TA: Hritiz Gogoi, Saddam Husain IE614 - Linear Systems 25th Jan’25

d
An example to expressed dx in two different bases
Bases
• S = {1, x, x2 } (Standard Polynomial Basis)
x2
• L = {1, 1 − x, 1 − 2x + 2 } (Laguerre Polynomial Basis)

Our goal is to calculate the change of basis matrix T , which transforms a vector expressed in L to S.

Transformation
From vector in basis L to vector expressed in S basis:

y(x) = c0 1 + c1 x + c2 x2 where c0 , c1 , c2 ∈ R.

The Laguerre polynomials are:

 
1
ℓ0 (x) = 1 ⇒ 0 in basis S,
0
 
1
ℓ1 (x) = 1 − x ⇒ −1 in basis S,
0
 
1
x2
ℓ2 (x) = 1 − 2x + ⇒ −2 in basis S
2 1
2

So matrix TLS :  
1 1 1
TLS = 0 −1 −2
1
0 0 2

One can check that T T X=L i.e.  

 
1 ℓ0 (x)
T T  x  = ℓ1 (x)
x2 ℓ2 (x)
Thus, TLS matrix is the change of basis from L to S.

d
Matrix Representation of dx
in S
d
The derivative operator dx acts on any polynomial y(x) expressed in basis S as:
   
1 0
d    
x = 1
dx
x2 2x
d
Hence, the matrix representation of dx in S is:
 
0 1 0
AS = 0 0 2
0 0 0

1
 d
Matrix Representation of dx
in L
For L, the derivatives of the basis elements are:
 
0
d d
ℓ0 (x) = (1) = 0 ⇒ 0 ,
dx dx
0 L
 
−1
d d
ℓ1 (x) = (1 − x) = −1 ⇒ 0 ,
dx dx
0 L
 
−1
x2
 
d d
ℓ2 (x) = 1 − 2x + = −2 + x ⇒ −1
dx dx 2
0 L
d
Thus, dx expressed in basis L is:  
0 −1 −1
AL = 0 0 −1
0 0 0

Verification of Relationship Between AS , AL , and TLS

One can check that:
AL = T −1 AS T

Inverse of TLS
The inverse of TLS is:  
1 1 2
−1
T = 0 −1 −4
0 0 2

Calculation of T −1 AS T
First, compute:     
1 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 2
T −1 AS = 0 −1 −4 0 0 2 = 0 0 −2
0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Next, compute:
    
0 1 2 1 1 1 0 −1 −1
T −1 AS T = 0 0 −2 0 −1 −2 = 0 0 −1 .
1
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

This matches AL .