Computer Notes Quality Education

QualityEducation
Education With Motivation That is Quality Education

(Computer Notes)

(Computer Notes)
BY-
Anoop sir

Important for
CET/LDC/Patwar/
Stenographer

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COMPUTER 2 By Anoop Sir

Chapter 01 – dEI;wVj dk fodkl

(Computer)
↓
lax.kd → x.kuk djus okyk

dEI;wVj dk tud → pkyZ~l csost

dEI;wVj cukus dk çkFkfed mís'; → x.kuk djuk
vk/kqfud dEI;wVj 20oha 'krkCnh dh nsu gSA
21oha lnh dks IT (Information Technology lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh½ dk ;qx dgrs gSaA
dEI;wVj 'kCn English Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSA [English Hkk"kk dks gh çkFkfedrk nsrh gSA dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd
Computer ySfVu Hkk"kk dk 'kCn gSA

* Computer ds uses*
fo'o ds yxHkx 95% dk;ksZa esa Computer dk Use fd;k tkrk gSA

• fpfdRlk {ks= esa

• f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
• euksjatu ds fy,
• gfFk;kjksa ds fuekZ.k o ijh{k.k esa
• varfj{k lEcU/kh dk;ksZa esa
• ekSle foKku lEcU/kh dk;ksZa esa
• nSfud thou lEcU/kh dk;ksZa esa
*Computer* dh fo'ks"krk,¡
¼1½ Speed ¼xfr½% Computer dh Speed dks Second esa ekik tkrk gSA

feyh lSd.M →10&3 ekbØks lSd.M →10&6

uSuks lSd.M →10&9 fidks lSd.M → 10&12

dEI;wVj ds Processor dh Speed dks vFkok Processor dh Clock Speed dks gV~Zt ,oa esxkgV~Zt esa ekik
tkrk gSA
gMZ~l ds Hkkx→ Mega Hertz → MHZ

Geega Hertz →GHZ

Computer dh Data Processing Speed dks MIPS (Million Instruction Per Second) esa ekik tkrk gSA

BPS → Bits second per

RPM →Revolution per second

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COMPUTER 3 By Anoop Sir

DPI →Dot per Inch

¼2½ Lopkfyr (Automatic)% tc User, Computer System esa Data Input djk nsrk gS rks Computer fcuk
fdlh ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds ml Data ij Lokpkfyr :i ls Process djrk gSA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa Computer dh Processing esa ekuo dk dksbZ Hkh ;ksxnku ugha gksrk gS] ;g xq.k Computer
dks Automatic cukrk gSA
¼3½ Accuracy ¼'kq)rk½% ;fn User, Computer System dks lgh Data ¼vakdM+½s Input djrk gS rks ;g fuf'pr
gS fd Computer System 100% lgh ifj.kke nsxkA
¼4½ Diligence ¼deZBrk½% Computer fcuk #ds] fcuk Fkds yxkrkj eghuks& a lkyksa rd dk;Z dj ldrk gSA
¼5½ I.Q. ¼ckSf)drk½% Computer dk I.Q. Zero gksrk gSA
Note & Computer Only igys ls fn, x, funsZ'kksa ij dk;Z djrk gSA
¼6½ No Feelings ¼Hkkouk jfgr½% Computer System esa ekuo dh rjg Hkkouk,a ugha gksrh gSA

dEI;wVj dk bfrgkl o fodkl

• vcsdl dk vkfo"dkj yxHkx 5 gtkj lky igys phu esa gqvk FkkA
• vcsdl dh [kkst→Vªhe Øsej us dhA
• ;g fo'o dk igyk x.kuk ;a= gSA
• orZeku esa vcsdl ds ek/;e ls tksM+&ckdh] oxZewy Hkh fl[kk;s tkrs gSA
• tkiku esa vcsdl dks ^lkjkcksu* dgrs gSaA
usfi;j cksUl
• bl ;a= dk vkfo"dkj t‚u usfi;j us fd;kA
• ;s Ld‚VyS.M ds fuoklh FksA
• ;s xf.kr ds fo}ku o [kxksy'kkL=h FksA
• bUgksus fo'o esa igyh ckj 0&9 rd igkM+s fy[ksA
• ;g ;a= i'kqvksa dh gfì;ksa dk cuk gqvk FkkA
Note & 0&9 rd ds vad n'keyo vad ¼Numeric number½ dgykrs gSA

Adding Machine ¼1642½

bl e'khu dk vkfo"dkj Ýkal ds xf.krK Cyst ikLdy us fd;k FkkA

;g e'khu tksM+&ckdh djus esa l{ke FkhA
tksM+&ckdh djus ds dkj.k bls fo'o dk çFke dSydqyVs j Hkh dgrs gSaA

• dSydqyVs j dk tud Cyst ikLdy dks dgk tkrk gSA

• bl dSydqyVs j e'khu dk nwljk uke ikLdy ykbu gSA ;g e'khu ?kM+h fl)kar ij dk;Z djrh gSA
¼Clockwise & Anticlock wise½
• LihMksehVj dks ,Mokbtjh e'khujh dk lcls vPNk mnkgj.k ekuk tkrk gSA
• ;s ,d eSdsfudy e'khujh FkhA
pkyZ~l csct
s

• tUe yanu ¼1791&1831½

• cht xf.kr ds fo}ku FksA
• dSfEczt fo'ofo|ky; esa çksQslj FksA
• Note - Computer cht xf.kr ij vk/kkfjr gS ysfdu ;s ckbujh ¼f}vk/kkjh½ Language esa gh dk;Z djrk gSA
• 1822 esa pkyZ~l cScst us fMQjsal batu dk vkfo"dkj fd;kA ;g batu cht xf.kr ds Qyuksa ¼Functions½ dks 20
ekuksa rd Solve dj ldrk gSA

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COMPUTER 4 By Anoop Sir

• ;s pkyZ~l csct
s dk çFke vkfo"dkj FkkA
• og ,d ;kaf=d e'khu gS tks Hkki ls lapkfyr gksrh FkhA
• lu~ 1833 esa cscts us ,ukfyfVdy batu dk vkfo"dkj fd;k FkkA
• bl batu esa cscts us IPO Input Process Output& dk fl)kar çLrqr fd;k FkkA ^,d Computer
Programme ij vk/kkfjr gksxkA* ;s ckr pkyZ~l csct s us crk;h FkhA
• ,ukfyfVdy batu csot s dk nwljk vkfo"dkj FkkA ;g ,d ;kaf=d e'khu Fkh tks Hkki ls lapkfyr gksrh Fkh] bls
csct
s dk Computer Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
• IPO dk fl)kar o Computer esa Programmes gksx a s bUgh ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij csct
s dks Father of
Computer dgrs gSA

