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+2 Chemistry - MOST Important Questions and Answers

1. SOLUTIONS
1. State Henry’s law. Give its mathematical form.
Ans: Henry’s law states that at constant temperature, the solubility of
a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas.
Mathematically, p = KH.χ (where p is the partial pressure, χ is the mole
fraction and KH is the Henry’s law constant). (i) Ideal solution (ii) Positive deviation from (iii) Negative deviation
2. Write any two applications of Henry’s law. Raoult’s law from Raoult’s law
Ans: (i) In the preparation of soda water and soft drinks. 8. What are azeotropes?
(ii) A medical condition known as Bends in Scuba divers. Ans: They are constant boiling mixtures and have the same
3. State Raoult’s law. composition in liquid and vapour phases.
Ans: The law states that for a solution of volatile liquids, the partial 9. Explain the different types of azeotropes?
vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly There are 2 types of azeotropes:
proportional to its mole fraction present in solution. Minimum boiling azeotropes: Formed by solutions which show large
Mathematically, 𝑝1 = 𝑝10 χ1 , 𝑝2 = 𝑝20 χ2 positive deviation from Raoult’s law. E.g. 95% aqueous solution of
4. What are ideal solutions? Write any two properties of ideal solutions. ethanol by volume.
Give one example for such solution. Maximum boiling azeotrope: Formed by solutions which show large
Ans: These are solutions which obey Raoult’s law at all concentrations. negative deviation from Raoult’s law. E.g. 68% aqueous solution of
For an ideal solution, 𝑝1 = 𝑝10 χ1 , 𝑝2 = 𝑝20 χ2 , ∆mixH = 0 and ∆mixV = 0. HNO3 by mass.
E.g. is a mixture of benzene and toluene. 10. What are colligative properties? Name the four types of colligative
5. What are non-ideal solutions? properties.
Ans: These are solutions which do not obey Raoult’s law at all Ans: These are properties of dilute solutions, which depend only on
concentrations. For such solutions, 𝑝1 ≠ 𝑝10 χ1 , 𝑝2 ≠ 𝑝20 χ2 , ∆mixH ≠ 0 the number of solute particles and not on their nature.
and ∆mixV ≠ 0. The important colligative properties:
6. What type of deviation is shown by a mixture of chloroform and (i) Relative lowering of Vapour pressure (ii) Elevation of boiling point
acetone? Give reason. (iii) Depression of freezing point (iv) Osmotic pressure.
Ans: Negative deviation. Chloroform can form hydrogen bond with 11. What is osmotic pressure?
acetone. So, the solute – solvent interaction increases and hence the Ans: It is the excess pressure that must be applied on solution side to
vapour pressure decreases. prevent osmosis.
12. What is reverse osmosis? Write any one of its applications.
7. Draw a vapour pressure curve, by plotting vapour pressure against Ans: If a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to the
mole fraction for: solution side, the direction of osmosis gets reversed. Now, the solvent
(i) an ideal solution (ii) a solution that show positive deviation from molecules will flow out of solution through SPM. This is known as
Raoult’s law (iii) A solution that show negative deviation from reverse osmosis. It is used in desalination of sea water.
Raoult’s law. 13. For determining the molecular mass of polymers, osmotic pressure is
Ans: preferred to other properties. Why?

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 1 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 2

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Ans: This is because the magnitude of osmotic pressure is large even On substituting in the above equation, we get
for very dilute solutions. 1000 x 0.52 x 18
ΔTb = = 0.052 K
14. Write any 2 advantages of osmotic pressure measurement over other 1000 x 180
colligative property measurements? Also ΔTb = Tb – Tb0
Ans: (i) Osmotic pressure can be measured at room temperature. i.e. 0.052 = Tb – 373.15
(ii) Here molarity of the solution is used instead of molality, So, Tb = 0.052 + 373.15 = 373.202 K
which can be determined easily.
15. What are isotonic solutions? Give an example. 2. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Ans: Two solutions having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic
solutions. E.g. 0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution and our blood cells. 21. What is a Galvanic cell?
16. For intravenous injections only solutions with osmotic pressure Ans: It is a device that converts chemical energy of some redox
equal to that of 0.9% NaCl solution is used. Why? reactions to electrical energy.
Ans: This is because the fluid inside our blood cell is isotonic with E.g. Daniel cell, Dry cell etc.
0.9% (mass/volume) NaCl solution. So, osmosis does not occur 22. Write the representation of a Daniel cell. Also write its anode
17. Define van’t Hoff factor. What is its value for KCl solution, if there is reaction, cathode reaction and net reaction?
100% dissociation. Ans: Representation of Daniel cell: Zn|Zn2+||Cu2+|Cu
Ans: van’t Hoff factor (i) =
Normal molar mass Anode reaction: Zn → Zn2+ + 2 e–
𝐴𝑏𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 Cathode reaction: Cu2+ + 2 e → Cu
For KCl, i = 2
Net reaction: Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
18. What happens to the colligative properties when ethanoic acid is
23. Write the Nernst equation for a Daniel cell.
treated with benzene? Give reason. 0.0591 [𝐶𝑢2+ ]
0
Ans: Colligative properties decreases. This is because ethanoic acid Ans: Ecell = Ecell + log
2 [𝑍𝑛2+ ]
(acetic acid) dimerise in benzene, due to hydrogen bonding. 24. Define molar conductivity. What is its unit?
19. 200 cm3 of aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of protein. Ans: It is the conductivity of 1 mol of an electrolytic solution placed in
The osmotic pressure of the solution at 300 K is found to be 8.3 x 10-2 a conductivity cell having unit distance between the electrodes and
bar. Calculate the molar mass of protein. (R = 0.083 L bar K-1mol-1) unit area of cross-section.
Ans: Here w2 = 1.26 g, R = 0.083 L bar/K/mol, π = 8.3 x 10-2 bar, T 1000 
OR, Molar conductivity (Λm) = where  is the conductivity and M
M
= 300K & V= 200 cm3 = 0.2 L
𝑤2 𝑅𝑇
is the molarity of the solution.
We know that, molar mass of solute, M2 = 25. How does molar conductivity of a solution vary with concentration or
πV
1.26 x 0.083 x 300
= = 1890 g/mol dilution? Explain.
8.3 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 0.2
Ans: The molar conductivity increases with dilution for both strong
20. 18g of glucose, C6H12O6, is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a sauce pan.
and weak electrolytes. This is due to the increase in ionic mobility, for
At what temperature will water boil at 1.013 bar? (Kb for water is 0.52
strong electrolytes and increase in degree of dissociation, for weak
K kg mol–1, boiling point of water = 373.15 K)
1000 𝐾𝑏 𝑤2 electrolytes.
Ans: We know that, ΔTb =
𝑤1 𝑀2 OR, the graph:
Here w2 = 18 g, w1 = 1 kg = 1000g, Kb = 0.52 K kg/mol, M2 = 180,
Tb0 = 373.15 K, ΔTb = ?, Tb = ?

