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General Chemistry

The document discusses Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, which states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the individual partial pressures of each gas. It also outlines the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of gases, detailing its five postulates that explain gas behavior, including the concepts of molecular motion, negligible volume, and elastic collisions. Additionally, the document connects gas laws such as Boyle's, Charles', Gay-Lussac's, and Avogadro's Laws to the principles of KMT.

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Jasmine Bueno
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14 views17 pages

General Chemistry

The document discusses Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, which states that the total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the individual partial pressures of each gas. It also outlines the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) of gases, detailing its five postulates that explain gas behavior, including the concepts of molecular motion, negligible volume, and elastic collisions. Additionally, the document connects gas laws such as Boyle's, Charles', Gay-Lussac's, and Avogadro's Laws to the principles of KMT.

Uploaded by

Jasmine Bueno
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Partial Pressures and

Kinetic Molecular Theory


General Chemistry 2
Grade 12
01
DALTON’S LAW OF
PARTIAL PRESSURES
Dalton’s Law of Partial pressures
● the total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the pressures that each
would exert if it were present alone

𝑷𝒕 = 𝑷𝟏 + 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝟑 + . . .
● Since each gas in a mixture behaves independently, the amount of a given gas in a
mixtures can be related to its partial pressure

𝑹𝑻
𝑷𝟏 𝒏𝟏 𝑽 𝒏𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝟏 𝒏𝟏
= = 𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝑿𝟏 = =
𝑷𝒕 𝑹𝑻 𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒏𝒕
𝒏𝒕
𝑽
● Combining the equations for partial pressures and mole fraction yields:

𝒏𝟏
𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷 = 𝑿 𝟏 𝑷𝒕
𝒏𝒕 𝟏
Dalton’s Law of Partial pressures

Figure 1. The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture of gases in a


container depends on the number of moles of that gas.
Exercise:
1. The partial pressure of oxygen was observed to be 156 torr in air with a total
atmospheric pressure of 743 torr. Calculate the mole fraction of O2 present.
Given: Solution:
𝑃%# = 156 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑃%# = 𝑋%# 𝑃&
𝑃& = 743 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑃%# 𝑋%# 𝑃&
=
𝑋%# = ? 𝑃& 𝑃&
'() *+,,
𝑋%# =
-./ *+,,

𝑿𝑶𝟐 = 0.21
Exercise:
2. A mixture of Xe, Kr, and Ar has a total pressure of 6.71 atm. What is the
mole fraction of Kr if the partial pressures of Xe and Ar are 1.92 atm and 2.75
atm, respectively.

Given: Solution:
𝑃& = 6.71 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃& = 𝑃12 + 𝑃3, + 𝑃4, 𝑃4, = 𝑋4, 𝑃&
𝑃12 = 1.92 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃4, = 𝑃& − 𝑃12 − 𝑃3, 𝑃4, 𝑋4, 𝑃&
=
𝑃3, = 2.75 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃4, = 6.71 atm − 1.92 atm − 2.75 atm 𝑃& 𝑃&
𝑋4, = ? 𝑃4, = 2.04 𝑎𝑡𝑚 5.7. 8*9
𝑋4, = ).-' 8*9
𝑿𝑲𝒓 = 0.30 atm
Exercise:
3. A mixture of 6.00 g O2 and 9.00 g CH4 is placed in a 15.0-L vessel at 0°C.
What is the partial pressure of each gas, and what is the total pressure in the
vessel?
04
KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY OF GASES
Kinetic Molecular Theory
● explains why gases behave as they do
Five postulates of KMT:
1. Gases consist of large numbers of molecules that are in continuous, random motion.

Figure 2. Gas molecules in constant motion.


Kinetic Molecular Theory
Five postulates of KMT:
2. The combined volume of all the molecules of the gas is negligible relative to the
total volume in which the gas is contained.

Figure 3. Negligible volume of gases.


Kinetic Molecular Theory
Five postulates of KMT:
3. Attractive and repulsive forces between gas molecules are negligible.

Figure 4. Comparison between ideal gas and real gas in terms of intermolecular forces.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
Five postulates of KMT:
4. The collisions between the gas particles and the walls of the container are elastic.
a. elastic collision - a collision in which there is no net loss in kinetic energy in
the system as a result of the collision
b. inelastic collision - occurs when some amount of kinetic energy of a
colliding object/system is lost.

Figure 5. Example of an elastic and inelastic collisions.


Kinetic Molecular Theory
Five postulates of KMT:
5. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is assumed to be directly
proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas.

Figure 6. Distribution of molecular kinetic energies as a function of temperature.


Gas Laws as explained by KMT
Boyle’s Law
● makes sense based on the kinetic molecular theory because a decrease in volume
means that the gas particles will hit the wall more often, thus increasing pressure

Figure 7. The effects of decreasing the volume of a sample of gas at constant temperature.
Gas Laws as explained by KMT
Charles’ Law
● when the gas is heated to a higher temperature, the speeds of its molecules
increase and thus they hit the walls more often and with more force
● the only way to keep the pressure constant in this situation is to increase the
volume of the container

Figure 8. The effects of increasing the temperature of a sample of gas at constant pressure.
Gas Laws as explained by KMT
Gay-Lussac’s Law
● makes sense because when the temperature of a gas increases, the speeds of its
particles increase, the particles hitting the wall with greater force and greater
frequency

Figure 9. The effects of increasing the temperature of a sample of gas at constant volume.
Gas Laws as explained by KMT
Avogadro’s Law
● makes sense in terms of the KMT because an increase in the number of gas particles
at the same temperature would cause the pressure to increase if the volume were
held constant

Figure 10. The effects of increasing the number of moles of gas particles at constant
temperature and pressure.

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