,sMk vxLrk @ ysMh yoys'k&

• bUgksua s fo'o esa igyh ckj ,ukfyfVdy batu ds Programmes fy[ks FksA
• ;g Programme 0]1 dh Hkk"kk @ Binary Language esa fy[ks x, FksA
• ,sMk vxLrk dks fo'o dh igyh Programmer dgrs gSA
Note& tks O;fä Computer ds fy, Programme fy[krk gS Programmer dgykrk gS] Programme esa
gqbZ =qfV ¼Error½ dks lgh djus dk dke Programmer dk gksrk gSA
• Error dks Computer dh Hkk"kk esa Bug ¼acx½ dgrs gSA cx dks <wa<dj lgh djuk fM&cx dgykrk gSA

Tabulating Machine ¼1880½

• bl e'khu dk vkfo"dkj M‚ gjeu g‚yfjFk us fd;k FkkA ;s xf.kr ds fo}ku o vesfjdk ds fuoklh FksA
• ;g e'khu fo|qr ;kaf=d FkhA
• M‚ gjeu g‚efjp us bl e'khu esa dqN dksM Moyi fd, Fks ftUgsa g‚yfjFk dksM ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA
• bu e'khu esa gjeu gkyfj; us] iapdkMZ ds ek/;e ls MsVk buiqV djkrs FksA

Note& iapdkMZ dks çFke buiqV fMokbl Hkh dgrs gSA

• ,d iapdkMZ esa tgk¡ fNæ gksrk gS mls ,d ekurs gS ,oa tgk¡ fNæ ugha gksrk gS mls 0 'zero' dgrs gSA

1
Zero

Note& iapdkMZ dh vo/kkj.kk M‚ gjeu gkyfjFk us çLrqr dh FkhA

• igyh ckj Vscwyfs Vax e'khu ls tux.kuk djkbZ xbZA

• lu~ 1896 esa Vscwyfs Vax e'khu dEiuh dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA
• 14 feb 1924 dks bl company dk uke cnydj IBM (International Business Machine) j[kk x;kA
fo'o ds çeq[k Computer
1. Mark&1 [1942&44]

• vkfo"dkjdrkZ & gkoZMZ ,p- ,dsu

• bldk vkfo"dkj gkoZMZ fo'ofo|ky; esa fd;k x;kA
• çeq[k :i ls lg;ksxdrkZ →IBM
→ USA dh Navy Government
• ;g fo'o dk çFke fo|qr ;kaf=d Computer FkkA
• ;g fo'o dk çFke çksxkz e daVªksy Computer FkkA
• Mark-I dks çFke ih<+h dk Computer ekuk tkrk gSA

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COMPUTER 5 By Anoop Sir

2- ENIAC [1946]
Electronic Numerical Integrator and calculator / Computer

• vkfo"dkjdÙkkZ→ çks- ts- ,dVZ o t‚u ekWpyh

• ;g fo'o dk çFke Electronic Digital Computer gSA
• ;g Computer iwjh rjg ls functional FkkA
• bls isfUlyosfu;k fo'ofo|ky; esa fodflr fd;k x;kA
• blesa yxHkx 18 gtkj oSD;we V~;wc dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA
3. EDVAC [1949]
Electronic Descreate Variable Automatic Computer.

• vkfo"dkjdÙkkZ → M‚ t‚u o‚u U;we‚u

• ;g Computer 'Store Program'- ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr FkkA

Note - Store programme dk fl)kar lu~ 1947 vk;kA

• blds vuqlkj Data & Instruction dks ,d lkFk ,d gh eSeksjh esa j[k ldrs FksA
• orZeku ds yxHkx lHkh Computer dh o‚u U;wekWu dh lajpuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA

4. UNIVAC [1951]
[Universal Automatic Computer]
• vkfo"dkj dtkZ çks- ts- ,dVZ o t‚u ekWpy
q h
• ;g fo'o dk çFke O;kolkf;d o O;kikfjd Computer FkkA
• USA tux.kuk C;wjks us tux.kuk djus ds fy, ONIVAC dk use fd;k FkkA
Note dqN fo}ku bls fo'o dk çFke lEiw.kZ Digital Computer ekurs gSA
dEI;wVj dh ihf<+;ka
Generation of Computer-

1- çFke ih<+h ¼1942&1954½

• Processor →Vaccuum Tube ¼fuokZr ufydk½

dkap ds fQykesUV
1906 esa cus
vkfo"dkjdÙkkZ→tsEl ¶ysfeax
• Input Device Punch-card
Output Device → Printer
• Memory Magnetic Dumm
• Hkk"kk→ 0]1 dh Hkk"kk@Binary language@fuEu Lrjh; Hkk"kk@e'khuh Hkk"kk@ Computer's language

Note & çFke ih<+h esa dksbZ Hkh operating system ugha FkkA

• çeq[k Computer→ Mark-I, ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC [ Electronic Delay storage- Automatic
Computer]
• çFke ih<+h ds dEI;wVj vkdkj esa cM+s o vR;f/kd Å"ek mRiUu- djus okys Computer FksA
2- f}rh; ih<+h (1955-1964)
• Processor → Transistor (1947 esa cus)a
• vkfo’dkjdrkZ → fofy;e “kkWDys & tkWu okMhZu & okYVj czkVsu

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COMPUTER 6 By Anoop Sir

• Input Device → Punch card

• Output Device → Printer
• Memory → Magnetic care, Magnetic Tape
• Languages → Assembly language - bls fueksfud code esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
vuqoknd (Translator) → vlsEcyj
Note → vlsEcyj] vlsEcyh Hkk’kk dks e”khu esa cnyrk gSA
• Operating system → Batch operating system
• Operating system dh “kq#vkr f}rh; ih<+h ls gqbZA
• bl ih<+h ds dEI;wVj izFke ih<+h dh vis{kk NksVs de Å’ek mRiUu djus okys o rhoz FksA

3- r`rh; ih<+h (1965&1975)

