POWER ELECTRONICS LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SILCHAR
(Institute of National Importance)
Silchar – 788010, Assam, India

1
 ELECTRONICS & INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING
Vision:
To evolve into a centre of academic and research excellence, developing professionals in the field of
electronics and instrumentation engineering to excel in academia and industry.

Mission:
To provide the students with an education that combines in-depth academic curriculum and the
excitement of innovation with the support of state-of-the-art technology and intellectual stimulation
in the field of electronics & instrumentation engineering.

To encourage faculty members to update their knowledge and carryout advanced research and
consultancy in cutting edge technologies.

To impart the ability and passion to work wisely, creatively, and effectively for the betterment of the
region and the nation.

Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs):

Deliver comprehensive education in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering to ensure that the
graduates have the core competency to be successful in industry or excel in higher studies in any of
the following fields: Industrial Process engineering, Microelectronics and VLSI Design, Signal
Processing, Communication Engg., Automation and Control, and Biomedical Instrumentation.

Provide students foundation in mathematical and engineering fundamentals required to solve

engineering design problems and also to pursue research.

Train students to work as teams to comprehend, analyze, design, and create innovative solutions to
real life problems.

Inculcate a sense of ethics, professionalism, and effective communication skills amongst graduates.

Provide an academic environment that gives adequate opportunity to the students to cultivate lifelong
skills needed for a successful professional career.

Programme Outcomes (POs):

Graduates will be able to apply knowledge of basic sciences and engineering in the solution of
electronics and instrumentation engineering problems.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to identify, formulate, analyze and solve electronics and
instrumentation engineering problems.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to design electronic circuits, conduct experiments, analyze and
interpret the resulting data.

Graduates will demonstrate an ability to visualize and work on multi-disciplinary laboratories.

Graduate will demonstrate skills to use modern engineering tools, software and equipment to analyze
problems.

Graduate will show the understanding of impact of engineering solutions on the society, environment
and awareness of contemporary issues.

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 Laboratory Rules
General Rules of Conduct to be followed in Laboratory:
1. You are expected to arrive on time and not depart before the end of a lab session.
2. You must not enter a lab unless you have permission from the TA/ in-charge.
3. You are expected to comply with instructions, written or oral, that the TA/ in-charge
laboratory gives you during the laboratory session.
4. You should behave in an orderly fashion always in the lab.
5. You must not stand on the stools or benches in the laboratory.
6. Keep the worktable tidy and do not place unwanted/ irrelevant things on the benches.
7. You must ensure that at the end of the laboratory session all equipment used are unpowered
and kept in the respective place.
8. You must use the dustbin to dispose all the waste items, except the broken or damaged
laboratory components. The broken or damaged components should be handed over to the
lab in-charge for further action and proper disposal.
9. You must not remove test equipment, test leads or power cables without permission.
10. Eating the snacks/ food items and drinking beverages in the laboratories are forbidden.
11. The use of mobile phones during laboratory sessions is forbidden.
12. The use of email or and other messaging tools for personal communications during laboratory
sessions is forbidden.
13. Playing games of any kind in laboratories is forbidden.

Specific Safety Rules to be followed while conducting the experiments:

1. Do not damage or tamper with the equipment or leads.
2. Check/ inspect laboratory equipment for visible damage before using it. If there is a problem
with a piece of equipment, report it to the TA/ in-charge. DO NOT return equipment to a
storage area.
3. Before start working on circuits where the supply voltage exceeds 40 volts, get instruction
from your TA/ in-charge.
4. Turn off and keep the soldering rod always on the given stand whenever not in use.
5. Never leave a hot soldering rod iron unattended.
6. Do not touch the hot soldering rod. Allow the soldering rod to cool down after it is
disconnected from the power supply.
7. Never strip insulation from a wire with your teeth or a knife, always use an appropriate wire
stripping tool.

