Scribd
Upload
6 views1 page

Summary of Communication Focus

The document outlines the seven layers of network communication, from the Physical Layer to the Application Layer, detailing their functions. It also discusses the concept of 'vulnerable time' in network communication, particularly in relation to packet collisions. Additionally, it explains the differences between CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA, highlighting that while CSMA lacks an acknowledgment mechanism, CSMA/CA incorporates it for improved reliability.

Uploaded by

Shreyas Nagarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
6 views1 page

Summary of Communication Focus

The document outlines the seven layers of network communication, from the Physical Layer to the Application Layer, detailing their functions. It also discusses the concept of 'vulnerable time' in network communication, particularly in relation to packet collisions. Additionally, it explains the differences between CSMA, CSMA/CD, and CSMA/CA, highlighting that while CSMA lacks an acknowledgment mechanism, CSMA/CA incorporates it for improved reliability.

Uploaded by

Shreyas Nagarkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 1

Summary of Communication Focus:

Physical Layer: Bit-level transmission over physical media.


Data Link Layer: Node-to-node data transfer.
Network Layer: Host-to-host communication across different networks.
Transport Layer: Process-to-process communication (end-to-end).
Session Layer: Manages sessions between applications.
Presentation Layer: Data translation, encryption, and compression.
Application Layer: User-facing network services and applications.

----------------------------------------------------
Yes, "vulnerable time" can be understood as the period during which a collision can
occur, causing time or resources to be wasted. In network communication, for
example, vulnerable time refers to the time interval when two or more packets could
collide because they are being transmitted simultaneously or overlap in
transmission. If a collision occurs during this time, the transmission is often
unsuccessful, and the affected packets may need to be retransmitted, effectively
wasting the time spent on the initial attempt.

This concept is especially relevant in protocols like CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access), where managing vulnerable time is essential to minimize collisions and
optimize network efficiency.

---------------------------------------------------
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) itself does not inherently include an
acknowledgment (ACK) mechanism. CSMA is a protocol for managing access to a shared
communication channel, and its primary focus is on determining when a device can
transmit to avoid collisions.

However, some variations of CSMA do incorporate acknowledgments:

1. **CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)**: This is used in wired Ethernet networks,


particularly in traditional half-duplex networks. In CSMA/CD, if a collision is
detected, devices will stop transmission and attempt to resend after a randomized
backoff period. CSMA/CD does not use acknowledgments.

2. **CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)**: This is commonly used in wireless networks,


like Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11). CSMA/CA uses an acknowledgment mechanism to confirm
successful data reception. After a successful transmission, the receiver sends an
ACK to confirm receipt, which helps avoid the need for retransmission and improves
reliability.

In summary, CSMA itself does not require ACKs, but specific implementations like
CSMA/CA do use them to ensure data is received successfully.

You might also like