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 3 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 4
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31. Write the anode and cathode reactions occur in the operation of a
lead storage battery. Mention the electrolyte used in the battery.
Ans: Anode reaction: Pb + SO2− 4 → PbSO4 + 2e
–

Cathode reaction: PbO2 + SO2− 4 + 4H + 2e → PbSO4 + 2H2O

+ –

Net reaction: Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 → 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O

Electrolyte used is 38% H2SO4 .
32. The cell potential of a mercury cell is 1.35 V, and remains constant
26. State Kohlrausch’s law of independent migration of ions. State any during its life. Give reason.
one of its applications. Ans: Because the cell reaction does not involve any ion in solution.
Ans: It states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is 33. What are fuel cells?
the sum of the individual contributions of the anion and the cation of Ans: Fuel cells are galvanic cells which convert the energy of
the electrolyte. combustion of fuels (like hydrogen, methane, methanol etc.) directly
Application: It is used to calculate the limiting molar conductivity of into electrical energy.
any electrolytes. 34. Write any two advantages of fuel cells.
27. What is meant by limiting molar conductivity (Λ0m )? Ans: (i) It is highly efficient (ii) It is eco-friendly.
Ans: It is the molar conductivity of an electrolytic solution at zero 35. Diagrammatically represent H2 – O2 fuel cell. Write the anode
concentration. reaction, cathode reaction and overall cell reaction taking place in it?
28. Λ0m for NaCl, HCl and NaAc are 126.4, 425.9 and 91.0 S cm2 mol–1 Ans: H2 – O2 fuel cell
respectively. Calculate Λ0m for HAc.
Ans: Given Λ0m (NaCl) = 126.4 Scm2mol–1, Λ0m (HCl) = 425.9 Scm2mol–1
and Λ0m (NaAc) = 91.0 Scm2mol–1
On applying Kohlrausch’s law,
Λ0m (HAc) = Λ0m (NaAc) + Λ0m (HCl) – Λ0m (NaCl)
= 91.0 + 425.9 – 126.4 = 390.5 Scm2mol-1
29. Write any two differences between primary cell and secondary cell.
Ans: Anode reaction: 2H2(g) + 4OH–(aq) → 4H2O(l) + 4e–
Primary cell Secondary cell Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq)
Cannot be recharged or reused. Can be recharged and reused. Net Reaction: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
The cell reaction cannot be The cell reaction can be 36. What is corrosion? Write any two methods to prevent the corrosion
reversed. reversed. (rusting) of iron.
E.g. Dry cell, Mercury cell E.g.: Lead storage cell, Ni-Cd cell Ans: It is the process of formation of oxide or other compounds of a
metal on its surface by the action of air, water-vapour, CO2 etc.
30. What is the electrode potential of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode Rusting can be prevented by:
(SHE), which is used as a reference electrode, to determine the (i) coating the metal surface with paint, varnish etc.
electrode potential of an unknown electrode. (ii) coating with anti-rust solution.
Ans: Zero volt (0 V)

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 5 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 6

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3. CHEMICAL KINETICS is increased by 9 times.

