FIBONACCI SEQUENCE the Fibonacci sequence and its terms the Fibonacci

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers numbers.

where a number is found by adding up the two GOLDEN RECTANGLE
numbers before it. Starting with 0 and 1, the Leonardo of Pisa also known as Fibonacci
sequence goes 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so discovered a sequence of numbers that created an
forth. Written as a rule, the expression is interesting numbers that created an interesting
X n=X n−1 + X n−2 pattern the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34… each
number is obtained by adding the last two numbers of
Named after Fibonacci, also known as the sequence forms what is known as golden
Leonardo of Pisa or Leonardo Pisano, Fibonacci rectangle a perfect rectangle. A golden rectangle can
numbers were first introduced in his Liber Abbaci be broken down into squares the size of the next
(Book of Calculation) in 1202. The son of a Pisan Fibonacci number down and below. If we were to take
merchant, Fibonacci traveled widely and traded a golden rectangle, break it down to smaller squares
extensively. Mathematics was incredibly important to based from Fibonacci sequence and divide each with
those in the trading industry, and his passion for an arc, the pattern begin to take shapes, we begin
numbers was cultivated in his youth. with Fibonacci spiral in which we can see in nature.

THE HABBIT RABBIT

One of the book’s exercises which is written
like this “A man put a pair of rabbits in a place
surrounded on all sides by a wall. How many pairs of
rabbits are produced from that pair in a year, if it
supposed that every month each pair produces a new
pair, which from the second month onwards becomes
productive?” This is best understood in this diagram:
FIBONACCI NUMBERS IN NATURE
Flower petals exhibit the Fibonacci number,
white calla lily contains 1 petal, euphorbia contains 2
petals, trillium contains 3 petals, columbine contains 5
petals, bloodroot contains 8 petals, black-eyed susan
contains 13 petals, shasta daisies 21 petals, field
daisies contains 34 petals and other types of daisies
contain 55 and 89 petals.

GROWTH OF RABBIT COLONY

ADULT YOUNG
MONTHS TOTAL
PAIRS PAIRS
1 1 1 2
2 2 1 3 FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN NATURE
3 3 2 5 The sunflower seed conveys the Fibonacci
4 5 3 8 sequence. The pattern of two spirals goes in opposing
5 8 5 13 directions (clockwise and counter-clockwise ). The
6 13 8 21 number of clockwise spirals and counter clockwise
spirals are consecutive Fibonacci numbers and usually
7 21 13 34
contains 34 and 55 seeds.
8 34 21 55
9 55 34 89
10 89 55 144
11 144 89 233
12 233 144 377
The sequence encountered in the rabbit problem 1, 1,
2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, …. is called
 21 34 1.61905
The Fibonacci sequence can also be seen in 34 55 1.61765
the way tree branches form or split. A main trunk will . . .
grow until it produces a branch, which creates two . . .
growth points. Then, one of the new stems branches 144 233 1.618055556...
into two, while the other one lies dormant. This 233 377 1.618025751...
pattern of branching is repeated for each of the new
stems. A good example is the sneezewort. Root GOLDEN TRIANGLE
systems and even algae exhibit this pattern. Golden ratio can be deduced in an isosceles
triangle. If we take the isosceles triangle that has the
two base angles of 72 degrees and we bisect one of
the base angles, we should see that we get another
golden triangle that is similar to the golden rectangle.
If we apply the same manner as the golden rectangle,
we should get a set of whirling triangles. With these
whirling triangles, we are able to draw a logarithmic
spiral that will converge at the intersection of the two
lines. The spiral converges at the intersection of the
two lines and this ratio of the lengths of these two
GOLDEN RATIO lines is in the Golden Ratio.
Fibonacci discovery of Fibonacci sequence
happened to approach the ratio asymptotically. He
found the interesting and mysterious properties of the
Fibonacci sequence that the series has a deep
relationship with the golden ratio.
The golden ratio was first called as the Divine
Proportion in the early 1500s in Leonardo da Vinci’s
work which was explored by Luca Pacioli entitled “De
Divina Proportione” in 1509. This contains the
drawings of the five platonic solids and it was
probably da Vinci who first called it “section aurea”
which is Latin for Golden Secion.
In mathematics, two quantities are in the
Golden ratio if their ratio is the same of their sum to
the larger of the two quantities. The Golden Ratio is
the relationship between numbers on the Fibonacci
sequence where plotting the relationships on scales
results in a spiral shape. In simple terms, golden ratio GOLDEN RATIO IN NATURE
is expressed as an equation, where a is larger than b, It is often said that math contains the answers
(a+b) divided by a is equal to a divided by b, which is to most of universe’s questions. Math manifests itself
equal to 1.618033987…and represented by φ (phi). everywhere. One such example is the Golden Ratio.
This famous Fibonacci sequence has fascinated
mathematicians, scientist and artists for many
hundreds of years. The Golden Ratio manifests itself in
many places across the universe, including right here
on Earth, it is part of Earth’s nature and it is part of us.

