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Organisation of Data

The document discusses the classification of raw data to facilitate comparisons and analysis, emphasizing the importance of organizing data based on various characteristics. It outlines the objectives of classification, different bases for classification (geographical, chronological, qualitative, and quantitative), and methods for presenting data such as individual and frequency series. Additionally, it explains concepts like cumulative frequency, exclusive/inclusive class intervals, and conversion methods between different types of data presentations.

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chunnu sagar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 views

Organisation of Data

The document discusses the classification of raw data to facilitate comparisons and analysis, emphasizing the importance of organizing data based on various characteristics. It outlines the objectives of classification, different bases for classification (geographical, chronological, qualitative, and quantitative), and methods for presenting data such as individual and frequency series. Additionally, it explains concepts like cumulative frequency, exclusive/inclusive class intervals, and conversion methods between different types of data presentations.

Uploaded by

chunnu sagar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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It refers to the arrangement of Raw data in such a form that

comparisions and analysis can be possible.


In order to make raw data meaningful, it is important that it must be
classified on the basis of their different characteristics. Hence,
classification refers to the process of arranging thing in group or
classes.
Ex -rich ,poor ,black ,white etc.

Need/objectives of classification
1. Making data short and simple
2. To extract utility (making it more useful)
3. Making it comparable
4. Scientific arrangement

Basis of Classification
1. Geographical / Spatial on the basis of locational differences Agra,
Delhietc.)

2. Chronological Basis of time 1991, 1992, 1993 etc.


3. Qualitative classification
Quality - intelligence level, occupation, religion etc.

Simple Mainfold
Basis of Dichotomy, Complete (more than one characteristic)
different /opposite) Example
Ex- male - female

healthy - unhealthy etc.


Skilled Non Skilled

Literate Iliterate Literate Illiterate


Classification by variables
4. Quantitative/ Numerical Classification
on the Basis of numerical values A number of classes are framed Keeping
inview the lowest and highest value as well as the range of values in
the data.

Variable
who's value can be changed in every question
Example If we measure height of XI commerce,then the height students
a will be called as variable.

Discrete Contineous
value increases in Range of values or
Complete Numbers value increases in
Ex - Ranks of students fraction.
1,2, 3, 4....
Can't be 1½ ..etc
Raw Data into Statistical Series

Individual series frequency series


(with frequency)

Discrete series Frequency distribution


(frequency array) (contineous)

Individual Series
(No class or frequency repeatition of numbers)
Can be according to serial Number, Ascending order, Decending order.
Ex

Marks
20
30
40
45
85
2. Frequency series
Important terms
1. Frequency Number of time an item occurs (repeats)
Ex- 5 marks is obtained by 8 students then frequency of 5 is8.

2. Class frequency Number of times an item repeats itself


corresponding to a range of value
(ie-. class interval )
10-15, 15-20, 20-30 - and so on.

3. Tally Bars method of counting for every fifth item,a cross bar is
marked.
Ex

Marks freq Tally Bar

10 4
15 8
20 13
Discrete series / frequency Array
jatinsagar965@gma
Data is presented in precise manner along with frequency.
.Com
Ex

Date ’ 10, 12, 8, 9, 10, 8,9, 12, 15, 10, 8, 9, 15,8, 10, 9, 12, 8, 8, 8, 10
Discrete

Marks Tally Frequency total of Tally


8
9 4
10 5
12 3
15 2

Frequency distribution
Data is classified into range ’ class intervals
Marks Tally Frequency
5-10
10-15 3
Class 15-20 10
20-25 2
25-30 5
30-35 3
Magnitude =upper limit - lower limit
= 10 -5=5
Mid-value = upper + lower/2

Types of Frequency Distribution


1. Exclusive upper limit, is not included a in class
Ex
X f

10-20 5
20-30 6
30-40 7

10 - 20 ’ 20 doesn't belongs to 10-20 it belongs to 20-30 and so on

2. Inclusive ’ includes upper limit also

X f

10-19 8
20-29 4
30-39 5

10 - 19 ’ 19 also belong to this class


Conversion from to Inclusive to Exclusive
It issometimes required to convent because as per the above
Example if a student obtain 19.5 then when do he belong to?
+919871441772
Steps
[email protected]
1. Find difference b/w lower limit of a class and upper limit of
previous class
ex- 20 -19 =1

lower of class 2 upper of class 1

2. Divide the difference by 2]and then


The result will be substracted from lower interval of every class and
same to will be called to upper interval of every class.

X f

9.5-19.5 8
19.5 -29.5 4
29.5- 39.5 5
3. Open end series
lower limit of first class & upper limit of last class is missing instead less
than and more than is written.

X f

below 10 1
10-20 2
20-30 5
30 & above 4

in order to solve it is assumed to have equal class intervals


hence, 0 - 10 &30 - 40

Added

4. Cumulative frequency
Frequency are continuously added corresponding to each class
interval

on the basis. of upper limit lower limit


with ,less than more than_
less than more then
Example +9198/1441/72
Simple upper limiftinsagaro5 e mal.com
10-20 5 less than 20 5 more than 10 21
20-30 4 " 30 9(5+4) 20 16(21-5}
30-40 8 " 40 17(5+4+8) 30 12{16-4}
40-50 4 " 50 21 40 4(12-8}

Conversion of cumulative into simple


simple
L.f X f

less than 10 4 0-10 5


less than 20 20 10-20 16{20- 4}
less than 30 40 20-30 20{40 -20}
less than 40 48 30-40 8{48 - 40}
less than 50 50 40-50 2{50 - 48}

difference is 10 so class limit is 10


GAURAV JAIN

5. Mid value series


they have only mid values of the class intervals
Ex
Mid-value f

5
15 5
25 13
35
45 4

Conversion into normal


+919871441772
Step 1. Find mutual difference b/w Mid value_
Here difference is 15 -5 (10) () jatinsagar965@gma
2. Divide the difference by (2) ie. (i/2) .Com
3. Lower limit = l1 m -1/2 (i)
upper limit =12 = m +1/2xi
mid value f X f

5 8 0-10 8
15 5 10-20 5
25 13 20-30 13
35 30-40 9
45 4 40-50 4

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