45. Write the expression for integrated rate equation for a first order
37. What do you mean by rate of a reaction ? reaction.
Ans: It is the change in concentration of any one of the reactants or 2.303 [R]0
Ans: k = log
t [R]
products in unit time.
38. Write any two factors influencing rate of a reaction. 46. What is mean by half–life period of a reaction?
Ans: (i) Concentration of the reactants (ii) Temperature. Ans: It is the time taken to reduce the concentration of a reactant to
39. Write the unit of rate of a reaction. half of its initial concentration.
Ans: mol L-1 s-1 47. Write an expression for half-life period of first order reaction.
0.693
40. Express the rate of the following reaction in terms of reactants and Ans: t½ =
𝑘
products: 2HI → H2 + I2. 48. By deriving the equation for half-life period of a first order reaction,
−1 Δ[HI] Δ[H2 ] Δ[I2 ] −1 d[HI] d[H2 ] d[I2 ] prove that 𝑡1 is independent initial concentration of reactants.
Ans: r = = = OR, r = = =
2 Δt Δt Δt 2 dt dt dt 2
2.303 [R]0
41. Write the units of rate constant k for a zero, first and second order Ans: For a first order reaction, k = log
t [R]
reactions. [𝑅]0
Ans: When t = 𝑡1 , [R] =
2 2
2.303 [R]0
Order of Reaction Unit of rate constant So, the above equation becomes: k = log [𝑅]0
𝑡1
Zero order mol L-1 s-1 2 2
2.303
First order s-1 Or, 𝑡1 = log 2
2 k
Second order mol-1 L s-1
0.693
42. Write any three differences between order and molecularity. Or, 𝑡1 = 𝑘
2
Ans: Thus, for a first order reaction, half-life period is independent of initial
Order Molecularity concentration of the reactants.
It is the sum of the powers of It is the total number of 49. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example.
the concentration terms in the reactant species collide Ans: These are reactions which appears to follow higher order but
rate law expression. simultaneously in a chemical actually follows first order kinetics. E.g.: Hydrolysis of ester.
reaction. 50. Write the Arrhenius equation and identify the terms in it. OR, Write a
It is an experimental quantity It is a theoretical quantity
relation which connects rate constant with temperature.
It can be zero or fractional It cannot be zero or fractional −𝐸𝑎
Ans: Arrhenius equation is k = A. 𝑒 ⁄𝑅𝑇
43. What is mean by zero order reaction? Give one example.
Where k – rate constant of the reaction, A – Arrhenius factor, Ea –
Ans: Zero order reaction means that the rate of a reaction is
activation energy, R – universal gas constant and T – absolute
independent of the concentration of the reactants. E.g. Decomposition
temperature.
of ammonia at the surface of platinum at high pressure.
51. Calculate the half-life period of a first order reaction whose rate
44. The conversion of molecules A to B follows second order kinetics. If
constant is 200 s–1 .
concentration of A is increased to three times, how will it affect the 0.693 0.693
rate of formation of B? Ans: t½ = = = 3.5 x 10-3 s
𝑘 200
Ans: Here r = k[A]2 52. Rate constant k2 of a reaction at 310K is two times of its rate constant
So, if the concentration is increased to 3 times, the rate of the reaction k1 at 300 K. Calculate activation energy of the reaction. (log 2 = 0.3010
+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 7 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 8
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and log 1 = 0) Ans: For M2+ ion with atomic number 27, the electronic configuration
Ans: Here T1 = 300K, k1 = x, T2 = 310K, k2 = 2x and R= 8.314 J K-1 mol-1 is 3d 7. So, there are 3 unpaired electrons and hence µs = √3(3+2) =
𝑘 𝐸 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝑎
log 𝑘2 = 2.303 𝑅 𝑇1 .𝑇2
3.87 BM
1
62. From the following ions, identify the ions which are paramagnetic
2𝑥 𝐸𝑎 310 − 300 and show colour in aqueous solution: Ti2+, Fe2+, Sc3+, V3+, Ti4+, Cu2+,
log 𝑥
= 2.303 𝑥 8.314 300 𝑥 310
Cu+
2.303 𝑥 8.314 𝑥 300 𝑥 310 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 Ans: Ti2+, Fe2+, V3+, Cu2+ are paramagnetic and coloured, since they
So, Ea = 10
= 53598 J mol-1 = 53.598 kJ mol-1
contain partially filled d-orbitals. [Ions with d0 (e.g. Sc3+, Ti4+etc) and
d10 (e.g. Cu+) configurations are diamagnetic and colourless in
4. d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
aqueous solution]
53. Write any four characteristic properties of transition elements. 63. Write any three applications of d– and f– block elements.
Ans: They are metals, they show variable oxidation states, they form Ans: Iron is an important construction material. TiO2 is used in
coloured ions, they act as catalysts, most of them are paramagnetic etc. pigment industry. Zn, Ni, Cd, MnO2 etc are used in making batteries.
54. Zinc (atomic number = 30) is not a transition element, though it is a 64. The catalyst used in the Wacker process for the oxidation of ethyne to
d block element. Why? ethanal is …………….
Ans: This is due to the absence of partially filled d orbitals in its Ans: Palladium chloride (PdCl2)
ground state or in any of its common oxidation states. 65. Describe the method of preparation of potassium chromate from
55. What is the reason for the catalytic property of transition elements? chromite ore.
Ans: Large surface area and ability to show variable oxidation states Ans: (i) Conversion of chromite ore to sodium chromate by fusing with
are the reason for catalytic property. sodium carbonate in presence of air.
56. Transition elements form large number of complex compounds. (ii) Acidification of sodium chromate with sulphuric acid to produce
Why? sodium dichromate.
Ans: This is due to comparatively smaller size, high ionic charge, (iii) Sodium dichromate is treated with potassium chloride to get
presence of partially filled d orbitals and ability to show variable potassium dichromate.
oxidation state. 66. How will you prepare KMnO4 from MnO2?
57. What is the common oxidation state of first row transition elements? Ans: The preparation of Potassium permanganate from Pyrolusite
Ans: +2 (MnO2) involves two steps.
58. What is the common oxidation state of Lanthanoids? In the first step MnO2 is fused with KOH to form potassium manganate.
Ans: +3 In the second step, potassium manganate is electrolytically oxidised to
59. Transition metal ions are generally coloured. Why? potassium permanganate.
Ans: This is due to the presence of partially filled d–orbitals or due to 67. Give one example for the oxidising actions of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7.
d–d transition. Ans: Both of them oxidises ferrous ion to ferric ion in acidic medium.
60. Name the two types of magnetic behaviour shown by transition 68. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Give reason for it?
elements. Ans: The regular decrease in the atomic and ionic radii along
Ans: Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism lanthanide series is known as lanthanide contraction. It is due to the
61. Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of M2+(aq) ion (Z = 27). poor shielding effect of f – electrons and increase in nuclear charge.

