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Practical (1) (3)

The document provides a comprehensive guide on basic Linux commands for file and directory management, file operations, and user management. It includes practical exercises with solutions for creating directories, manipulating files, and performing operations using PHP, such as checking if a number is odd or even, and working with arrays. Additionally, it covers sorting arrays and finding maximum and minimum values.

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sudarshanrammopidevi
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Practical (1) (3)

The document provides a comprehensive guide on basic Linux commands for file and directory management, file operations, and user management. It includes practical exercises with solutions for creating directories, manipulating files, and performing operations using PHP, such as checking if a number is odd or even, and working with arrays. Additionally, it covers sorting arrays and finding maximum and minimum values.

Uploaded by

sudarshanrammopidevi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Practical program Exercise

1. Linux Basic commands


File and Directory Management
Command Description
ls List files and directories
pwd Show current directory path
cd Change directory
mkdir Create a new directory
rmdir Remove an empty directory
rm -r Remove a directory and its contents
cp Copy files and directories
mv Move or rename a file/directory
find Search for files in a directory
touch Create a new empty file

File Operations
Command Description
cat Display file contents
less View file contents page by page
head Display the first 10 lines of a file
tail Display the last 10 lines of a file
grep Search for text within files
wc Count lines, words, and characters in a
file
cut Extract specific columns from a file
sort Sort the lines of a file
diff Compare two files line by line
echo Print text to the terminal or a file

User and Permission Management


Command Description
whoami Show current logged-in user
id Show user ID (UID) and group ID (GID)
chmod Change file permissions
chown Change file owner
groups Show groups a user belongs to
passwd Change user password
useradd Add a new user
usermod Modify user information
userdel Delete a user
su Switch to another user
sudo Run commands with superuser
privileges

2. File and Directory Management


Problem:​
Perform the following operations using Linux commands:
●​ Create a new directory named my_folder.
●​ List all files (including hidden ones) in the current directory.
●​ Remove a directory named old_folder along with all its contents.
●​ Rename a file from old_file.txt to new_file.txt.
●​ Copy file1.txt to the backup/ directory.
Solution:
mkdir my_folder ​ ​ # Create a directory named my_folder
ls -a ​ ​ # List all files, including hidden ones
rm -r old_folder ​ # Remove a directory and all its contents
mv old_file.txt new_file.txt​ # Rename old_file.txt to new_file.txt
cp file1.txt backup/ ​ # Copy file1.txt to backup/ directory
3. File Operations
Problem:​
Using Linux commands, complete the following file operations:
●​ Display the contents of a file named notes.txt.
●​ Show only the first 10 lines of a file log.txt.
●​ Append the text "Hello, World!" to an existing file data.txt.
●​ Find the word "error" inside a file report.log.
●​ Count the number of lines in a file data.csv.
Solution:
​
cat notes.txt ​ ​ ​ # Display file contents
head -10 log.txt ​​ ​ # Show first 10 lines of log.txt
echo "Hello, World!" >> data.txt ​ # Append text to data.txt
grep "error" report.log ​ ​ # Search for "error" in report.log
wc -l data.csv ​ ​ ​ # Count lines in data.csv
4. Program to find the given number is ODD or EVEN.
<?php
$num = 7;
if ($num % 2 == 0) {
echo "$num is Even";
} else {
echo "$num is Odd";
}
?>

5. If-Else Statement: Check if a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero

<?php
$num = -5;
if ($num > 0) {
echo "$num is Positive";
} elseif ($num < 0) {
echo "$num is Negative";
} else {
echo "$num is Zero";
}
?>

6. (a) For Loop: Print Even Numbers from 1 to 20

<?php
for ($i = 2; $i <= 20; $i += 2) {
echo "$i ";
}
?>
6. (b) While Loop: Sum of First 10 Natural Numbers

<?php
$sum = 0;
$i = 1;
while ($i <= 10) {
$sum += $i;
$i++;
}
echo "Sum of first 10 natural numbers is: $sum";
?>

6. (c).Do-While Loop: Print Multiplication Table of 5

<?php
$num = 5;
$i = 1;
do {
echo "$num x $i = " . ($num * $i) . "<br>";
$i++;
} while ($i <= 10);
?>

7.(a) One-Dimensional Array: Store and Display 5 Student Names

<?php
$students = array("John", "Alice", "Mike", "Sara", "Tom");
foreach ($students as $student) {
echo "$student <br>";
}
?>

7. (b) Associative Array: Student Marks

<?php
$marks = array("John" => 85, "Alice" => 90, "Mike" => 78);
foreach ($marks as $name => $score) {
echo "$name scored $score marks.<br>";
}
?>

7. (c) Multidimensional Array: Student Details

<?php
$students = array(
array("John", 85, "A"),
array("Alice", 90, "A+"),
array("Mike", 78, "B")
);
foreach ($students as $student) {
echo "Name: " . $student[0] . ", Marks: " . $student[1] . ", Grade: " .
$student[2] . "<br>";
}
?>

8. Sorting an Array

<?php
$numbers = array(5, 2, 8, 1, 3);
sort($numbers);
echo "Sorted numbers: ";
foreach ($numbers as $num) {
echo "$num ";
}
?>

9. Find Maximum and Minimum in an Array

<?php
$numbers = array(10, 20, 5, 40, 30);
$max = max($numbers);
$min = min($numbers);
echo "Maximum value: $max <br>";
echo "Minimum value: $min";
?>

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