CHEMICAL

REACTIONS &
EQUATIONS
 CHEMICAL REACTION : A process in which new chemical (s) are formed

CHEMICAL EQUATION : chemical reaction with symbols and formula

2H2(g) + O2 (g) 2H2 O(I)

Reactants Products

(aq) (ppt) ↓ (s) ↑

Solution in water insoluble in solid gas
water
 BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION

A2(g) + B2(g) 2AB • Number of Atoms of each

(g) element
LHS = RHS
• Why Balance ??
• Conservation of mass – total mass of reactants should be equal to total mass of products

MnO2 + 4HCl → MnCl2 + 2 H2O + Cl2

Rule:
Metals → Zn , Fe , Na , Al , Mg , Mn , Cu , Ca , Pb , Ba
Non - Metals → Cl , Br , S , N , C, O, H

2Pb(NO₃)₂ -------> 2PbO + 4 NO₂ + O₂

 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTION
A ) Combination Reaction : Two or More reactant combine to form a single product

1. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s) • Dazzling White Light (Very bright) is emitted

• Heat Evolved – Exothermic Reaction
Ribbon White Powder
• Combination & Exothermic Reaction

• (i) Quick lime reacts vigorously with water

2. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) Heat
• (ii ) Rise in temperature (exothermic)
Quick Lime Slaked Lime
Used in manufacturing of cement • (iii) Combination & Exothermic Reaction

Burning of Coal

3. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

Brisk Effervescence
B ) Decomposition Reaction : one reactant breaks into 2 or more products

i) THERMAL DECOMPOSITION – Thermolysis - breaks due to Heat

(HEAT)

HEAT
1. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Limestone Quick Lime

FeSo 4 Crystals • Smell of burning sulphur

HEAT
2. Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3 (g) (matchstick)
• pungent Smell of S02(g)
2FeSOGreen
4(s)
Reddish • SO2(g) & SO3(g) are air
Brown pollutant

HEAT
3. 2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2 PbO(s) ↓ + 4NO2(g) + O2(g
White Yellow • precautions
Brown fumes
residue

All 3 are Thermal Decomposition & Endothermic Reaction

ii) ELECTROLYTIC DECOMPOSITION – Electrolysis - breaks due to Electric Current

Electric Current
2 H2O(I) 2 H2(g) + O2(g)
2 : 1
Volume of gas H 2 : O2 = 2 : 1
Mass ratio 1:8 P A O
Pure water is poor conductor of
electricity so a few drop of acids is +ve
added, which acts as electrolyte &
conducts electricity
Anode
Oxygen
- Endothermic reaction NCH

iii) PHOTOCHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION – Photolysis - breaks due to Light

Sunlight
2AgCl(s) 2Ag(s) + Cl 2 (g)
White Grey (used in black and white Photography )
Sunlight
2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2 (g)
 C ) Displacement Reaction : More reactive element replaces a less reactive element from its compound

A + BC → AC+B Most reactive Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) → ZnSO4 + Cu(s) (i) H2 gas is colorless &
odorless, burn with pop sand &
Blue Colourless Red
extinguishes burning candle

(ii) Temp increases,

Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4 + H 2↑ + Heat reaction is highly
exothermic

Blue
Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq)

FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Green Red/Brown
Strip
Cu l Strip
A
In which case color of
FeSO4
Least reactive solution will change?
Reactivity Series Solution (green)
D ) Double Displacement Reaction : Exchange of ions between reactants

A+B – + C+D– → AD + BC

Na2 SO4(aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → BaSO4(s) ↓ + 2NaCl(aq)

Colourless Colourless White PPT insoluble
in water

Ions in the solution ??

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2 ↓ + 2KNO3
Colourless Colourless Yellow PPT
Double Displacement & precipitation reaction.
Copper sulphate reacts with Hydrogen sulphide to give copper sulphide and sulphuric
acid. What kind of reaction takes place?

2CuSO4 + H2S ------- Cu2S + H2SO4

Give an example of double displacement reaction of

i. Precipitation
ii. Neutralisation
 HEAT in REACTIONS

Heat
A + B → C + Heat A + B → C
Exothermic Endothermic

1. Respiration Examples:
Glucose + O2 → CO2 (g) + H2O(l) + Energy Decomposition of:
C6 H12O6 Heat
FeSO4 Crystal FeSO4 ----->
2. Burning Of Natural Gas :
CH4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) + Heat
Heat CaCO3(s) CaCO3 ----->

Heat
3. Decomposition of vegetable Pb(NO3)2(s) Pb(NO3)2 ----->
into compost
 OXIDATION & REDUCTION

Oxidation: If a chemical (A) Reduction: If a chemical (B)

→ Gains oxygen → Loses Oxygen

→ Loses Hydrogen → Gains Hydrogen

It is called oxidation of A. It is called reduction of B.

A is said to be oxidised. B is said to be reduced.
RIG
Oxidation Is Loss of e OIL Reduction Is Gain of e

Heat Heat
2Cu(s) + O2(g) 2CuO(s) CuO(s) + H2 (g) Cu(s) + H2 O

Red/Brown Black Black Red/Brown

 Oxidised (+O)

Oxidising
Agent
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Reducing
Agent

Reduced (-O)

REDOX REACTIONS

A Reaction in which Oxidation & Reduction Occurs

What is reduced and what is oxidized?

MnO2 + 4HCl -------------- MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O

Corrosion : When a metal is attacked by substances around it such as
moisture ( water vapour + oxygen ) , acid etc., it is said to
corrode and this process is called corrosion.

1) Rusting of Iron
Hydrated (Reddish Iron
Brown)
Iron oxide (Rust)

2) Tarnishing of copper green

3) Tarnishing of silver black

Rancidity : The taste or smell of food material containing fat/oil
changes when it is left exposed to air for a long time.

Oxidation Of Fat / Oil present in food material causes Rancidity

⇒ Prevention:

Antioxidants Air tight container Bag of chips

(Flushed with Nitrogen gas)
 Chemical change Physical change
• A chemical reaction happened. • No chemical reaction happens.
• New chemicals are formed. • No new chemical is formed.
• Identity remains same

Examples Examples
• Burning Of Paper • Food Digestion • Boiling water from the evaporating
dish
• Fermentation of • Food Cooking
grapes • Melting of ice to give water
• Respiration
• Souring Of Milk • Melting of wax
• Chemical Battery
• Curd from milk is Usage • Crushing a paper cup
left in a room
• Crystallization
during summer • Baking a cake

• Rusting of iron