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 9 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 10

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69. Write any two consequences of Lanthanoid contraction. e) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 – Hexaaquachromium(III)chloride

Ans: (i) 2nd and 3rd row transition series elements have similar radii. f) [CoCl2(en)2]+ – Dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt (III)
(ii) Lanthanides have similar physical properties and they occur 75. What are ligands? Give examples.
together in nature. Ans: Ligands are negative ions or neutral molecules which are bonded
70. Zirconium (Zr) and Hafnium (Hf) have almost similar atomic size. to the central atom. E.g.: Cl–, NH3, H2O, CN– etc.
Why? OR, It is difficult to separate Zr from Hf. Why? 76. What are chelating ligands? Give an example.
Ans: Due to lanthanoid contraction. Ans: These are ligands which can form ring complexes with central
71. Draw the structures of chromate and dichromate ions. atom. E.g.: Ethane–1,2–diamine (en) OR, Oxalate ion (C2O42–)
Ans: 77. What are ambidentate ligands? Write 2 examples.
Ans: These are monodentate ligands containing more than one donor
atoms. E.g.: NO2–, CNO–
78. Describe the four types of structural isomerism exhibited by co-
ordination compounds.
Ans: (i) Ionisation Isomerism: arises due to the exchange of ions
between the inside and outside of co–ordination sphere.
72. Draw the structures of mangante and permanganate ions? E.g.: [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4.
Ans: ii) Linkage Isomerism: arises in a co-ordination compound containing
ambidentate ligand.
E.g.: [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2
iii) Co-ordination Isomerism: arises due to the interchange of ligands
between cationic and anionic co-ordination entities.
E.g.: [Co(NH3)6][Cr(CN)6], and [Cr(NH3)6][Co(CN)6]
iv) Solvate Isomerism: arises due to the difference in the no. of solvent
molecule bonded to the metal ion as ligand.
5. CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS E.g.: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O.
73. [Cr(NH3)4Cl2]Br is a co-ordination compound. a) Identify the central 79. Give the structure of cis and trans isomers of [Pt (NH3)2Cl2].
metal ion b) Name the ligands present in it. c) What is its co- Ans:
ordination number?
Ans: (a) Central metal ion is Cr3+ (b) Ligands are NH3 and Cl– (c) Co–
ordination number = 6
74. Write the IUPAC Names of the following co–ordination compounds: 80. Write any 4 postulates of Werner’s Co–ordination theory?
a) [Ni(CO)4] b) K3[Fe(CN)6] c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 d) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] Ans: (i) Every metal has two types of valencies – primary valencies
e) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 f) [CoCl2(en)2]+ and secondary valencies.
Ans: a) [Ni(CO)4] – Tetracarbonylnickel (0) (ii) Primary valencies are ionisable, while secondary valencies are
b) K3[Fe(CN)6] – Potassiumhexacyanidoferrate (III) non–ionisable.
c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 – Pentaamminechloridocobalt(III)sulphate (iii) Primary valencies are always satisfied by negative ions, while
d) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] – Diamminedichloridoplatinum (II)
+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 11 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 12
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secondary valencies may be satisfied by negative ions or neutral 84. Write any two limitations of valance bond theory of co-ordination
molecules. compounds.
(iv) Primary valencies give the oxidation state of the metal, while Ans: (i) It involves a large number of assumptions.
secondary valencies give the co–ordination number of the metal. (ii) It does not explain the colour exhibited by co-ordination
81. [Co(NH3)6]3+ is a diamagnetic complex and [CoF6]3– is a paramagnetic compounds.
complex. Substantiate the above statement using V.B theory. 85. Identify the geometrical isomerism in [Co(NH3)3Cl3].
Ans: [Co(NH3)6]3+ is an inner orbital complex and here all the orbitals Ans: Fac-mer isomerism
are paired. So it is diamagnetic. But [CoF6]3– is an outer orbital 86. What is the primary valency and secondary valency of the central
complex and here there is unpaired electrons. So it is paramagnetic. metal ion in the complex [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4.
82. Draw the diagram which indicates the splitting of d-orbitals in (a) Ans: Primary valency (oxidation number) = 3 and secondary valency
Octahedral field (b) Tetrahedral field (co-ordination number) = 6
Ans:
eg orbitals 6. HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
Energy

87. For the preparation of alkyl chlorides from alcohols, thionyl chloride
(SOCl2) is preferred. Give reason.
t2g orbitals Ans: When thionyl chloride is used, we get pure alkyl chlorides, since
the bi–products (SO2 and HCl) are gases.
88. Write two examples for ambident nucleophiles.
Ans: CN– and NO2–
89. What are Grignard reagents?
Octahedral Splitting Ans: Grignard reagents are alkyl magnesium halides (R–MgX).
90. It is necessary to avoid even traces of moisture from a Grignard
t2 orbitals reagent. Why?
Ans: This is because Grignard reagent react with moisture and form
hydrocarbon.
91. Write a suitable method to convert CH3–CH2–Br to CH3–CH2– I
Ans: By treating with NaI in dry acetone medium. [Finkelstein
e orbitals Reaction]
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒
CH3–CH2–Br + NaI → CH3–CH2– I
92. Explain the following reactions: a) Swarts reaction b) Sandmeyer’s
Tetrahedral splitting reaction c) Wurtz–Fittig reaction d) Fittig reaction e) Wurtz reaction.
Ans: a) Swarts reaction: Alkyl chlorides or iodides react with AgF to
83. Name the metal ion present in the following naturally occuring form alkyl fluorides.
complexes: (a) Haemoglobin (b) Chlorophyll. R–Cl + AgF → R–F + AgCl
Ans: (a) Haemoglobin: Iron (Fe2+) (b) Chlorophyll: Magnesium (Mg2+) b) Sandmeyer’s reaction: Benzene diazonium chloride when treated
with cuprous chloride and dil. HCl, we get chlorobenzene.
+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 13 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 14