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 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

S. No. Experiment Page No.

1 Design of a Buck Converter
2 Design of a Boost Converter
3 Study of the performance of a half bridge inverter with R load
4 Study of the characteristics of SCR
5 Study on Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R Load
2 Study on Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL Load 9
3 Study on Single Phase Full Controlled Bridge Rectifier With R Load 13
4 Study on Single Phase Full Controlled Bridge Rectifier With RL Load 17
5 Study on Single Phase Half Controlled Bridge Rectifier With RL Load 22
and freewheeling diode
6 Study on Single Phase Cycloconverter 26

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Experiment No.: 1

Name of the Experiment: Design of a Buck Converter

Aim: To design a buck converter for the given specification:

Input Voltage (Vin)= 24v, Output Voltage (Vout)= 12v, Inductor ripple current(∆IL)≤ 0.30 A,
Output Ripple Voltage (∆Vout)≤ 0.375 V , Load Resistance (Ro)= 10Ω, Switching Frequency
(fs)= 20KHz.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

Circuit Diagram:

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Theory: The above figure shows the circuit diagram of step down DC-DC converter,
commonly known as buck converter. When switch S1 is ON, diode FD is reverse biased and
voltage across inductor will be Vin-Vo. So inductor current increases and attains a peak. When
switch S1 is OFF, diode FD is forward biased and voltage across inductor will be -Vo. So, the
inductor current decreases. Hence inductor with diode ensures an uninterrupted current flow
and hence a constant output voltage with capacitor for removing voltage ripples.

Design Calculation:

Duty cycle (D)= Vout/Vin.

Calculation of L&C:

6
Procedure:

1. Calculate design parameters for given specification.

2. Connect the circuit in breadboard.

3. Keep the duty cycle at min. value.

4. Switch on the power circuit.

5. Observe the gate pulse and output voltage in DSO.

6. Vary duty cycle in the range of 0-0.5 & note the reading in above table

7. Take screen shot of gate pulse and output voltage in each step.

8. Calculate error for each duty cycle in above table.

9. Plot error vs duty cycle.

Observation Table:
S.N. Ton(µsec.) Duty cycle (%) o/p voltage (volt) o/p voltage (volt) Error (%)
Vtheoritical Vpractical

Sample Calculation:
Show the calculation of Duty Cycle, Theoretical output voltage and percentage error for any
of the readings.

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Result:
Attach the waveforms of the gate pulse and corresponding output voltage waveforms, taken
during the experiment from the DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words. Comment on why theoretical and practical o/p
voltage are not matching. Comment on error plot ,why error is varying.

Sample Viva Questions:

1. Why low duty cycle is not preferable in buck converter?

2. What is the effect of selection of freq. in designing of inductor?
3. Instead of MOSFET, what other devices can be used as switch?
4. What is the difference between IRFZ44N & IRLZ44N mosfet?
5. What are buck regulator’s advantages over linear regulated power supply?

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Experiment No.: 2

Name of the Experiment: Design of a Boost Converter

Aim: To design a boost converter for the given specification:

Input Voltage (Vin)= 5v, Output Voltage (Vout)= 10v, Inductor ripple current(∆IL)≤ 06.7m A,
Output Ripple Voltage (∆Vout)≤ 22mV , Load Resistance (Ro)= 3.5KΩ, Switching Frequency
(fs)= 1KHz.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

Circuit Diagram:

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Theory: A Boost converter is a DC to DC converter in which the output voltage is greater
than the input voltage. It is also called as step up converter. The name step up converter comes
from the fact that analogous to step up transformer the input voltage is stepped up to a level
greater than the input voltage. The main working principle of boost converter is that the
inductor in the input circuit resists sudden variations in input current. When switch is OFF the
inductor stores energy in the form of magnetic energy and discharges it when switch is closed.
The capacitor in the output circuit is assumed large enough that the time constant of RC circuit
in the output stage is high. The large time constant compared to switching period ensures a
constant output voltage of Vo (t) = Vo (constant). The switch can be a MOSFET/IGBT.

Design Calculation:

Duty cycle (D)= Vout/Vin.

Calculation of L&C:

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Procedure:

1. Calculate design parameters for given specification.

2. Connect the circuit in breadboard.

3. Keep the duty cycle at min. value.

4. Switch on the power circuit.

5. Observe the gate pulse and output voltage in DSO.

6. Vary duty cycle in the range of 0-0.5 & note the reading in above table

7. Take screen shot of gate pulse and output voltage in each step.

8. Calculate error for each duty cycle in above table.

9. Plot error vs duty cycle.

Observation Table:
S.N. Ton(µsec.) Duty cycle (%) o/p voltage (volt) o/p voltage (volt) Error (%)
Vtheoritical Vpractical

Sample Calculation:
Show the calculation of Duty Cycle, Theoretical output voltage and percentage error for any
of the readings.

