7 mks

Q.1 list the mostly used IoT protocols. Explain zigbee protocol in detail.
Ans:
Xmpp, Bluetooth, WiFi, DDS, LoRaWan, 6LoWPAN, cellular network.
2. Refer Q.5 from 5 mks

Q.2 advantages and disadvantages using cloud computing platform.

Ans: Advantages:
1.Accessibility: Users can access data and applications from any device with an internet
connection. This can improve work flexibility and efficiency.
2.Storage capacity: Cloud computing has unlimited storage capacity that can be increased as
needed. Users only pay for the storage they use.
3.Backup and recovery: Cloud computing allows users to access data and information from
anywhere.
4.Cost savings: Cloud computing can offer cost savings and a competitive edge over
competitors.
5.Flexibility: Cloud computing provides a scalable environment for data storage and retrieval
without the need for a fixed physical infrastructure

Disadvantages:
1.Network connectivity dependency
Cloud computing is entirely dependent on the Internet. This direct tie-up with the Internet means
that a company needs to have reliable and consistent Internet service as well as a fast
connection and bandwidth to reap the benefits of cloud computing.
2.May not get all the features
Some cloud providers offer only limited versions with the most popular features. Before signing
up, it is important to know what cloud services are provided.
3.No Redundancy
A cloud server is not redundant or backed up. Although it is an extra expense, make sure to
invest in a redundancy plan as in most cases, it will be well worth it. Technology does
sometimes seem to fail.
4.Lacks Support
Cloud computing companies do not provide proper support to their customers and expect them
to depend on FAQs or online help.
5.Technical Issues
Cloud technology is known to experience outages and other technical issues. Despite high
standards of maintenance, there are possibilities of technical issues

Q.3 examples of analog sensors and digital sensors. Explain with working principle.
Ans:
1.Analog Sensors:
Analog sensors detect and convert physical phenomena into proportional electrical signals.
These sensors can measure and represent input variables using principles like resistance,
capacitance, inductance, or voltage.
Working: Analog sensors operate on the principle of changing voltage or current in response to
the physical stimulus they detect. They produce a continuous output signal or voltage that is
proportional to the quantity being measured. The output voltage may be from the range of 0 to
5V.

Digital Sensors:
Digital sensors are the kind of electrochemical or electrical sensors where the information is
converted to digital form and then transmitted. The output of a digital sensor is the distinct digital
signal of the quantity which is being measured.

Working: A digital sensor has three main components: a sensor, a cable, and a transmitter. The
sensor has an electronic chip that converts the measuring signal into a digital signal. The digital
signal is then transmitted through the cable.

Q.4 working of cloud base IBM IoT platform.

Ans:
1.The IBM Watson IoT Platform is a hub that connects devices, gateways, and applications for
IoT solutions. It's a fully managed, cloud-hosted service that allows users to communicate with
and consume data from connected devices and gateways.
2.The platform supports REST and MQTT protocols for applications, devices, gateways, event
processing, and administrative tasks. It also has built-in web console dashboards that allow
users to monitor and analyze IoT data in real time.
3.The scalability of cloud IoT platforms allows for the processing of large amounts of data, as
well as artificial intelligence (AI) and analytics capabilities.

Q.5 Explain MQTT protocol in detail.

Ans:
1.The Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol is a lightweight messaging
protocol that enables communication between multiple devices. It's an OASIS standard
messaging protocol for the Internet of Things (IoT)
2.MQTT is a publish-subscribe model that's ideal for transmitting data between
resource-constrained devices with low bandwidth and low power requirements.
3.Here's how MQTT works:
1)An MQTT client establishes a connection with the MQTT broker.
2)Once connected, the client can either publish messages, subscribe to specific messages, or
do both.
3)When the MQTT broker receives a message, it forwards it to subscribers who are interested.
4.The MQTT protocol defines two types of network entities: a message broker and a number of
clients.

Q.6 Architecture of IoT.

Ans:
The architecture of the Internet of Things (IoT) can be described as a layered system, with each
layer having a specific function. The layers are as follows:
1.Device layer:
This layer consists of the physical devices that are connected to the IoT system. These devices
can be anything from sensors and actuators to smart appliances and wearables.
2.Network layer:
This layer is responsible for transporting data between the devices and the cloud. The network
layer can use a variety of protocols, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.
3.Edge layer:
This layer is responsible for processing data before it is sent to the cloud. The edge layer can
perform a variety of tasks, such as filtering data, aggregating data, and performing real-time
analytics.
4.Cloud layer:
This layer stores and processes data from the devices. The cloud layer can also provide a
variety of services, such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics.
5.Application layer:
This layer provides the user interface for the IoT system. The application layer can be used to
control the devices, view data, and receive notifications.