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Ans: Pent–2–ene (CH3 – CH2 – CH = CH – CH3) . The rule is Zaitsev’s

rule. It states that in dehydrohalogenation reactions, the major
product is that alkene which contains maximum number of alkyl
Benzene diazonium chloride Chlorobenzene groups around C = C bond.
c) Wurtz–Fittig reaction: A mixture of alkyl and aryl halides react with 96. Write any 4 differences between SN1 and SN2 reactions.
metallic sodium to give alkylarene. Ans:
SN1 Reaction SN2 Reaction
Occurs in two steps Occurs in one step
Order = 1 Order = 2
Intermediate carbocation is No intermediate
d) Fittig reaction: Aryl halides react with metallic sodium in dry ether formed
to give diaryl. Results in racemisation. Results in inversion of configuration
97. Convert ethyl chloride to ethyl cyanide (propanenitrile)?
Ans: By treating with KCN.
CH3–CH2–Cl + KCN → CH3–CH2–CN
e) Wurtz reaction: Alkyl halides react with metallic sodium in dry 98. Chloroform is stored in closed, dark coloured bottles completely
ether to form alkane. filled up to the neck. Give reason.
Dry ether
2 CH3-CH2-Cl + Na → CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2NaCl Ans: To avoid the oxidation of chloroform to the poisonous compound
Ethyl chloride Butane phosgene.
93. Write any 2 reasons for the less reactivity of aryl halides towards 99. Name a polyhalogen compound used as an insecticide.
nucleophilic substitution reactions. Ans: DDT
Ans: (i) Partial double bond character of the C – X bond due to 100. Explain the following terms: (a) Enantiomers (b) Racemic mixture
resonance. (c) Racemisation.
(ii) Due to the repulsion between nucleophile and electron rich Ans: (a) Enantiomers are stereoisomers related to each other as non –
benzene ring. superimposable mirror images.
94. Give one example for the nucleophilic substitution reactions of (b) Racemic mixture or racemic modification: Equimolar mixture of d
chlorobenzene (aryl halides). OR, How will you convert and l form of a compound. It is optically inactive.
chlorobenzene to phenol? (c) Racemisation: The process of conversion of enantiomers to
Ans: Chlorobenzene when heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide racemic mixture.
solution at 623K temperature and 300 atm pressure followed by 101. What are freons? How can you prepare a Freon from CCl4?
acidification, we get phenol. Ans: The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are
collectively known as freons. Freon can be prepared from CCl4 by
Swarts reaction.
102. Moisture should be avoided during the preparation of a Grignard
reagent.
95. Which is the major product obtained by the β-elimination of 2-bromo Ans: Grignard reagents react with moisture and form alkanes. So
pentane. Name the rule, which leads to the major product in this moisture should be avoided from Grignard reagent.
elimination reaction and state it.
+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 15 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 16
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7. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS 108. Name any two enzymes that are produced by yeast?
Ans: Invertase and zymase
103. What is Lucas reagent? Explain how this reagent helps to 109. Alcohols are soluble in water. Give reason?
distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Ans: Due to the formation of inter molecular hydrogen bond with water.
Ans: Lucas reagent is a mixture of conc. HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2. 110. How will you convert phenol to benzene?
Lucas Test: Tertiary alcohols react with Lucas reagent and form Ans: By heating with zinc dust.
immediate turbidity; secondary alcohols form a turbidity within 5
minutes while primary alcohols do not form turbidity at room
temperature. They give turbidity only on heating.
104. Alcohols and phenols have higher boiling points. Why?
Ans: Because of the presence of inter molecular hydrogen bonding in
Phenol Benzene
111. What is picric acid? Give its preparation.
alcohol and phenol.
Ans: Picric acid is 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol
105. What is “Wood spirit”? Give its commercial preparation.
It is prepared by nitrating phenol with conc. HNO3.
Ans: Wood spirit is Methanol Or, Methyl alcohol.
It is commercially prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon
monoxide at about 573-673 K temperature, 200-300 atm pressure
and in the presence of ZnO – Cr2O3 catalyst.
OR, the equation:

112. Explain the following:

a) Williamson’s synthesis
106. Explain a method for the manufacture of ethanol. b) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
Ans: By the hydration of ethene in acidic medium. c) Kolbe’s Reaction
H+
CH2 = CH2 + H2O → CH3–CH2–OH d) Esterification
107. Explain the manufacture of ethanol from molasses or cane sugar. Ans: a) Williamson’s synthesis: Alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide
to form ether. This reaction is called Williamson’s ether synthesis.
Ans: Ethanol is manufactured by the fermentation of molasses or cane
CH3-CH2Cl + CH3-ONa → CH3-CH2-O-CH3 + NaCl
sugar. The sugar in molasses (cane sugar) is converted to glucose and Ethyl chloride Sod. methoxide Ethyl methyl ether
fructose, in the presence of an enzyme, invertase. Glucose and fructose b) Reimer-Tiemann Reaction: Phenol when treated with chloroform in
undergo fermentation in the presence of another enzyme, zymase to the presence of sodium hydroxide, followed by acidification, we get
give ethanol and carbon dioxide. salicylaldehyde.
OR, the equations:
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑠𝑒 (i) Aq. NaOH
C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 (ii) CHCl3
Phenol (iii) H+ Salicylaldehyde
Sucrose Glucose Fructose
𝑧𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑒
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 c) Kolbe’s Reaction: Phenol when treated with aqueous sodium
Ethanol hydroxide and CO2 followed by acidification, we get salicylic acid.
+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 17 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 18

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(iii) Aniline on diazotisation to form benzene diazonium chloride

which on warming with water we get phenol.

d) Esterification: Alcohols and phenols react with carboxylic acids, acid

chlorides and acid anhydrides to form esters.
H+
R-OH + R-COOH → R-COOR + H2O (iv) Ethanol on oxidation using CrO3 (chromic anhydride), we get
113. What is meant by hydroboration – oxidation reaction? Illustrate it ethanal.
with an example. CrO3
Ans: Alkenes add diborane followed by oxidation with hydrogen CH3-CH2-OH → CH3-CHO
peroxide in the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide to form 116. What is cumene? How will you prepare phenol from cumene? [Give
alcohols. the manufacture of phenol.]
Ans: Cumene is isopropyl benzene (2–Phenylpropene)
(i) B2H6
CH3 – CH =CH2 (ii) H2O2/Aq. NaOH CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – OH When cumene is oxidised in presence of air followed by hydrolysis in
presence of acid, we get phenol.
114. Identify A and B in the following reaction