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Result:
Attach the waveforms of the gate pulse and corresponding output voltage waveforms, taken
during the experiment from the DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words. Comment on why theoretical and practical o/p
voltage are not matching. Comment on error plot ,why error is varying.

Sample Viva Questions:

1. Why high duty cycle is not preferable in boost converter?

2. What are some applications of boost converter?
3. If we change the switching frequency, what will be the effects on boost converter
Performance?

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Experiment No: 3

Name of the Experiment: Study of the performance of a half bridge inverter with R load

Aim: To Study of the performance of a half bridge inverter with R load

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

Circuit Diagram:

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Theory: Single Phase Half Bridge Inverter comprises of two thyristors T1 & T2, two diodes
D1 & D2 and three wire DC source. The circuit for turning ON and turning OFF the thyristor is
not shown in the above circuit to maintain simplicity. While analyzing the circuit, it is assumed
that each thyristor conducts for the duration its gate pulse is present and is commutated as
soon as this pulse is removed. The gating signal for thyristor T1 (ig1) and thyristor T2 (ig2) and
output voltage waveform of this inverter is shown below.

Carefully observe the gating signal for T1 & T2. It can be seen that ig1 is applied for a period
of 0<t≤(T/2), this means thyristor T1 will conduct for this time period. During the time T1
conducts, load is directly connected to source (Vs/2) on the upper arm. Thus, the load voltage
/ output voltage will be equal to the input source voltage (Vs/2) for 0<t≤(T/2).

As soon as ig1 is removed at t= T/2, thyristor T1 gets turned OFF. It may be seen from the
waveform of gating signal that at t=T/2, ig2 is applied and hence, thyristor T2 gets turned ON.
Thus, load gets directly connected to the source (Vs/2) on the lower arm. Note that the
polarity of voltage source on the upper & lower arm are opposite to each other. Therefore,
during the time (T/2)<t≤T, T2 is ON, the output voltage is -(Vs/2) as shown in the output
voltage waveform.

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It may also be seen form the output voltage waveform that load voltage is an alternating
square voltage waveform of amplitude (Vs/2) and frequency (1/T) Hz. Thus, output frequency
can be controlled by controlling T.

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit in the experimental kit

2. Connect the input voltage, gate pulses to the switching devices.

3. Connect the probes of the DSO to the output of the inverter circuit.

4. Vary the ON time of the switches and observe the waveform.

5. Vary the PWM of the switching pulses and observe the waveform.

6. Fill the observation table.

Observation Table:

Sl. No. Time Period (msec) Frequency (Hz) PWM (%) o/p RMS voltage
(volt)

Result:
Attach the waveforms of the gate pulse and corresponding output voltage waveforms, taken
during the experiment from the DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Sample Viva Questions:

15
1. What is the difference between half bridge and full bridge inverter?
2. How can we change the frequency of the output voltage in inverter?
3. How can we change the rms voltage of the output voltage in inverter?
4. What is the advantage of using mosfet over scr as switching device in inverter?

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Experiment No.: 4

Name of the Experiment: Study of the characteristics of SCR

Aim: To study of the characteristics of SCR.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: An SCR is a three terminal, four layer latching device. The three terminals are anode,
cathode and gate. When the anode is more positive w.r.t the cathode, junctions j1, j3 are
forward biased and the junction j2 is reverse biased. Only a small leakage current flows through
the device. The device is said to be in the forward blocking state or OFF state. When the anode
to cathode voltage is increased to break-over value, the junction j2 breaks down and device
starts conducting. The anode current must be more than a value known as latching current in
order to maintain the device in the ON state. Once SCR starts conducting, it behaves like a
conducting diode and gate has no control over the device.

17
The device can be turned OFF only by bringing the device current below a value known as
holding current. The forward voltage drop across the device in the ON state is around one volt.
When the cathode voltage is made positive w.r.t the anode voltage the junction j2 is forward
biased and the junctions j1 and j3 are reverse biased. The device will be in the reverse blocking
state and small reverse leakage current flows through the device. The device can be turned ON
at forward voltages less than break over voltage by applying suitable gate current.