Process → I.C. (Integrated Circuit (,dhd`r ifjiFk)
• ;g flfydkWu dh cuh gksrh gSA
• bls lu~ 1958 esa J.S. fdYch o jkcVZ uk;l us fodflr fd;kA
• IC. dks Bell Lab esa cuk;k x;kA
Note - Bell-lab dk orZeku uke&AT&T gSA (American Telephone & Telegraph)
→ I.C. ds Components → VkWftLVj $ dSihihVlZ $ jftLVlZ = IC
I.C. ds vkus ls wires ¼rkjks½a dh var laca/krk lekIr gks x;hA
I.C. ds izzdkj →
• SSI → Small Scale Integration (8-10 com)
• MSJ → Medium Scale Integration. (lSdM+ksa rRo)
• Intel dk izFke Processor → Intel - 4004 (1971 bZ-)
• Intel dk f}rh; Processor → Intel - 8008 (1972 es)a
Input Devices → Keyboard
Output Device → Monitor
Memory → Magnetic Disk (Hard Disk), RAM, ROM
Language → 1. Fortran QkWey wZ k Vªkalys”ku (xf.kr ds dk;ksaZ esa mi;ksxh)
2. COBOL dkWeu fctul vkWfj;VsM ysaXost ¼O;kikfjd dk;ksZa esa mi;ksxh)
BASIC – fcxulZ vkWy ijit flEcksfyd baLVªD”ku dksM
BCPL – csfld dEckbM izksxzkfeax ysaXost B Hkk’kk, C Hkk’kk] Pascal, PL-Ist etc

Translators 2 Types
1- dEikbyj → ;g mPpLrjh; Hkk’kk dks fuEuLrjh; Hkk’kk esa cnyus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
• ;s iwjs ist dk ,d lkFk vuqokn djrk gSA
• ;s Program esa mifLFkr Error dh fjiksVZ nsrk gSA
2- bUVjfiazVj → ;g mPpLrjh; Hkk’kk dks fuEuLrjh; Hkk’kk esa cnyrk gSA
• ;g line by line ,d&,d djds vuqokn djrk gSA
• ;g Program esa fLFkr Error dh fjiksVZ Hkh line by line nsrk gS

Source dEikybj o Object

Code bUVjizsVj code

• Program esa mifLFkr error dks bug dgk tkrk gSA

• Program dk bug dks <w<a dj lgh De-Bug dgykrk gSA
Note – Translator (vuqoknd) system software dk fgLlk gksrs gSaA
Operating system - Time Sharing Operating System (UNIX)
• bl ih<+h dks Mini Computer dh ih<+h dgk tkrk gSA
4 prqFkZ ih<+h 1975&89
• processor – LSI → Large Scale Integration
VLSI → Very Large Scale

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COMPUTER 7 By Anoop Sir

↓
Micro processor dgrs gSaA
• bl ih<+h esa Micro Computer vfLrRo esa vk,A
• lu~ 1981 esa IBM ds izFke Micro–Computer vfLrRo esa vk,A
Language – C++, SQL – LVªDpj DoSjh ySaXost
DBMS – Database Management System, V.B-Visual Basic

5. iape ih<+h & 1989 orZeku rd

• Processor – ULSI – Ultra Large Scale Intergration
 Micro chip dgrs gSaA
Internet dk fodkl →
• Networking dk fodkl] e-mail, facebook
• bl ih<+h dks Artificial intelligence dh ih<+h dgrs gSaA

Computer
Computer ds izdkj
Computer
↓ ↓
Based on Application Based on Size
vuqiz;ksx ds vk/kkj ij vkdkj ds vk/kkj ij
Analog computer Super Computer
Digital computer Mainframe Computer
Hybrid computer Mini Computer
Micro computer
1. Analog computer - ;g Computer 0,1 dh Hkk’kk esa dk;Z ugha djrs gSaA
• ;g Computer rjaxksa ds :i ds Input ysrs gSa mlh vk/kkj ij Process djrs gSaA
• ;g Computer yxkrkj Input ysrs gSa ,oa yxkrkj Output nsrs gSaA
Note & ;s viuk Output, Graph ds :i esa nsrs gSA
bu computer dk mi;ksx HkkSfrd jkf”k;ksa ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
 Rkki] nkc] ÅapkbZ bR;kfn
vf/kdka”kr% ;s Computer foKku o gkWfLiVy esa mi;ksxh gSA
Ex. FkekZehVj] fo|qr ehVj] flLeksxzkQ bR;kfn Analog Computer ds mnkgj.k gSA

2. Digital Computer - ;g computer vadksa / 0,1 dh Hkk’kk esa dk;Z djrh gSA
• ;g 0 & Computer ds off gksus dks crkrk gSA 1 & Computer ds On gksus dks crkrk gSA
• ;g Computer x.kuk ds fy, mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA
• ;g Computer vadksa esa gh Input ysrs gSa o vadksa esa Hkh Output nsrs gSaA
• ;g Computer u rks yxkrkj Input ysrs gSa uk gh yxkrkj Output nsrs gSaA
• bu Computer dk lokZf/kd mi;ksx ?kj rFkk Office esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
Ex. Mobile, Palmtop, Desktop, P.C (Personal Computer)

3. Hybird Computer - og Computer ftlesa nksuksa Computer ds xq.k gksrs gS vFkkZr~ ;g Analog o Digital nksuksa ds
fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA
Ex. isVªksy iEi e”khu] ECG e”khu

4. Micro Computer & og Computer ftlesa dsoy ,d gh Processor gksrk gSA

nwljs 'kCnksa esa & ,d le; esa dsoy ,d le; esa ,d O;fDr mi;ksx dj ldrk gSA
Ex. Mobile, Laptop, Palm Top, Desktop etc.
• bu Computer dh xfr o dher Mini- Mainframe o Super Computer ls de gksrh gSA
• bu Computer dk lokZf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

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COMPUTER 8 By Anoop Sir

5. Mini Computer & bl Computer esa ,d ls vf/kd Processor dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu ;s Multiuser
Computer gksrk gSA
• bldk lokZf/kd mi;ksx cSadksa o vkWfQl esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• bldh LihM o dher Micro Computer ls T;knk gksrh gS ,oa Mainframe & Super Computer ls r; gksrh
gSA