Ans: A is Phenol (C6H5-OH) and B is Methyl iodide (CH3-I)

115. How will you convert: 117. Write the correct pair of reactants for the preparation of t–butyl
(i) Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol ethyl ether by Williamson synthesis.
(ii) Benzene sulphonic acid to phenol Ans: Sodium tert–butoxide and ethyl chloride.
(iii) Aniline to phenol
(iv) Ethanol to ethanal
Ans: (i) By treating with bromine water

118. How will you prepare the three types of alcohols using Grignard
reagent?
(ii) Benzene sulphonic acid is treated with molten sodium Ans: Primary alcohols are formed when formaldehyde (methanal)
hydroxide followed by acidification gives phenol. reacts with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis.
Secondary alcohols are formed when aldehydes other than
formaldehyde, react with Grignard reagent followed by hydrolysis.
Tertiary alcohols are formed when ketones, react with Grignard
reagent followed by hydrolysis.

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 19 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 20
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119. What is aspirin? How is it prepared from salicylic acid? 125. What is aldol condensation reaction?
Ans: Aspirin is acetyl salicylic acid. It is prepared by the acetylation of Ans: Aldehydes having at least one α-hydrogen atom when heated
salicylic acid. with dilute alkali, we get α,β–unsaturated aldehyde. This reaction is
called Aldol condensation reaction.
2CH3–CHO (i) dil. NaOH CH3–CH=CH–CHO
Ethanal (ii) Δ But-2-enal (Crotanaldehyde)

120. Identify A and B in the following reactions: 126. What is Cannizzaro reaction?
Ans: Aldehydes having no α–hydrogen atom, when treated with conc.
A
Alkali, undergo self-oxidation and reduction (disproportionation) to
form alcohol and carboxylic acid salt. This reaction is called
B
Cannizzaro reaction.
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐. 𝐾𝑂𝐻
Ans: A is Ethene (CH2 = CH2) and B is Diethylether (CH3–CH2–O–CH2–CH3) 2 HCHO → CH3–OH + H–COOK
Formaldehyde methanol potassium formate
121. Phenols are acidic. Why?
Ans: (i) Due to the greater stability of the phenoxide ion formed. 127. How will you convert C6H5–CO–Cl to C6H5–CHO? Give the name of
(ii) Due to the greater electronegativity of sp2 hybridised carbon to this reaction.
which -OH group is bonded.
122. Write the preparation of propan-2-ol from a Grignard reagent. Ans: By reduction using H2 in presence of palladium and Barium
sulphate. [ROSENMUND REDUCTION]
Ans: By treating acetaldehyde (CH3-CHO) with methyl magnesium
bromide (CH3MgBr), followed by hydrolysis.
H2 O
CH3 – CHO + CH3MgBr → CH3 – CHOMgBr → CH3 – CHOH – CH3
CH3
8. ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 128. Which is more acidic – CH3COOH or CH2Cl–COOH. Why?
123. Write two tests to distinguish between aldehydes and ketones. Ans: CH2Cl-COOH. This is due to the electron withdrawing inductive
Ans: Tollens Test and Fehling’s test. effect (–I effect) of chlorine atom.
124. What is Tollen’s reagent and Fehling’s reagent. Explain how these 129. How will you convert CH3–COOH to CH2Cl–COOH?
reagents are used to distinguish aldehydes and ketones. Ans: By treating with Cl2 in presence of red phosphorus (Hell-Volhard-
Ans: Tollen’s reagent is ammoniacal silver nitrate and Fehling’s Zelinsky Reaction OR, HVZ reaction).
reagent is a mixture of aqueous CuSO4 (Fehling’s reagent A) and (i) Cl2
alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (Fehling’s reagent B). CH3–COOH → CH2Cl–COOH + HCl
Tollen’s test: When an aldehyde is heated with Tollen’ s reagent, we (ii) H2O

get a bright silver mirror. 130. Carboxylic acids do not undergo Friedel-Craft’s reaction. Why?
Fehling’s Test: When an aldehyde is heated with Fehling’s reagent A Ans: This is because the carboxyl group is deactivating and the
and B, we get a red precipitate of cuprous oxide (Cu2O). catalyst aluminium chloride forms salt with the carboxyl group.

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 21 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 22

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131. Explain the following: Ans: Iodoform Test. When treated with sodium hypoiodite (NaOI),
A) Gatterman–Koch reaction B) Etard Reaction C) Stephen pentan–2–one gives an yellow precipitate of iodoform, while pentan–
Reaction 3–one does not.
Ans: A) Gatterman–Koch Reaction: Benzene when treated with CO 136. Give a chemical test to distinguish between propanal and
and HCl in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride or cuprous propanone.
chloride, we get benzaldehyde. Ans: Tollen’s Test
137. Identify the product obtained when Acetic acid is heated with P2O5.
Ans: Acetic anhydride
138. Explain the following:
a) Clemmensen reduction b) Wolff–Kishner Reduction
B) Etard Reaction: When toluene is oxidised using chromyl chloride Ans: a) Clemmensen Reduction: Aldehydes and ketones when reduced
(CrO2Cl2) in CS2 followed by acidification, we get benzaldehyde. using Zinc amalgam and Conc. HCl, we get alkane.
Zn/Hg & Conc.HCl
(i) CrO2Cl2/CS2 CH3–CHO → CH3–CH3
(ii) H+
Ethanal Ethane
Toluene Benzaldehyde b) Wolff-Kishner Reduction: Aldehydes and ketones when reduced
C) Stephen Reaction: Niriles when reduced using stannous chloride using hydrazine followed by heating with NaOH or KOH in high
(SnCl2) and HCl follwed by acidification, aldehydes are formed. boiling solvent like ethylene glycol, we get alkane.
CH3–CN (i) SnCl2/HCl CH3–CHO (i) NH2-NH2