Procedure:

I. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

II. Set the gate current Ig to specified value.

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III. Slowly vary Va in steps and note down Va and Ia at each step till SCR conducts. (Note
down maximum Va, which is forward break over voltage just before SCR
conducts)

Observation Table:

Sl No Ig Va Ia

Plot:
Plot the graph between Va and Ia for different gate current.

Result:
Attach the waveforms of the gate pulse and corresponding output voltage waveforms, taken
during the experiment from the DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Sample Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by latching current?

2. What do you mean by holding current?
3. What is the protection circuit for SCR?
4. What is PIV?

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Experiment No: 5

Name of the Experiment: Study on Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with R
Load

Aim: To study the behavior of the Resistive Load in a single-phase half-wave controlled
rectifier.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

Circuit Diagram:

20
Expected output waveforms:

Theory:
Above Fig shows the circuit diagram and corresponding waveforms of a single phase half wave
controlled rectifier supplying a purely resistive load. At ωt = 0 when the input supply voltage
becomes positive and the thyristor T becomes forward biased. However, unlike a diode, it
does not turn ON till a gate firing pulse is applied at ωt = α. During the period 0 < ωt ≤ α, the
thyristor blocks the supply voltage and the load voltage remains zero as shown in above fig.
Consequently, load current does not flow during this interval. As soon as a gate pulse is
applied to the thyristor at ωt = α, it turns ON. The voltage across the thyristor collapses to
almost zero and the full supply voltage appears across the load. From this point onwards the
load voltage follows the supply voltage. The load being purely resistive the load current io is
πproportional to the load voltage. At ωt = π as the supply voltage passes through the negative
going zero crossing the load voltage and hence the load current becomes zero and tries to
reverse direction. In the process the thyristor undergoes reverse recovery and starts blocking

21
the negative supply voltage. Therefore, the load voltage and the load current remains
clamped at zero till the thyristor is fired again at ωt = 2π + α. The same process repeats there
after.

Average Value of Load Voltage is

1 2𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
2𝜋

The firing Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛼 = 3600 × 𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the triggering point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect the load resistance at the output of the rectifier.

3. Connect the gate firing pulses for Gate control circuit to the G1 & K1 of the SCR1 with patch
cords. Connect the power to the trainer.

4. Switch on the power.

7. Now vary the phase control Potentiometer to get half wave rectified signal on CRO. Note
down average DC voltage, DC current. Observe the readings on to the DSO/CRO/CRO and in
the meters. Note down the reading in the table.

8. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

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Observation:

Sl Firing Time Firing Angle Average Load Average Load % Error=

𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉 − 𝑽𝒐𝒑
No Delay (𝒕𝒅 ) (𝜶) Voltage (Theoretical) Voltage (Practical) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉
(ms) (degree) (Voth) (Volt) (Vop) (Volt)

Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
1. What do you mean by firing angle of SCR?
2. What is latching and holding current in SCR?
3. What do you mean by PIV rating of SCR?

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Experiment No.: 2

Name of the Experiment: Study on Single Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectifier with RL
Load

Aim: To study the behaviour of the Resistive Inductive Load in a single-phase half-wave
controlled rectifier.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

1. SCR

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. DSO/CRO

5. Load

Circuit Diagram:

24
Expected output waveforms:

Theory:
As in the case of a resistive load, the thyristor T becomes forward biased when the supply
voltage becomes positive at ωt = 0. However, it does not start conduction until a gate pulse
is applied at ωt = α. As the thyristor turns ON at ωt = α the input voltage appears across the
load and the load current starts building up. However, unlike a resistive load, the load current
does not become zero at ωt = π, instead it continues to flow through the thyristor and the
negative supply voltage appears across the load forcing the load current to decrease. Finally,
at ωt = β (β > π) the load current becomes zero and the thyristor undergoes reverse recovery.
From this point onwards the thyristor starts blocking the supply voltage and the load voltage
remains zero until the thyristor is turned ON again in the next cycle. It is to be noted that the
value of β depends on the load parameters. Therefore, unlike the resistive load the average
and RMS output voltage depends on the load parameters. Since the thyristors does not
conduct over the entire input supply cycle this mode of operation is called the “discontinuous
conduction mode”.