a+b a 1. Flower petals

φ= = =1.618033987 … .
a b number of petals in a flower is often one of the
following numbers: 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 or 55. For
b a a/b example, the lily has three petals, buttercups have five
2 3 1.5 of them, the chicory has 21 of them, the daisy has
3 5 1.666666666… often 34 or 55 petals, etc.
5 8 1.6 2. Faces
Faces, both human and nonhuman, abound with
8 13 1.625
examples of the Golden Ratio. The mouth and nose
13 21 1.615384615...
are each positioned at golden sections of the distance
between the eyes and the bottom of the chin. Similar 2. In “Timaeus” Plato describes five possible
proportions can been seen from the side, and even regular solids that relate to the golden ratio
the eye and ear itself. which is now known as Platonic Solids. He also
3. Body parts considers the golden ratio to be the most
The Golden Section is manifested in the structure of bringing of all mathematical relationships.
the human body. The human body is based on Phi and
the number 5.The number 5 appendages to the torso,
in the arms, leg and head. 5 appendages on each of
these, in the fingers and toes and 5 openings on the
face. Animal bodies exhibit similar tendencies.
4. Seed heads
Typically, seeds are produced at the center, and then
migrate towards the outside to fill all the space.
Sunflowers provide a great example of these spiraling 3. Euclid was the first to give definition of the
patterns. golden ratio as “a dividing line in the extreme
5. Fruits, Vegetables and Trees and mean ratio” in his book the “Elements”.
Spiraling patterns can be found on pineapples and He proved the link of the numbers to the
cauliflower. Fibonacci numbers are seen in the construction of the pentagram, which is now
branching of trees or the number of leaves on a floral known as golden ratio. Each intersections to
stem; numbers like 4 are not. 3’s and 5’s, however, the other edges of a pentagram is a golden
are abundant in nature. ratio. Also the ratio of the length of the
6. Shells shorter segment to the segment bounded by
Snail shells and nautilus shells follow the logarithmic the two intersecting lines is a golden ratio.
spiral, as does the cochlea of the inner ear. It can also
be seen in the horns of certain goats, and the shape of
certain spider’s webs.
7. Spiral Galaxies
Spiral galaxies are the most common galaxy shape.
The Milky Way has several spiral arms, each of them a
logarithmic spiral of about 12 degrees.
8. Hurricanes
It’s amazing how closely the powerful swirls of
hurricane match the Fibonacci sequence.

4. Leonardo da Vinci was into many interests

such as invention, painting, sculpting,
architecture, science, music, mathematics,
engineering, literature, anatomy, geology,
GOLDEN RATIO IN ARTS botany, writing, history and cartography. He
The golden ratio can be used to achieve used the golden ratio to define the
beauty, balance and harmony in art, architecture and fundamental portions in his works. He
design. It can be used as a tool in art and design to incorporated the golden ratio in his own
achieve balance in the composition. Check out some paintings such as the Vitruvian Man, The Last
examples of golden ratio in arts. Supper, Monalisa and St. Jerome in the
1. The exterior dimension of the Pathernon in Wilderness.
Athens, Greece embodies the golden ratio.

5. Michaelangelo di Lodovico Simon was

considered the greatest living artists of his
time. He used golden ratio in his painting “The
 Creation of Adam” which can be seen on the each side of the base is 756 feet with a height
ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. His painting used of 481 feet. The ratio of the base to the
the golden ratio showing how God’s finger height is roughly 1.5717, which is close to the
and Adam’s finger meet precisely at the Golden ratio.
golden ratio point of the weight and the
height of the area that contains them. 2. Notre Dame is a Gothic Cathedral in Paris,
which was built in between 1163 and 1250. It
appears to have a golden ratio in a number of
its key proportions of designs.

3. The Taj Mahal in India used the golden ratio

in its construction and was
6. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino or more popularly completed in 1648. The order
known as Raphael was also a painter and and proportion of the arches of
architect from the Rennaisance. In his painting the Taj Mahal on the main
“The School of Athens,”, the division between structure keep reducing
the figures in the painting and their proportionately following the
proportions are distributed using the golden golden ratio.
ration. The golden triangle and pentagram can
also be found in Raphael’s painting 4. The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres in
“Crucifixion”. Paris, France also exhibits the Golden ratio.

5. In the United Nation Building, the window

configuration reveal golden proportion.

6. The Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, erected in

1889 is an iron lattice. The base is broader
while it narrows down the top, perfectly
following the golden ratio.