6. Mainframe Computer - bu Computer dk Use cgqr cM+h ek=k esa Data Store djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
bUgsa 'Server Computer' Hkh dgrs gSaA
• bl Computer dh Speed & Price Micro & Mini Computer ls T;knk o Super Computer ls de gksrh
gSA

7. Super computer - Super Computer dk mi;ksx v.kq&ifjek.kq ijh{k.k] gfFk;kjksa dk fuekZ.k] ekSle foKku lEcU/kh
dk;Z] varfj{k lEcU/kh dk;Z] fpfdRldh; dk;ksaZ bR;kfn esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;g lcls egaxk o lcls rst Computer gksrk gSA
• fo”o dk & izFke Super Computer CDC & 6600 ¼1964½ gSA
Note & dqN fo}kuksa dk er gS fd Øs 1st fo”o dk igyk Super Computer ds firk&lSewj dks ekuk tkrk gSA

Hkkjr dk izFke Computer - fl)kFkZ (1976)

 Mini Computer
Hkkjr dk izFke Super Computer & ije 8000
;s 1981 esa fodflr fd;k x;kA
Hkkjr esa Super Computer cukus dk Js; fot; HkVdj dks fn;k tkrk gSA
 Hkkjr esa Super Computer ds tud
Hkkjr esa Super Computer cukus dk Js; C-DAC & Center For Development of
¼iq.ks½ esa Advanced Computing dks tkrk gSA

•orZeku esa fo”o dk lcls rst Super Computer ÝaVh;j gS] Oct-2022 esa cukA
•;g Computer Exaflops Speed ij dk;Z djrk gSA
•;g fo”o dk igyk Computer gS tks Exaflops speed ij dk;Z djrk gSA
•ÝaVh;j ls igys fo”o dk lcls rst Super Computer tkiku Qqxkdw ¼2020½ FkkA orZeku esa ;g fo'o dk nwljk
lcls rst Super Computer gSA
• Hkkjr
S dk lcls rst Super Computer
• Super Computer dh Speed Flops esa ekurs gSaA
FLOPS - Flotting Point Operation Per-second
Note & Oct 2022 esa IIT xqogkVh esa viuk igyk Super Computer & dke:ik cuk;kA

Computer dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ,oa lajpuk

Computer dh dk;Ziz.kkyh & MkW tkWu okWu U;wekWu ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA
Secondary Memory - Hard Disk

Input Device Primary Memory (RAM)

Output Device
Cache - Memory
Keyboard
CPU→ Central Processing Unit
Mouse Monitor
ALU→ Arthmetical Logical Unit Printer etc
vuqokn MsVk igqapkuk CU→ Control Unit
System Unit MMU→ Main Memory Unit (Register) 0,1
Input Device
• ;g Dataa dks ekuoh; Hkk’kk@mPpLrjh; Hkk’kk dks e”khuh Hkk’kk esa vuqokn djrs gSaA vFkkZr~ Input Device Data dks
dEikby o b.VjizsV djrs gSA
• ;g Device, Data Input djokus dk dke djrs gSaA

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COMPUTER 9 By Anoop Sir

Output Device → ;g e'khuh Hkk"kk dks ekuo ds le>us ;ksX; Hkk"kk esa Compile ;k Interprete djrs gSaA
;g User dks Information miyC/k djokrs gSA

RAM & Random Access Memory

 ;g Memory Input Device ls Data Lohdkj djrh gS] ml Data dks LVksj djrs gq, CPU rd igqapkrh gSA Process gq, data dks
iqu% vius ikl Store djrh gS ,oa mlds ckn Dataa dks Output Device rd igqapkrh gS] vFkkZr~ ge dg ldrs gS fd RAM, Data
lalk/ku dh çeq[k bdkbZ gSA

Secondary Memory& Hard Disk- →;g MsVk dks LFkkbZ :i ls LVksj djrh gS

Motherboard →enjcksMZ dks System Unit dk Back-Bone/jh<+ dh gìh/eq[; cksMZ/lfdZV cksMZ@eq[; iVy bR;kfn ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk
gSA
• RAM,ROM, C.P.U] bR;kfn midj.k Motherboard ij yxs gq, jgrs gS
• os midj.k tks Computer System ds lkFk ok;j ls Port ds ek/;e ls tksM+s tkrs gSaA
• Motherboard ij l‚dsV ds ek/;e ls midj.k tksMs+ tkrs gSaA
Note& & isfjQsjy fMokbl] os midj.k tks Computer System ds lkFk ckgj ls tksM+s tkrs gSa] isfjQsjy fMokbl dgykrs gSA

C.P.U.
(Central Processing Unit)

• CPU dks → Micro Processor / Processor

• Micro chip
• Computer dk fnekx / Brain
• Computer dk uoZl flLVe@raf=dk r=
• CPU] gekjs Computer System dk lcls eq[; midj.k gSA
• Computer system esa lHkh dk;ksZa ds fy, CPU ftEesnkj gksrk gSA blfy, System Unit dks CPU dh laKk nh xbZ gSA

CPU ds Hkkx
1. ALU & Arithmetic Logic Unit→ Computer dk ;g Hkkx xf.krh; o rkfdZd dk;Z djrk gSA
exp (i) nks ekuksa dh rqyuk djukA
(ii) fdUgh nks ekuksa dks gy djuk A

2. CU→ Control Unit→

(i) ;g lEiw.kZ Computer System dks fu;af=r djrk gSA
(ii) CPU dc] dkSulh Process djsxk bl ckr dk fu/kkZj.k djrk gSA

3. MMU& tc Main Memory Unit (Register) →

(i) tc CPU, Data Process djrk gS rks Data Processing ds le; ;g Memory, Data store djrh gSA
(ii) ;g Bits ds :i esa Data store djrh gSA
Input Device
• os midj.k tks Data Input djokrs gSa] Input Device dgykrs gSA

çeq[k Input Device

1. Keyboard 11. Webcam / Digital Camera
2. Mouse 12. Touch Screen
3. Track-Ball 13. Pen-Tab
4. Joy-Stick 14 OMR Optical Mark Recognition/Reader
5. Scanner 15 OCR Optical Character Recog / Reader

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COMPUTER 10 By Anoop Sir

6. Light Pen 16. BCR Barcode Reader / Recognition

7. Touch-Pad 17. MICR Magnetic Ink Character Reader/ Recognition
8. Stylus 18. SRS - Speech Recognition System
9. Digitizer 19. FRS - Face/Finger Recognition System
10. Microphone / Mic 20. QR Code-Scanner - Quick Response Code Scanner

Keyboard → uke QWARTY ¼DokVhZ½ cksMAZ

• vkfo’dkjdÙkkZ ¼fdzLVksQj ykSFke lksYl½
• bl keyboard dks cukus dk mns”; rkRdkfyd le; dh Vkbfiax Speed dks de djuk FkkA
• ,d ekud / Standard Keyboard dqy dht 104@108 gksrh gSA
• Keyboard Computer System dk eq[;@ekud@Standard Input Device gSA
• Keyboard- CUI/CLI dk eq[; Standard Input Device gSA
CUI - Character User Interface
CLI - Command Line User Interface
Note →Mouse GUI dk eq[; Standard Input Device gSA
GUI - Graphical User Interface
Alphabet Keys & A-Z rd]→ dqy la[;k → 26 → dk;Z Fast ds fy,
Numeric Keys & 0-9 rd]→ dqy la[;k → 10 → dk;Z → xf.krh; ds fy,
Alpha-Numeric-Keys & 36 Keys → ,d U;wefs jd Key Pad esa dqy Key 17 gksrh gSA (0-9 rd + - / * %  .)
Function Keys & 12 Keys,
• ;s vyx&vyx Software esa vyx&vyx dk;Z djrh gSA
• ;s Shortcut Keys ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA
Exp - F5 Key - Refresh djus ds fy,
F5 Key - Power Point esa Slide Show 'kq: djus ds fy,
Combination keys
(Modifier keys) Alt → Shift →Ctrl
dk;Z → Shortcut Key ds :i esa mi;ksxhA vU; Keys ds lkFk feydj dk;Z djrh gSA
Lock Keys →
(1) Caps Lock keys- Capital latter fy[kus ds fy,A
(2) Num Lock keys& ;g Numeric Key Pad dks Lock djrk gSA
Note - Lock gksus ds ckn Numeric Keys Pad ,sjks Keys ds tSls dk;Z djrh gSA
(3) Scroll Lock Keys → Scroll bar dks jksdus ds fy,A
Note- bUgsa Toggle Key ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS A
Arrows key - ;s key dlZj dks Left,Right,Top & Bottom ykus ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA vFkkZr~ ;s dlZj dks Move djkrh gSA
vU; 'kCnksa esa Arrowy Key, Cursor dks of Navigate djrh gS] blfy,, Arrow Keys dks Navigation Keys dgrs gSaA
Home keys → dlZj dks ykbu dh 'kq#vkr esa ykrh gSA
End keys → dlZj dh ykbu ds vUr esa ys tkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
Page up keys → dlZj dks fiNys ist ij ys tkrh gSA
Page down keys → dlZj dks vxys ist ij ys tkrh gSA
Arrow Key + Home Key + End Key + Page up + Page Dash → Navigation Key dqy la[;k → 8

ESC key (Escape Key) → ;s dSUly ¼Cancel½ cVu ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA
• Full screen ls ckgj vkus ds fy, bldk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;g Windows 0.5 esa User dks Boot Section esa ys tkrh gSaA
TAB KEY- ;g çR;sd Software esa vyx&vyx dk;Z djrh gSA
Exp - M.S. Excel esa ,d Cell ls nwljh Cell esa tkus ds fy,A
M.S. Word esa dlZj dks ,d fuf'pr nwjh rd ys tkus ds fy,A M.S. Word (0.5") bap vkxs f[kldrk gSA
Space Key - nks nwljksa ds e/; txg NksMu+ s dk dk;Z djrh gSA

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Backspace Keys - ;s dlZj ds cka;h rjQ ds v{kj dks feVkVh gSA

Delete key -;g dlZj ds nka;h rjQ ¼Right Side½ fLFkr 'kCn dks feVkrh gSA
• ;s fdlh File/Folder dks select djus ds ckn Delete djrh gSA
• Delete gqvk File/ Folder] Recycle Bin esa igqap tkrk gSA tgka dsoy bls Restore/Delete dj ldrs gSaA
• File/Folder dh LFkk;h :i ls Delete djus ds fy, Shift + Delete Key dk Use djrs gSaA
Notes –lkekU; Delete djus ij Data] Computer dh Disk esa jgrk gSA (By Default c: drive)

Enter Key / Return Key → ;g ok cVu ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA

;s New Line/New Paragraph ls fy[kus esa enn djrh

PS/2 Port USB Universal Serial Bus (USB Port)

Keyboard/Mouse dks PS/2 Port vFkok Usb Port ls tksM+k tkrk gSA
Wireless Keyboard → ;s Keyboard Infra Red Light ij dk;Z djrs gSaA

Mouse
• vkfo"dkjdÙkkZ → Mxyl lh- batycVZ
• ekml dk fpUg rhj ds leku gksrk gS bls 'Pointer' dgrs gSaA
• ;g Pointer fdlh Icon/Graphics ij Point djds Data Input djrk gSA
• Mouse ,d Pointing Device gSA → Mouse dk fdlh Icon ij Point djuk click djuk dgykrk gSA
• ,d ckj Click djus ij Icon/Graphic Select gks tkrk gS o nks ckj tYnh&tYnh Click djus ij Open gks tkrk gSA
• Mouse tc fdlh Icon dks Click/Select djrk gS rks og Icon uhys o vklekuh jax ls <d tkrk gSA
• tc Mouse dk fpUg Text ds e/; gksrk gS] mls dlZj dgrs gSaA
• dlZj Text esa Blinking djrk gS] ;g 'I' vkbZ ds leku gksrk gSA
• dlZj Text esa Mouse dks Position dks crkrk gSA
• tc Text ds e/; dksbZ Hyperlink gksrk gS rks Mouse dk fpUg gkFk ds leku gks tkrk gSA
• tc Mouse dk dk fpUg M.S. office ds Format Painter ij gksrk gS rks ;g czq'k ds leku gksrk gSA

ekml ds rhu cVu gksrs gSa& Right Button

Left Button Scroll Wheel
Left Button -
→ ;g ok cVu ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA ;g fdlh Icon dks Select djrk gSA
→ ;g fdlh Icon dks Select/Open djrk gS] ;s Drag & Drop djrk gSA

Right Button – Select djus ds ckn fdlh Icon Folder dh Properties Show djrk gSA
Scroll Wheel – ;g Scroll Bar dks Top ↓Bottom, Bottom↑Top ys tkrk gSA

Mouse ds çdkj & 3

(A) Mechanical Mouse ¼;kaf=d ekml½ & buds vk/kkj esa o‚y yxh jgrh FkhA
(B) Optical Mouse ¼çek'kh; ekml½ & ;s ystj ykbV ij dk;Z djrs gSaA
(C) Cordless Mouse / Wireless Mouse – ;s Infrared Light ij dk;Z djrs gSaA

Drag Drop & bldh lgk;rk ls Mouse }kjk Cut, Copy, Paste fd;k tkrk gSA

Track Balls
• ;g Pointing Device gSA
• bldk mi;ksx MkW }kjk gkWfLiVy esa fd;k tkrk gSA

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• bldk mi;ksx Auto CAD – Computer Added Design esa fd;k tkrk gSA

Joy–Stick
• Video Game [ksyus esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;g Pointing Device gSA
• ;g dlZj dUVªksy fMokbl gSA

Scanner
• fdlh Photo/Graphics vFkok Text dks Scan djus ds fy, Scanner dk Use djrs gSaA
• Scan djus ds ckn og Text/Graphics Digital Format esa cny tkrk gSA ¼0]1 dh Hkk"kk esa ½
• Scan gq, Text/Graphics dks Image ds :i esa vFkok Pdf – (Portable Document Format½ ds :i Save djrs gSaA
• Scan djus ds fy, ¶yksjkslVsa cYc dk Use djrs gSaA

Touch Pad
• ;g ,d Printing Device gSA
• ;g Mouse ds leku dk;Z djrh gSA
• blesa dsoy Left & Right Button gksrs gSaA

Light Pen
• bldk mi;ksx Design cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Stylus
• Touch Screen ij dk;Z djus ds fy, Stylus dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

Mic/Microphone
• vkokt dks Record djus Audio Recording ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Webcam/Digital Camera

• Webcam dk mi;ksx Video Call ij ckr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

BCR – Bar code Reader/Recognition

• ;g dkyh&lQsn ykbuksa dk cuk gksrk gSA+
• blesa de ls de 12 ykbusa gksrh gSA
• blesa Product dh lEiw.kZ tkudkjh jgrh gSA
• ;g pqEcdh; ls L;kgh ugha fy[kk gksrk gSA

OMR – Optical Mark Reader (Recognition)

• ;g isu ;k isfly esa xgjs fd, gq, [kkuksa dks i<+us dk dke djrk gSA

OCR – Optical Character Recognition (Reader)

• ;g Device e'khu@gLrfyf[kr v{kjksa dks i<+us dk dk;Z djrk gSA
• ;g v{kjksa dks i<+dj ASCII code & American Standard Code For Information Interchange Eksa cnyrk gS
• ASCII code igys 7 fcV dk gksrk Fkk orZeku 8 fcV dk gksrk gSA

Note & orZeku ds lHkh Computer ASCII Code ASCII esa dk;Z djrs gSaA

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COMPUTER 13 By Anoop Sir

• Imp MICR – Magnetic Ink Character Reader / Recognition

• ;g pqEcdh; L;kgh ls fy[ks gq, 'kCnksa dks i<+rk gSA
• bldk lokZf/kd mi;ksx cSadksa esa gksrk gSA
• cSadksa esa ;g psd Process djrk gSA
• psd ij fy[ks gq, psd uEcj o MICR Number dks Read djrk gSA (;s nksuks pqEcdh; L;kgh esa fy[ks gksrs gSa)

Check no → 6 Digit / Number

MICR no → 9 Digit / Number
 MICR ls xyrh gksus dh lEHkkouk 'kwU; gksrh gSA
SRS – Speech Recognition System
• blds ek/;e ls Computer System esa cksydj Data Input fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;s Voice dks Text esa Change dj nsrk gSA

FRS – Face / Finger Recognition System

• blds ek/;e ls psgjs ;k gkFkksa dh igpku djds Data Input fy;k tkrk gSA
• bldk Use lqj{kk ds mís'; ls fd;k tkrk gSA

Output Device

• os midj.k tks Process gq, Data dks User rd igqapkrs gSa Output Device dgykrs gSaA
• ;s User rd User dh Hkk"kk esa lwpuk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA

Output Device eq[;r% nks çdkj ds gksrs gSa&

1. Soft Copy Output Device

2. Hard Copy Output Device
Output Device

Soft Copy Output Device Hard Copy Output Device

ekWuhVj Lihdj izkstsDVj Speech Synthesizers fizaVj IykWVj

¼ok.kh la'ys"kd½

Soft Copy Output – og Output tks Computer System can gksus ds ckn mifLFkr ugha jgrkA
Exp. – Monitor ij fn[kus okyk output-

Hard Copy Output – og Output tks Computer System can gksus ds ckn Hkh mifLFkr jgrk gS Hard Copy Output
dgykrk gSA
Exp – Printer ls fudyk gqvk Print

Monitor
• VDU – Visual Display Unit
• VDT – Video Display Terminal

Pixel – pkSdksj [kkuksa ls feydj cuh vk—fr

Dot(.) vk—fr dk lcls NksVk :i

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COMPUTER 14 By Anoop Sir

• e‚uhVj dk vkdkj Mk;Xu‚yh ekik tkrk gSA

Mk;Xu‚yh

• ekWuhVj ij vkd`fr fiDly ds ek/;e ls curh gSA

fiDly & pkSdksj [kkuksa ls feydj cuh vkd`fr fiDly dgykrh gSA

• fiDly vk—fr dk lcls NksVk Hkkx gksrk gSA

• fiDly dks dot(.) ds :i esa çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
• ,d vk—fr esa ftrus T;knk fiDly gksxs mldh xq.koÙkk mruh gh vPNh gksrh gSA

e‚uhVj dh xq.koÙkk crkus okys dkjd

Dot-Pitch
• nks fiDlyksa ds e/; dh bjh & Pitch
• nks fiDlyksa ds e/; ftruh de nwjh gksxh xq.koÙkk mruh gh vPNh gksrh gSA

Resolution
• ,d bdkbZ {ks= esa vf/kdre fiDlyksa dh la[;k Resolution dgykrh gSA
• ftrus vf/kd Pixel gksxas Resolution mruk gh vPNk gksxkA

Note
• Moniter dh xq.koÙkk PPI & Pixel Per Inch esa ekirs gSaA
• PPI Resolution dks Hkh çnf'kZr djrk gSA

Refresh Rate – Pixels dk ckjEckj pedrk o fuf’Ø; gksuk Refresh Rate dgykrk gSA

Monitor

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) FPD (Flate Panel Display)

bls tsjkWDl daiuh us cuk;k Fkk

LCD GPD ECD

¼fyfDoM fØLVy fMLiys½ ¼xSl IykTek fMLiys½ ¼bysDVªks Y;qesfuV lsVa fMLiys½
Speaker
• vkokt ds :i esa Output çkIr djus ds fy,A
• Speaker ds fy, Computer System esa Sound Card gksuk pkfg,A

Projector
• ,d lewg ds :i esa yksxksa dks Output fn[kkus ds fy, Projector dk Use djrs gSaA

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COMPUTER 15 By Anoop Sir

Speech Synthesizers (ok.kh la”ys’kd)

• ;g Text dks vkokt esa cnyrk gSA

Printer
Printer

Impact printer Non Impact Printer

MkWV esfVªDl Msth Oghy badtsV fizaVj FkeZy fizaVj ystj fizaVj
(Page Printer)

Mªe fizaVj pSu fizaVj

dSjDs Vj fizaVj ykbu fizaVj

1. Impact Printer
• ;g Printers vkokt djrs gq, fçaV djrs gSaA
• ;s fçaVj dSjDs Vj] fjcu o dkxt ij ,d lkFk pksV djds fçaV djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA
• bu fçaVjksa dh xfr o xq.koÙkk Non Impact Printers ls de gksrh gSA

Dot Matrix Printers

• ;g Printer, Print djus ds fy, Print Head dk Use djrs gSaA
• bu Printers dh xfr o xq.kork vPNh ugha gksrh gSA ;s Printer 80/132 Column esa miyC/k gSA
• ;s ,d Mono Printer gSaA
Note & os Printer tks dsoy ,d gh jax esa Print djrs gSa] Mono Printer dgykrs gSaA

• bu fçaVjksa ds }kjk fp= o xzkQ fçaV ugha fd, tk ldrs gSaA

• bu fçaVja ksa dh xq.koÙkk dks DPI (Dot Per Inch) esa ekik tkrk gSA
• bu fçaVjksa dh Speed dks CPM (Character Per Minute) esa ekirs gSaA

bu Printer ds nks eq[; Hkkx gS&

¼1½ Mªe fizaVj ¼2½ pSu fizaVj

• bu nksuksa fçaVj dh fçaV djus dh {kerk T;knk gS] D;ksfa d bu fçaVjksa dks de le; esa T;knk Data Print djus ds
fy, cuk;k x;kA
• Mªe fizaVj → djSDVj fizaVj
• pSu fizaVj → ykbu fizaVj

(b) Msth Oghy fizaVj & bl fçaVj esa ,d fçaV gSM ds LFkku ij ,d Oghy yxk gksrk gSA
• bl Oghy ds ckgjh rjQ v{kj Nis jgrs gSaA tSls&tSls ;s Oghy ?kwerk gS] ;s fizafVax dk dk;Z djrk gSA
• ;g ,d eksuks fçaVj gSA
• bl fçaVs ls fp=@xzkQ fçaV ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
• bl Printer dh xq.koÙkk dks DPIC Dots Per Inch esa ekirs gSaA
• bldh LihM dks CPM esa ekik tkrk gSA

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COMPUTER 16 By Anoop Sir

2- Non-Impact Printer → ;s fizaVj Å"ek] fo|qr o ystj ykbV dh lgk;rk ls fçaV djus dk dk;Z djrs gSaA
• ;g fçaVj] fçaV djrs le; vkokt ugha djrs gSaA
• bu fçaVjksa dh xfr o xq.koÙkk vPNh gksrh gSaA
• ;s fçaVj orZeku esa lokZf/kd mi;ksxh gSaA

¼A½ FkeZy fçaVj → ;s Å"ek ds ek/;e ls fçaV djrs gSaA

• blesa Fkeksd
Z ‚fed dkxt dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• bu fçaVjks Mkl ls fçaV fd;k x;k MsVk /khjs&/khjs u"V gh gks tkrk gSA
• budh xfr o xq.koÙkk vPNh gksrh gSA
•
(B) Inkjet/Jet Printer → ;g fizaVj Lizs djrs gq, vFkok NksVh&NksVh cwanksa ds :i esa fizaV djrk gSA

• ;g Lizs\fizaV djus ds fy, ukstYl dk mi;ksx djrk gSA

• ;s L;kgh ds fy, dkfVZt (Ink-Drum) dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
• bl fizaVj ds }kjk fp= o xzkQ fizaV fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
• ;g fizaV djus ds fy, fo|qr dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
• bldh xq.koÙkk dks DPI (MkWV ij bap) esa ekih tkrh gSA
• badtsV fizaVj dyj o eksuks fizaVj nksuksa gks ldrs gSaA

(C) ystj fizaVj

• bls Desktop Printer/Page Printer Hkh dgrs gSaA

• ;g ystj ykbV dh lgk;rk ls fizaV djrk gSA
• ;g ,d feuV esa vf/kdre 50 ist fizaV dj ldrk gSA
• blesa L;kgh dk lw[kk ikmMj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] ftls Vksuj dgrs gSaA
• bldk lokZf/kd mi;ksx ?kj o NksVs vkWfQlksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
• ;g fizaVj Photography Machine ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA
• bl fizaVj dh Speed dks RPM-Page per minute esa ekirs gSaA

Plotter (IykWVj)

• bl dk mi;ksx dkxtksa dks fizaV djus ds fy, djrs gSaA

• ;g Hkh ,d izdkj dk fizaVj gksrk gSA
• bldk Resolution lcls T;knk gksrk gSA
• vf/kdka”kr% bldk mi;ksx baftfu;j] MkWDVj] oSKkfud] okLrqfon bR;kfn yksx djrs gSaA
• ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS &
(1) Drum Pen Plotter
(2) Flat Bed Plotter