Average Value of Load Voltage is

1 𝛽
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
2𝜋 𝛼 𝑚

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 𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽)
2𝜋
The firing Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛼 = 3600 ×
𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the triggering point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

The extinction Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛽 = 3600 × 𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the extinction point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect the load resistance and inductance at the output of the rectifier.

3. Connect the gate firing pulses for Gate control circuit to the G1 & K1 of the SCR1 with patch
cords. Connect the power to the trainer.

4. Switch on the power.

5. Now vary the phase control Potentiometer to get half wave rectified signal on CRO. Note
down average DC voltage, DC current. Observe the readings on to the DSO/CRO/CRO and in
the meters. Note down the reading in the table.

6. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

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Observation:

Sl Firing Firing Extinction Extinction Average Average % Error=

No Time Angle Time Angle Load Load
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉 − 𝑽𝒐𝒑
Delay (𝛼) Delay (𝐭 𝐝 ) (β) Voltage Voltage × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉
(𝐭 𝐝 ) (degree) (ms) (degree) (Theoretical) (Practical)
(ms) (Voth) (Volt) (Vop) (Volt)

Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
1. What do you mean by extinction angle?
2. What do you mean by continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction
mode?
3. How the output current and voltage waveform will vary if the inductance value is
increased?

27
Experiment No.: 3

Name of the Experiment: Study on Single Phase fully Controlled Rectifier with R Load
using SCR

Aim: To study the behaviour of the Resistive Load in a single-phase fully controlled rectifier.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

1. SCR

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. DSO/CRO

5. Load

Circuit Diagram:

28
Expected output waveforms:

Theory:
The above figure shows the circuit diagram of a single-phase full converter with an R load.
The thyristor T1T2 are triggered at ωt = α and conducts up to ωt = π. After ωt = π, supply
voltages get reversed and T 1T2 gets reverse biased and hence gets turned off. At ωt =
π+α, T3 T 4 is triggered and conducts up to ωt = 2π. No SCR conducts during ωt = 0 to α
and ωt = π to π+α and so on.

Average Value of Load Voltage is:

29
RMS output current:

The firing Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛼 = 3600 × 𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the triggering point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect the load resistance at the output of the rectifier.

3. Connect the gate firing pulses for Gate control circuit to the G1 & K1 of the SCR1, G2 & K2
of the SCR2, G3 & K3 of the SCR3 and G4 & K4 of the SCR4 with patch cords. Connect the
power to the trainer.

4. Switch on the power.

7. Now vary the phase control Potentiometer to get half wave rectified signal on CRO. Note
down average DC voltage, DC current. Observe the readings on to the DSO/CRO/CRO and in
the meters. Note down the reading in the table.

8. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

30
Observation:

Sl Firing Time Firing Angle Average Load Average Load % Error=

𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉 − 𝑽𝒐𝒑
No Delay (𝒕𝒅 ) (𝜶) Voltage (Theoretical) Voltage (Practical) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉
(ms) (degree) (Voth) (Volt) (Vop) (Volt)

Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
1. What do you mean by full controlled and half controlled rectifier?
2. In how many quadrant a full controlled rectifier can operate? Explain why

31
Experiment No.: 4

Name of the Experiment: Study on Single Phase Full Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RL
Load.

Aim:
i)To Study of the operation of a single phase full controlled bridge with R-L load
ii) observation of continuous load current
iii) observation of discontinuous load current

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

1. SCR

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. DSO/CRO

5. Load

Circuit Diagram:

32
Theory:
Single Phase Full Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RL Load using four SCRs have two mode of
operations.

Mode 1: During the positive half cycle, SCRs T1 and T2 are forward biased and can be fired
for conduction applying a positive voltage to their gate with respect to cathode. At ωt = α,
SCRs T1 and T2 are triggered, then the current flows through the P– T1- RL load – T2 – N. At
ωt = π, supply voltage falls to zero and the current also goes to zero. Hence SCRs T1 and T2
turned off.

Mode 2 : During negative half cycle (π to 2π), SCRs T3 and T4 forward biased and can be fired
for conduction applying a positive voltage to their gate with respect to cathode. At ωt = π +
α, SCRs T3 and T4 are triggered, then current flows through the path N – T3 – R load- T4 – P.
At ωt = 2π, supply voltage and current goes to zero, SCRs T3 and T4 are turned off.