Ethane nitrile (ii) H+ Ethanal (Acetaldehyde) CH3–CO –CH3 (ii) KOH/Ethylene glycol CH3–CH2 –CH3
(iii) Δ
Propanone Propane
132. Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones towards nucleophilic 139. Suggest a test to distinguish carboxylic acids from alcohols and
addition reaction. Why? phenols.
Ans: Due to +I effect (electron releasing inductive effect) and steric Ans: Carboxylic acids give brisk effervescence with NaHCO3 (Sodium
hindrance of two alkyl groups in ketones. bicarbonate). Alcohols and phenols do not give this reaction.
133. Give the preparation of a carboxylic acid by using Grignard 140. Convert toluene to benzoic acid.
reagent? Ans: Toluene when oxidised using acidified KMnO4, we get Benzoic
Ans: Solid CO2 react with Grignard reagent followed by acidification, acid.
we get carboxylic acid.
H+
CO2 + R –MgX → R–COOMgX → R–COOH KMn𝑂4 /H+
→
134. Explain Haloform reaction.
141. Name the product formed when ethanal is treated with dil. NaOH.
Ans: Compounds having CH3–CO– group or CH3–CHOH– group, when
treated with sodium hypohalite (or, halogen and NaOH), we get a Ans: 3-Hydroxybutanal (CH3-CHOH-CH2-CHO) [Aldol reaction]
dil.NaOH
haloform (CHX3). This reaction is called haloform reaction. 2 CH3-CHO → CH3-CHOH-CH2-CHO
NaOX 142. Identify A and B in the following reaction:
R–CO–CH3 → R–COONa + CHX3 (where X = Cl, Br or I)
135. Suggest a test to distinguish between 2-pentanone and 3- A + B
pentanone.

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 23 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 24
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Ans: A is Benzyl alcohol and B is sodium benzoate [Cannizzaro 148. What is diazotization?
reaction] Ans: Aniline on treating with NaNO2 and HCl (or, with nitrous acid
[HNO2]), we get benzene diazonium chloride. This reaction is known
as diazotisation.
149. How will you convert aniline (C6H5NH2) to chlorobenzene?
Ans: Aniline on diazotisation to form benzene diazonium salt, which
9. AMINES on treating with HCl in presence of cuprous chloride, we get
chlorobenzene (Sandmeyer reaction).
143. What is Hinsberg’s reagent? How will you distinguish primary,
secondary and tertiary amines using this reagent?
Ans: Hinsberg reagent is Benzenesulphonyl chloride (C6H5–SO2Cl)
Primary amines react with Hinsberg reagent to form a precipitate (of
N-alkylbenzenesulphonamide), which is soluble in alkali. 150. What is Hoffmann bromamide reaction? What is the significance of
Secondary amines react with Hinsberg reagent to give a precipitate (of this reaction?
N,N-dialkylbenzenesulphonamide), which is insoluble in alkali. Ans: Amides on treating with bromine and alcoholic NaOH to give
Tertiary amines do not react with Hinsberg reagent. amines. This reaction is known as Hoffmann Bromamide degradation
144. Write the carbyl amine reaction, which is used as test for primary Reaction.
amines. Br2 /NaOH
R–CO–NH2 → R–NH2
Ans: Primary amines on heating with chloroform and alcoholic
This reaction is used to prepare amine containing one carbon less
potassium hydroxide form foul smelling isocyanides or carbylamines.
than that present in the amide.
This reaction is known as carbyl amine reaction or isocyanide test.
∆
151. How will you convert nitrobenzene to aniline
R–NH2 + CHCl3 + 3 KOH → R–NC + 3 KCl + 3 H2O Ans: By reduction using iron and HCl or tin and HCl
145. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their
basic strength in aqueous solution: NH3, C6H5 – NH2, CH3 – NH2,
(CH3)2NH, (CH3)3N.
152. Eventhough –NH2 group is ortho-para directing, nitration of aniline
Ans: C6H5–NH2 < NH3 < (CH3)3N < CH3–NH2 < (CH3)2NH.
using nitrating mixture gives a large amount of meta nitroaniline. How
146. Arrange the following amines in increasing order of their basic
will you explain this?
strength in aqueous solution: C6H5–NH2, C2H5–NH2, (C2H5)2NH, NH3,
Ans: In strongly acidic medium, aniline gets protonated to form
(C2H5)3N. Justify your answer.
anilinium ion, which is meta–directing. So, a large amount of meta
Ans: C6H5 NH2 < NH3 < C2H5 – NH2 < (C2H5)3N < C2H5)2NH.
isomer is formed.
This order is due to the inductive effect, solvation effect and steric
153. How is a primary amine distinguished from a secondary amine
hindrance of alkyl group.
using a chemical test?
147. Which is a stronger base: CH3–NH2 or C6H5–NH2? Why?
Ans: Carbyl amine reaction or Isocyanide reaction.
Ans: CH3–NH2. Due to the electron releasing inductive effect of -CH3
154. A white precipitate is obtained when aniline reacts with bromine
group, it will readily accept H+ and hence it is more basic. [Or, In C6H5–
water at room temperature. The precipitate formed is …………
NH2, the lone pair of electrons is in conjugation with the benzene ring
Ans: 2,4,6–Tribromoaniline
and it is less available for protonation. So, it is less basic.]

