Elementary Mathematics Notes 3 Percentage 9 Angles, Triangles & Polygons

Reproduced from http://teach.sg increase / decrease Types of polygons

Percentage increase / decrease = × 100%
original
1 Numbers & Their Operations 4 Rate & Speed No. of sides Polygons
Types of numbers
3 triangle
Integers (Z): ..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
Prime: integers that are divisible by 1 and itself only, smallest 4 quadrilateral
D
prime number is 2 5 pentagon
integer 4 1 √
Rational numbers (Q) : , −3 , 0.3, 2.6̇5̇, 92, 16 6 hexagon
integer 7 8 S T
√
Irrational numbers: π, 2, e 7 heptagon
Real numbers (R): all numbers
8 octagon
Standard form total distance 9 nonagon
Average speed =
A × 10n , where n is an integer, and 1 ≤ A < 10 total time
10 decagon
SI prefix 5 Algebraic Expressions & Formulae
nth term Sum of interior & exterior angles
n
Prefix 10 a + (n − 1)d Sum of interior angles = (n − 2) × 180◦
−12
pico 10 Sum of exterior angles = 360◦
Special algebraic identities
nano 10−9
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 10 Congruence & Similarity
micro 10−6 (a − b)2 = a2 − 2ab + b2
Congruent & Similar Triangles
milli 10−3 (a + b)(a − b) = a2 − b2
Congruent triangles Similar triangles
kilo 103 6 Equations SSS, SAS, AAS, RHS SSS, SAS, AAA
6
mega 10
Quadratic formula Ratio( of)area & volume
giga 109 √ A1 l1 2
−b ± b2 − 4ac =
12 x= A2 l
tera 10 2a ( 2 )3
V1 l1
7 Set Language & Notation =
V2 l2
Indices ∈: is an element of 11 Pythagoras’ Theorem &
1. am × an = am+n n(A): number of elements in set A
2. am ÷ an = am−n A′ : complement of set A Trigonometry
3. (am )n = amn ∅: empty set Pythagoras’ theorem
4. (ab)m = am bm ξ: universal set a2 + b2 = c2
( a )n an
5. = n ∪: union
b b ∩: intercept Trigonometric ratios
1
6. a−n = n ⊂: subset tan θ = opposite
a adjacent
7. a0 = 1 cos θ = adjacent
√ hypotenuse
1
8. a n = n a 8 Problems In Real-World Contexts sin θ = opposite
m √ hypotenuse
9. a n = ( n a)m
Simple interest
P RT TOA CAH SOH is applicable for only right-angled triangles
2 Ratio & Proportion I=
100
Map scale Compound interest Obtuse angles
Length scale = 1 : r ( )n sin(180◦ − θ) = sin θ
R
Area scale = 1 : r2 A=P 1+
100 cos(180◦ − θ) = − cos θ

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Sine rule 13 Coordinate Geometry Quartiles & percentiles
a b
=
sin A sin B Cartesian coordinate minimum lower quartile median upper quartile maximum
Cosine rule (x, y) b b

c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C 0th

percentile 25 th
percentile 50 th
percentile 75 th
percentile 100th percentile
Gradient
Area of triangle y1 − y2
Area of triangle = 1
ab sin C m= Interquartile range
2 x1 − x2
Bearings Interquartile range = upper quartile − lower quartile
Equation
y − y1 = m(x − x1 ) Box-and-whisker plot
000◦
y = mx + c
*Vertical line: x = a b b

*Horizontal line: y = b

Length
270◦ 090◦ √ minimum lower quartile median upper quartile maximum

Length = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2

Mean & standard deviation

14 Vectors In 2 Dimensions
Ungrouped
∑
Representation x
( ) Mean, x̄ = N √∑
180◦ x # » (x−x)2
Vectors can be represented by , AB, a or a. Standard deviation, σ = N
y e
A bearing is a 3-digit positive number with units of degree Grouped
Magnitude ∑
to show direction clockwise from the north direction. Mean, x = ∑f x
# » √ f
√∑
|AB| or |a| = x2 + y 2 2
(∑ )2
12 Mensuration Standard deviation, σ = ∑f x
f
− ∑f x
f

Conversion 15 Data Analysis

1 m = 100 cm
Mode
1 m2 = 10, 000 cm2
1 m3 = 1, 000, 000 cm3 Mode is the most frequently occurring number. A set of
data can have more than one mode.
Radian & Degree
180◦ = π rad Mean
sum of all numbers
Arc length & sector area mean =
number of numbers
Degree
Median
◦ × 2πr, where θ is in degrees
θ
s = 360
Median is the centre number when the numbers are arranged
◦ × πr , where θ is in degrees
θ 2
A = 360
from smallest to largest.
Radian
s = rθ, where θ is in radians
Range
A = 12 r2 θ, where θ is in radians Range = maximum − minimum

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