1. Case of R-L load with large L / R ratio: Continuous load current

Average Value of Load Voltage is

1 𝜋+𝛼
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝛼

2𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = cos 𝛼
𝜋

2. Case of R-L load with small L / R ratio: Discontinuous load current

Average Value of Load Voltage is

1 𝛽
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (cos 𝛼 − cos 𝛽)
𝜋

The firing Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛼 = 3600 × 𝑇

33
𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the triggering point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

The extinction Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛽 = 3600 × 𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the extinction point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

Waveforms:

34
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect the load resistance and inductnce at the output of the rectifier.

3. Connect the gate firing pulses for Gate control circuit to the G1 & K1 of the SCR1, G2 & K2
of the SCR2, G3 & K3 of the SCR3 and G4 & K4 of the SCR4 with patch cords. Connect the
power to the trainer.

4. Switch on the power.

7. Now vary the phase control Potentiometer to get half wave rectified signal on CRO. Note
down average DC voltage, DC current. Observe the readings on to the DSO/CRO/CRO and in
the meters. Note down the reading in the table.

8. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

Observation:

Sl Firing Firing Extinction Extinction Average Average % Error=

No Time Angle Time Angle Load Load
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉 − 𝑽𝒐𝒑
Delay (𝛼) Delay (𝐭 𝐝 ) (β) Voltage Voltage × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉
(𝐭 𝐝 ) (degree) (ms) (degree) (Theoretical) (Practical)
(ms) (Voth) (Volt) (Vop) (Volt)

35
Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
1. Why the circuit is called full controlled?
2. Comment on variation of average output voltage wrt firing angle.
3. What do you mean by continuous and discontinuous conduction?

36
Experiment No.: 5

Name of the Experiment: Study on Single Phase Full Controlled Bridge Rectifier with RL
Load and Freewheeling Diode.

Aim: To Study of the operation of a single phase full controlled bridge with R-L load and
Freewheeling Diode

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

6. SCR

7. Voltmeter

8. Ammeter

9. DSO/CRO

10. Load

Circuit Diagram:

37
Theory:
The circuit consist of four thyristors T1, T2, T3 and T4, a voltage source Vs, a RL load and a
freewheeling diode across the load. During the positive half cycle of the input voltage, the
thyristors T1 & T2 is forward biased but it does not conduct until a gate signal is applied to it.
When a gate pulse is given to the thyristors T1 & T2 at ωt= α, it gets turned ON and begins to
conduct. When the T1 & T2 is ON, the input voltage is applied to the load but due to the
inductor present in the load, the current through the load builds up slowly through the
pathVs-T1-Load-T2-Vs. During the negative half cycle (at ωt = π), T3 & T4 is forward biased,
the thyristor T1 & T2 gets reverse biased. The current shift its path to the freewheeling diode
and circulates through the loop FD-R-L-FD. Thus T1 & T2 turns off at ωt =π When a gate pulse
is given to the thyristor T3 & T4 at ωt= π+α, it gets turned ON and begins to conduct. When
T3 & T4 is ON, the current through the load builds up slowly through the path Vs-T3-Load-T4-
Vs. During the next positive half cycle (at ωt= 2π), T1 & T2 is forward biased, the thyristor T3
& T4 gets reverse biased. The current shifts its path to the freewheeling diode and circulates
through the loop FD-R-L-FD. Thus T3 & T4 turns off at ωt =2π.So here all the thyristor will
conduct only in the positive half cycle. The load receives voltage during both the half cycles.
The average value of output voltage can be varied by varying the firing angle α. The waveform
shows the plot of input voltage, gate current, output voltage, output current and voltage
across thyristor.

Average Value of Load Voltage is

1 𝜋
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = ∫ 𝑉𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ∙ 𝑑(𝜔𝑡)
𝜋 𝛼

𝑉𝑚
𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (1 + cos 𝛼)
𝜋

The firing Angle can be calculated using the following formula

𝑡𝑑
𝛼 = 3600 × 𝑇

𝑡𝑑 : Time delay measured from the positive zero crossing point to the triggering point
𝑇 = Time period of the supply voltage

38
Waveforms:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect the load resistance and inductnce at the output of the rectifier. Connect the
Freewheeling diode across the laod

39
3. Connect the gate firing pulses for Gate control circuit to the G1 & K1 of the SCR1, G2 & K2
of the SCR2, G3 & K3 of the SCR3 and G4 & K4 of the SCR4 with patch cords.