Q.7 What are the major components of IoT?

Ans:
1. Sensors or Devices
Sensors or Devices are basically used to collect and transmit the data and also perform actions
based on those data. For example, the sensors can be used for measuring temperature and
humidity. There are different types of sensors; here are as follows: Temperature Sensors,
Humidity Sensors, Proximity Sensors, Motion Sensors, Light Sensors, Pressure Sensors, Gas
Sensors, and GPS Sensors
2. Gateway
Gateway is also a device component that basically acts as an intermediate between the sensors
and the central cloud. Gateway is one of the essential components of IoT that offers
communication, management, and data processing. Here are some of the functions of Gateway
in IoT: Data Aggregation, Communication, Security, Protocol Translation, Load Balancing, and
Latency Reduction.

3. Cloud
Cloud in IoT refers to the service that provides the management, storage, and processing of the
data that is generated by IoT (Internet of Things) devices. Here are some key aspects of Cloud
in IoT: Data Storage, Data Collection, Security, Connectivity, Integration, and Cost Efficiency.

4. Analytics
This is the crucial component of IoT that basically harness the potential of IoT. In analytics,
meaningful insights are analyzed that are generated by IoT devices and sensors.

5. User Interface
User Interface, also known as UI in the Internet of Things (IoT) and provides an interface by
which the users can interact with the applications and systems.

Q.8 Explain cloud based architecture.

Ans :
1.Cloud architecture is the way various cloud technology components interact and connect to
create cloud computing environments. It's the complete infrastructure of hardware and software
that businesses and institutions use to create, index, store, and share data.
2.Cloud architecture components include:
Frontend platform: The client or device used to access the cloud
Backend platform: Includes servers and storage
Cloud-based delivery system: Allows information to be delivered between the front-end and the
back-end
Network: Connects cloud clients, servers, and storage
3.The three most common XaaS service models are SaaS, platform as a service (PaaS), and
IaaS. The distinction between these three cloud computing service models is what the service
provider and user are responsible for.
Q.9 Explain sensors with it's types.
Ans:
A device that provides a usable output in response to a specified measurement.
The sensor attains a physical parameter and converts it into a signal suitable for processing
(e.g. electrical, mechanical, optical) the characteristics of any device or material to detect the
presence of a particular physical quantity.
Types:
1.Electrical sensor :
Electrical proximity sensors may be contact or non contact.

2.Simple contact sensors operate by making the sensor and the component complete an
electrical circuit.

3.Non- contact electrical proximity sensors rely on the electrical principles of either induction for
detecting metals or capacitance for detecting non metals as well.

4.Light sensor:
Light sensor is also known as photo sensors and one of the important sensor.

Light dependent resistor or LDR is a simple light sensor available today.

The property of LDR is that its resistance is inversely proportional to the intensity of the ambient
light i.e when the intensity of light increases, it’s resistance decreases and vise versa.

Touch sensor:
Detection of something like a touch of finger or a stylus is known as touch sensor.

It’s name suggests that detection of something.

Mechanical sensor:
Any suitable mechanical / electrical switch may be adopted but because a certain amount of
force is required to operate a mechanical switch it is common to use micro-switches.
Pneumatic sensor:
These proximity sensors operate by breaking or disturbing an air flow.

Speed Sensor:
Sensor used for detecting the speed of any object or vehicle which is in motion is known as
speed sensor .For example – Wind Speed Sensors, Speedometer ,UDAR ,Ground Speed
Radar .

Q.10 what is xmpp? Explain layered protocol.

Ans:
xmpp :
Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is a protocol that allows users to
exchange messages and presence information in near real-time. It's based on Extensible
Markup Language (XML) and is used by instant messaging applications like WhatsApp.

2.A layered protocol is a protocol that has many components on top of each other. It provides a
conceptual framework for dividing the complex task of exchanging information between remote
hosts into simpler tasks.

3.In a layered protocol, each protocol layer has a narrowly defined responsibility. Each layer has
a well-defined interface to the layer immediately above and below it.

Q.11

Q.12 difference between COAP and MQTT.

Ans: