness; Composer = componist; Composing draught
= kalmeerende drank; Composing-frame (-room, -machine, -
stick) = zettersraam, etc. zethaak.

Composite, kompəzit, samengesteld, compositie - - (i.e. hout en

ijzer); subst. samenstelling, mengsel; Composite candle =
stearinekaars; Composite carriage = spoorwegrijtuig met
verschillende klassen; Composite number = deelbaar getal;
Composition, kompəziš’n, samenstelling, mengsel, geaardheid,
opstel, arbeid, werk, schikking, verdrag, afkooping, bevrediging, het
aangenomen bedrag, het letterzetten: A composition of a shilling
in the pound = een accoord van vijf percent; He has no fear in
his composition = kent geen vrees; Compositor = letterzetter.

Compost, kompo(u)st, subst. mengmest; pleisterkalk, gemengd

nieuws; Compost verb. mesten; bepleisteren.
Composure, k’mpoužə, kalmte, bedaardheid, bezadigdheid: He
upset my composure = hij bracht mij van mijn stuk.

Compote, kompout, compôte.

Compound, kompaund, subst. samenstelling, mengsel, massa;

samengesteld woord; erf, kampong; adj. samengesteld,
gecompliceerd: Compound fracture = dubbele breuk; Compound
interest = interest op interest; Compound leaf = sameng. blad;
Compound system = stelsel om mijnwerkers in eene afgesloten
ruimte te houden.

Compound, k’mpaund, samenstellen, vermengen, vereenigen,

bereiden, delgen, schikken, accordeeren: The matter was
Compounded for = geschikt; He compounded for his escape =
maakte een accoord; He compounded the felony = hij trok de
aanklacht in na schadeloosstelling; We compounded some hot
stuff = bereidden wat warmen drank; Compoundable = aflosbaar,
etc; Compounder = menger, bereider; hij, die een accoord
aangaat.

Comprador, komprədö, Chineesch handelsagent voor Europ.

handelshuis.

Comprehend, komprihend, omvatten, insluiten; begrijpen;

Comprehensibility = begrijpelijkheid; Comprehensible = duidelijk,
begrijpelijk; Comprehension = bevatting, begrip; omvang;
Comprehensive = veelomvattend, uitgebreid, groot; bondig: subst.
Comprehensiveness. [105]

Compress, kompres, compres, doek.

Compress, k’mpres, samendrukken, verdichten; Compressibility =

samendrukbaarheid; Compressible = samendrukbaar;
Compression = samendrukking, bondigheid, beknoptheid;
Compressive = samendrukkend; Compressor = drukverband,
soort machine, kettingstopper.

Comprise, k’mpraiz, bevatten, insluiten.

Compromise, komprəmaiz, subst. minnelijke schikking,

overeenkomst; tusschending; Compromise verb. schikken,
bijleggen; compromitteeren, op ’t spel zetten: A life of
compromise = van geven en nemen; I will so far compromise
the matter as to accompany you thither = ik zal er mij dan toe
laten vinden er met u heen te gaan; To compromise one’s
principles = het met zijne beginselen op een accoordje gooien; Let
us compromise opinions = laten wij het zien eens te worden.

Compromit, komprəmit, in gevaar stellen, compromitteeren.

Comptant, kaunt’nt, contant geld.

Comptoir, koŋtwö, kantoor, toonbank.

Comptroller, k’ntroulə. Zie Controller.

Compulsion, k’mpɐlš’n, dwang: On (By) compulsion =

gedwongen; Compulsory = dwingend, gedwongen, dwang - -:
Compulsory attendance = verplicht schoolbezoek; Compulsory
military service.

Compunction, k’mpɐŋkš’n, wroeging, gewetensknaging;

Compunctious = berouwhebbend.

Compurgation, kompɐ̂ geiš’n, vrijspraak van een beschuldigde op

de beëedigde verklaring van 12 personen; Compurgator of
kəmpɐ̂ gətə = iemand die zoo’n verklaring aflegt.
Computable, kəmpjûtəb’l, kompjutəb’l, berekenbaar; Computation
= rekenen, berekening, omslag; Compute = (be)rekenen, omslaan,
overwegen.

Comrade, komreid, kameraad, “burger”; Comradeship.

Con, kon, subst. het tegen: Pro and con = het vóór en tegen.

Con, kon, zorgvuldig nagaan, van buiten leeren; een schip sturen
door aanwijzingen van den roerganger: He conned over his lessons
= leerde zijne lessen van buiten; He conned thanks = betuigde
zijn dank.

Concatenate, kənkatəneit, aaneenschakelen; subst.

Concatenation.

Concave, konkeiv, subst. holte, (hemel), gewelf; adj. hol, concaaf;

Concave verb. uithollen; Concavity, kənkaviti, holheid; Concavo-
concave = hol aan de beide oppervlakten; Concavo-convex = hol
aan de eene, bol aan de andere zijde.

Conceal, k’nsîl, verbergen, geheim houden, wegstoppen,

vermommen; Concealable = wat verborgen kan worden; A
concealed royalist = verkapte; Concealer = verberger, heler;
Concealment = geheimhouding: Place of conceal = schuilhoek.

Concede, k’nsîd, toegeven, opgeven, toestaan, toestemmen: To

concede attention to = schenken.

Conceit, k’nsît, subst. bevatting, begrip, meening, valsche waan,

verwaandheid; eigenaardige, grillige opvatting of denkbeeld,
spitsvondige geestigheid; Conceit verb. opvatten, zich verbeelden:
He was a little out of conceit with her = hij mocht haar niet meer
zoo graag; A man of a quick conceit = vlugge bevatting; A
conceited fellow = verwaande vent; Conceitedness =
inbeelding, geaffecteerdheid.

Conceivable, kənsîvəb’l, denkbaar, begrijpelijk; Conceive, k’nsîv,

een denkbeeld vormen, denken, zich voorstellen, begrijpen,
bevatten, opvatten, zwanger worden, ontvangen.

Concentrate, kons’ntreit, kənsentreit, in een punt vereenigen,

concentreeren, samentrekken op; subst. Concentration;
Concentrative = geneigd of dienend tot concentratie;
Concentrativeness.

Concentre, k’nsentə, in een middelpunt samenkomen

(samenbrengen); Concentric = Concentrical = concentrisch; subst.
Concentricity = de eigenschap van of geschiktheid tot
concentreeren.

Concept, konsept, begrip; Conceptual: Conceptual incongruities

= begripsverwarringen, inconsequenties; Conception = voorstelling,
begrip, opvatting, gedachte, ontwerp; ontvangenis.

Concern, k’nsɐ̂ n, subst. zaak, onderneming, ding; belang,

bezorgdheid, angst; Concern verb. betreffen, aangaan; ontstellen,
bezorgd maken: A manufacturing concern = fabriekszaak; I have
no concern with it = niets mee te maken; That is no concern of
any one’s = dat gaat geen mensch wat aan; I do not care for the
whole concern = ik geef niets om het heele spul: Common
concerns = alledaagsche zaken; Forget such worldly concerns
now = wereldsche zaken; I am concerned for your welfare = stel
belang in (maar maak mij ongerust over); He was greatly
concerned for the loss, his friend had suffered = hij had erg te
doen met; To be concerned in a plot = betrokken bij; I am not
concerned with his opinions = - - - gaan mij niet aan; So far as I
am concerned = wat mij aangaat; Concerning = betreffende;
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