7. The CN Tower in Toronto, the tallest tower

7. The golden ratio can also be found in the and freestanding structure in the world,
works of other renowned painters such as contains the golden ratio in its design. The
a.) Sandro Botticelli (Birth of Venus); ratio of observation deck at 342 meters to the
b.) George-Pierre Surat (“Bathers at total height of 553.33 is 0.618 or phi, the
Assinieres”, “Bridge of Courbevoie” and reciprocal of phi.
“A Sunday on La Grande Jette”), and
c.) Salvador Dali (“The Sacrament of the Last
Supper”).

GOLDEN RATIO IN ARCHITECTURE

Some of the architectural structures that
exhibit the application of the Golden ratio are the
following:
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza built 4700 BC in
Ahmes Papyrus of Egypt is with proportion
according to a “Golden Ratio”. The length of
 Smallest scute is in the center and is the oldest one,
while the largest ones on the outside are the newer
ones.
7. Lightning during storms creates fractals. Foam
bubbles formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid
or solid.

BEHAVIOR OF NATURE
Behavior of nature can be observed around us.
Natural regularities of nature:
Symmetry Fractals
Spirals
Trees Meanders
Waves
Foams Tessellations
Cracks
Stripes Spots

Golden Ratio can be found in the beauty of

nature, the growth patterns of many plants,
insects, and the universe. 8. Cracks can also be found on the barks of trees
which show some sort of weakness in the
1. Honeycombs of the bees show specific bark.
regular repeating hexagons. It uses the least The meander is one of a series of regular
amount of wax to store the honey giving a sinuous curves, bends, loops, turns, or
strong structure with no gaps. windings in the channel of the body of water.
2. Zebra’s coat, the alternating pattern of blacks
and white are due to mathematical rules that
govern the pigmentation chemicals of its skin.

3. Spider
spider creates a
structure by
performing innate
steps.
APPLICATIONS OF MATHEMATICS IN THE WORLD
In our daily life, we use mathematics directly
4. The or indirectly in various fields. The application of
contains a spiral shape called logarithmic mathematical methods in different fields such as
spiral. science, engineering, business, computer science
and industry is a combination of mathematical
science and specialized knowledge. For example,
5. Age of the trees can be determined by statistics, combinatorics, and graph theory are
applying dendrochronology which is a scientific used by investigators to solve crimes.
method of dating based on the amount of rings Other applications of mathematics are in
found in the core of a tree. forensic science, medicine, engineering,
information technology, cryptography,
6. Turtles have growth rings called “scutes” which archaeology, social sciences, political science and
are hexagonal. other fields.
Scutes estimates the age of the turtle. 1. In forensic, mathematics is applied specifically
the differential and integral calculus to clarify
 the blurred image to clear image. Another non-linear, static or dynamic, continuous or
application of calculus is optimization discrete and all types of algebraic, differential,
(maximize or minimize) surface areas, difference and integral equations arise for the
volumes, profit and cost analysis, projectile solution of these models.
motion, etc.
2. In medical field, much of a function of a 9. In political Science, political analysts study
protein is determined by its shape and how past election results to see changes in voting
the pieces move. Many drugs are designed to patterns and the influence of various factors
change the shape or motions of a protein by on voting behavior or switching of votes
modeling using geometry and related areas. among political parties and mathematical
Mathematics is also being applied in the models for Conflict Resolution using Game
development of medicine to cure diseases. Theory and Statistics.

3. In fluid dynamics, engineers use numerical 10. In music and arts, the rhythm that we find in
analysis in phenomena involving heat, all music notes is the result of innumerable
electricity and magnetism, relativistic permutations and combinations. Music
mechanics, quantum mechanics and other theorists understand musical structure and
theoretical constructs. communicate new ways of hearing music by
applying set theory, abstract algebra, and
4. In Information Technology, modern computer number theory.
are invented through the help of
mathematics. An important area of
applications of mathematics in the
development of formal mathematical theories
related to the development of computer
science. Computer science development
includes logic, relations, functions, basic set
theory, counting techniques, graph theory,
combinatorics, discrete probability, recursion,
recurrence relations and number theory,
computer-oriented numerical analysis and
Operation Research techniques.

5. Cryptography is a combination of both

mathematics and computer science and is
affiliated closely with information theory,
computer security and engineering. It is used
in applications present in technologically
advanced societies, examples include the
security of ATM cards, computer passwords
and electronic commerce.

6. In archaeology, archaeologists use a variety of

mathematical and statistical techniques to
present the data from archaeological surveys
and try to find patterns to shed on past
human behavior an in carbon dating artifacts.

7. In Social Sciences such as economics,

sociology, psychology and linguistics all now
make extensive use of mathematical models,
using the tools of calculus, probability, game
theory, and network theory.

8. In Economics, mathematics such as matrices,

probability and statistics are used. The models
may be stochastic or deterministic, linear or