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 25 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 26

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155. What is coupling reaction? Ans: This is because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic
Ans: Benzene diazonium chloride when treated with phenol in basic substitution reaction with the anion formed by phthalimide.
medium, we get p-hydroxyazobenzene. 161. Convert:
(i) ethanamide (acetamide) to methanamine (methyl amine)
(ii) Methyl chloride to ethanamine
Ans: (i) By Hoffmann Bromamide degradation reaction.
Br2 /NaOH
156. How will you prepare p-nitroaniline from aniline? CH3–CO–NH2 → CH3–NH2
Ans: Aniline is first acetylated to get acetanilide, this on nitrating (ii) By treating with KCN followed by catalytic hydrogenation.
with nitration mixture followed by acidification, we get p- KCN H2 /NI
CH3-Cl → CH3-CN → CH3-CH2-NH2
nitroaniline. 162. Name the test used to identify primary amines using CHCl3 and
ethanolic KOH.
Ans: Carbyl amine reaction or isocyanide test

10. BIOMOLECULES
157. Give one chemical test to distinguish between the following pairs of 163. What is the glycosidic linkage in carbohydrates?
compounds. Ans: The C–O–C linkage in carbohydrates is called glycosidic linkage.
(i) Methylamine and dimethylamine 164. Write a method to prepare Glucose from Starch.
(ii) Ethylamine and aniline Ans: Glucose is obtained by boiling starch with dilute H2SO4 at 393 K
(iii) Aniline and benzylamine under pressure.
(iv) Aniline and N-methylaniline. (C6H10O5)n + nH2O → nC6H12O6
Starch Glucose
Ans: (i) Hinsberg test [Methyl amine, CH3-NH2 is a primary amine and
dimethyl amine, (CH3)2NH is a secondary amine] 165. Hydrolysis of sucrose is known as inversion of cane sugar. Why?
(ii) Reaction with nitrous acid (Ethyl amine reacts with nitrous Ans: Sucrose is dextro rotatory but the mixture of product obtained
acid and evolve N2 gas) Or, Dye test after hydrolysis is laevo rotatory. So, the process is called inversion of
(iii) Reaction with nitrous acid Or, Dye test cane sugar.
(iv) Hinsberg test [Aniline, C6H5-NH2 is a primary amine and N- 166. What is invert sugar?
methylaniline, (C6H5-NH-CH3) is a secondary amine] Ans: The product obtained after the hydrolysis of cane sugar is called
158. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. Why? invert sugar. It is a mixture of D–(+)–glucose and D–(–)–fructose.
Ans: Aniline forms salt with aluminium chloride, which is used as a 167. What are oligosaccharides? Give two examples.
catalyst in Friedel – Craft’s reaction. Ans: Carbohydrates which on hydrolysis give 2 to 10 monosaccharide
159. Compare the solubility of alcohols and amines in water. Justify. units are called oligosaccharides. E.g. Sucrose, lactose, maltose etc.
Ans: Alcohols are more polar than amines and form stronger 168. What are polysaccharides? Give two examples.
intermolecular hydrogen bonds with water than amines. Ans: They are carbohydrates which give a large number of
160. Gabriel phthalimide synthesis cannot be used for synthesising monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. E.g.: Starch and Cellulose.
aromatic primary amines. Why?

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 27 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 28
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169. Explain the amphoteric behaviour of aminoacid. 178. Match the following:
Ans: Amino acids contain both acidic and basic groups. In aqueous Column I Column II
solution, they form internal salts known as zwitter ions and hence Vitamin A Scurvy
show amphoteric behaviour. Vitamin B1 Xerophthalmia
170. What are essential and non–essential amino acids. Write examples. Vitamin C Rickets
Ans: Amino acids which are not synthesised in our body and should be Vitamin D Beri-beri
obtained through diet are called essential amino acids. E.g. Lysine and Ans:
Valine. Column I Column II
Amino acids which are synthesised in our body are called non- Vitamin A Xerophthalmia
essential amino acids. E.g. Glycine and Alanine. Vitamin B1 Beri-beri
171. What is a peptide linkage? Vitamin C Scurvy
Ans: The –CO–NH– linkage in proteins and polypeptides is called Vitamin D Rickets
179. Differentiate between nucleoside and nucleotide.
peptide linkage.
Ans: Nucleoside is formed by the combination of pentose sugar with
172. Describe primary and secondary structures of proteins.
Ans: Primary structure: It gives the sequence of amino acid molecules nitrogen base. Nucleotide is formed by the combination of nucleoside
in a polypeptide chain of protein. with phosphoric acid unit.
Secondary structure: It gives the different shapes in which 180. Match the following:
polypeptide chain can exist. There are two different types of Column I Column II
secondary structures:– α–helix and β–pleated sheet structure. Sucrose Phosphodiester linkage
173. Write two differences between fibrous protein and globular protein. Proteins Adipose tissues
Ans: Nucleic Acids Peptide linkage
Vitamin D Glycosidic linkage
Fibrous protein Globular protein
Ans:
It has fibre-like shape It has spherical shape
It is water insoluble It is water soluble Column I Column II
E.g.: Keratin and myosin E.g. Insulin and albumins. Sucrose Glycosidic linkage
174. What is denaturation of proteins? Write an example. Proteins Peptide linkage
Nucleic Acids Phosphodiester linkage
Ans: When a protein is heated or a chemical substance is added to it, it
Vitamin D Adipose tissues
loses its biological activities. This process is called denaturation of
181. Write any two differences between DNA and RNA.
protein. E.g.: Hard boiling of egg.
Ans:
175. Name a fat-soluble vitamin. Write a deficiency disease of it.
DNA RNA
Ans: Vitamin A. Deficiency disease is Night Blindness
The pentose sugar in DNA is The pentose sugar in RNA is
176. Vitamin ‘C’ cannot be stored in our body. Why?
2-deoxy ribose. ribose.
Ans: Vitamin C is water soluble and hence it gets excreted through DNA is double stranded. RNA is single stranded.
urine. So it cannot be stored in our body. The nitrogen bases present in In RNA, instead of Thymine,
177. Write the classification of vitamins based on its solubility. DNA are Adenine, Guanine, Uracil is present.
Ans: Water–soluble Vitamins: B and C Cytosine and Thymine.
Fat–soluble vitamins: A, D, E and K gggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

+2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 29 +2 CHEMISTRY – MOST IMPORTANT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS – ANIL KUMAR K L, APHSS ADICHANALLOOR, KOLLAM 30