4. Connect the power to the trainer. Switch on the power.

5. Now vary the phase control Potentiometer to get half wave rectified signal on CRO. Note
down average DC voltage, DC current. Observe the readings on to the DSO/CRO/CRO and in
the meters. Note down the reading in the table.

6. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

Observation:

Sl Firing Time Firing Angle Average Load Average Load % Error=

𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉 − 𝑽𝒐𝒑
No Delay (𝒕𝒅 ) (𝜶) Voltage (Theoretical) Voltage (Practical) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝒐𝒕𝒉
(ms) (degree) (Voth) (Volt) (Vop) (Volt)

Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
1. Why the diode is called freewheeling diode?
2. What are the functions of freewheeling diode in full controlled rectifier?
3. How the output average voltage varies with and without freewheeling diode in
freewheeling diode?

40
Experiment No.: 6

Name of the Experiment: Study on single-phase cycloconverter with R Load.

Aim: To study the operation of a single-phase cycloconverter.

Components and Equipment Required:

Sl No Particulars Range Type Qty

1. SCR

2. Voltmeter

3. Ammeter

4. DSO/CRO

5. Load

Circuit Diagram:

Theory:
A cycloconverter converts a constant voltage, constant frequency AC waveform to another
AC waveform of a lower frequency by synthesizing the output waveform from segments of
the AC supply without an intermediate DC link.

41
One particular property of Cycloconverter is that it does not use a DC link in the conversion
process thus making it highly efficient. The conversion is done by using power electronic
switches likes Thyristors and switching them in a logical manner. Normally these Thyristors
will be separated into two half, the positive half and the negative half. Each half will be made
to conduct by turning them during each half cycle of the AC form thus enabling bi-directional
power flow. A cycloconverter converts a constant voltage, constant frequency AC waveform
to another AC waveform of a lower frequency by synthesizing the output waveform from
segments of the AC supply without an intermediate DC link.

Depending upon the polarities of the points A and B, SCRs are gated. The natural commutation
process is used for turning off the SCRs. For example, when point A is positive w.r.t. point B,
T1 is gated and T2 is automatically turned off. Single phase AC in positive half cycle switched
off T2and T1 is gated. In negative half cycle, SCR T1 is switched off and T2 is gated. In the next
positive half cycle, again SCR T2 is switched off and T1 is gated. The current flow through the
load always remains the same. So one positive half cycle at the output is produced by
combining three halves of the input cycle. Three positive half cycles of the input are combined
to produce positive half cycle at output by SCR T 1 and T2. In the same way, three half cycles
of the input ac are combined to produce one negative half cycle of the output by SCR T3 and
T4. Hence, input frequency 50Hz reduced to1/3 Hz i.e. 16 2/3 Hz at the output across the load.

Output Frequency:
1
𝑓𝑜 =
𝑇𝑜
RMS Load Voltage:

1 π 2
Vo = √ ∫ Vm sin2 ωt dωt
π αp

Vm 1 1
Vo = √ [(π − αp ) + sin2αp ]
√2 π 2

RMS Load Current:

Vo(RMS)
Io =
R

42
Waveforms:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in connection diagram through patch chords. Please check
the connections before switching on the power to the instruments.

2. Connect synchronizing pulses cable to the gate firing control module. Connect the DC
power connector to the gate firing module.

4. Connect the load at the output of the cycloconverter.

6. Switch on the power.

7. Calculate output frequency.

43
8. Change the firing angle of SCR by varying potentiometer and every time note down the
observations of average and RMS DC voltage & current. Also note down firing angle from CRO.

9. Also take the Results reading at the different angles of SCR triggering. See the effect of the
change of firing angle.

Observation:

S. No. Vin Volts Frequency Firing Vo Volts Io Amps I/P O/P

Division Angle Frequency Frequency

Result:
Show waveforms for different firing angles obtained from DSO/CRO.

Conclusion:
Write down what did you understand from the experiment. Was the objective of the
experiment fulfilled? Write in your own words.

Viva Questions:
3. What is meant by cycloconverter?
4. What are the types of cycloconverter?
5. What is duty cycle?

44