(1) Drum Pen Plotter & bl Plotter esa dkxt Clock Wise & Anti Clock Move gksrs gq, Print gksrk gSA
(2) Flat Bet Plotter &blesa dkxt Move ugha gksrk gSA
os Device tks Input & Output nksuksa dk dke djrh gS&
(1) Fax Machine
(2) Headphone
(3) MFD & Multifunctional Device

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COMPUTER 17 By Anoop Sir

Exp – Scanner + Printer

Camera + Printer
Headphone → Speeker + Mic
(4) Modem → eksMse Signals dks Change djrk gSA
blds nks Hkkx gS&
(i) Modulalation → Digital Signal → Analog Signal
(ii) Demodulation → Analog Signal → Digital Signal

Memory

• og electronic LFkku tgka Data dks LFkkbZ vFkok vLFkkbZ :i ls LVksj fd;k tkrk gS] Memory dgykrh gSA
• Computer dh Memory dh Size fuf'pr gksrh gSA
• Computer dh Memory esa çR;sd Data 0]1 dh Hkk"kk esa Store fd;k tkrk gSA
• Memory esa 0]1 dks Bit dgk tkrk gSA
• Bit→ Binary Digit ls feydj cuk gSA
• Bit Computer] Memory dh lcls NksVh bdkbZ gksrh gSA
• Bit dk vkdkj cgqr NksVk gksus ds dkj.k bldk mi;ksx Memory ekiu esa ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Note & Memory ds vkdkj dh Bytes esa ekik tkrk gSA

Memory ekiu dh bdkbZ;ka

• 4 bit → 1 Nibbal ¼fuCcy½

• 8 bit → 1 byte
• 1024 byte → 1 Kilobyte (KB) - 210 byte
• 1024 KB → 1 Megabyte (MB) - 220 byte
• 1024 MB → 1 Gigabyte (GB) - 230 byte
• 1024 GB → 1 Tera byte (TB) - 240 byte
• 1024 TB → 1 Peta byte (PB) - 250 byte
• 1024 pb → 1 Exa byte (EB) - 260 byte
• 1024 EB → 1 Zotta byłe (ZB) - 270 byte
• 1024 ZB → 1 Yotta byte (YB) - 280 byte
• 1024 YB → 1 Boronto byte (BB) - 290 byte
• 1024 BB → 1 Geop byte (GCB/G1B) - 2100 bytes

Types of Memory
Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

(vkarfjd eSeksjh) (ckg~; eSeksjh)
(izkFkfed eSeksjh) (f}rh;d eSeksjh)

(1) izkFkfed eSeksjh

(1) Register Memory
(2) Cache Memory
(3) Ram Memory
(4) Rom Memory

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COMPUTER 18 By Anoop Sir

(2) f}rh;d eSeksjh

Secondary Memory

Magentic Magnetic Optical

Tape Disk Disk

• Magnetic Disk Hard Disk

dk
• Optical Disk CD
OVD
BRD
Ckkg~; f}rh;d eSeksjh → Pen Drive, Memory Card & Cloud Stroge.

eSeksjh dk inkuqdze

lcls rst Speed gksrh gSA Register

;g lcls de Data Store djrh gSA

Cache Memory

RAM/ROM

lcls de Speed Secondry Memory lcls T;knk Data Store

(i) Register → ;s bits esa MkVk LVksj djrh gSA

Exp. 32 bit, 64 bit, 128 bit
• ;s CPU ds lkFk yxh jgrh gSA
• ;s lcls Fast gS o lcls de Data LVksj djrh gSaA
• bldk mi;ksx Data Processing ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA

(ii) Cache Memory & flfydkWu o tesfZ u;e dh cuh gksrh gSA
• ;g Motherboard ij yxh jgrh gSA

RAM Cache Memory CPU

rkyesy cSBkrh gS

Primary Processor
Cache memory
memory

• Cache memory, RAM o CPU ds e/;xfr dk rkyesy LFkkfir djrh gSA

• ;g CPU }kjk ckj&ckj Process fd, tkus okys Data dks vius ikl j[krh gS blfy, ;s vLFkkbZ/Volatile Memory
gSA
• Cache Memory dks CPU dh Memory dgrs gSaA
• ;g y‚dYVh v‚Q jsQjsUl ds fl)kar ij dk;Z djrh gSA

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COMPUTER 19 By Anoop Sir

(iii) RAM & Random Access Memory

• ;g flfyd‚u o tesfZ u;e dh cuh gksrh gSA
• ;g Motherboard ij yxh jgrh gSA
• ;g lEiw.kZ Computer System esa Data dks Hkstus ds fy, mÙkjnk;h gksrh gS] blfy, bls Data lalk/ku dh çeq[k
bdkbZ dgrs gSA
• RAM dks CPU dk bartkj d{k Hkh dgrs gSaA
• RAM dk vkdkj & 2GB, 4GB, 6GB, 8GB
• ;s ,d vLFkk;h/Volatile Memory gSA
• ;fn Computer System dks fo|qr Supply can dj fn;k tk, rks RAM esa mifLFkr Data Lor% gh feV tkrk gSA

RAM ds izdkj &

D&RAM S&RAM
(Mk;uSfed jSUMe ,Dlsl eSeksjh) (LVªsfVd jSUMe ,Dlsl eSeksjh)

• bls Refresh djuk gksrk gSA • bls u ds cjkcj Refresh djuk gksrk gSA
• bldh dher o Speed S-RAM ls de gksrh gSA • bldh Speed D-RAM ls T;knk gksrh gS gSA
• ;g VªkaftLVj o d‚ih lhVlZ gksrs gSaA • blesa Flip-Flop gksrs gSA
• bls Cache Memory ekuk tkrk gSA

D-RAM
↓
S-RAM
flaØksul Mk;uSfed jSUMe ,Dlsl eSeksjh
→DDR – 1 DDD→ Double Data Rate
→DDR – 2
→DDR – 3
→DDR – 4

(iv) ROM Read only memory

• ROM dks Random ¼vØfed½ rjhds ls Access fd;k tk ldrk gSA

• ROM dk mi;ksx dSejk] o‚f'kax e'khu] eksckby] dEI;wVj bR;kfn txg fd;k tkrk gSA
• ROM & flfydu o tesfZ u;e dh cuh gksrh gSA
• ;g Motherboard ij yxh jgrh gSA
• ;g Data dks LFkk;h :i ls Store djrh gS vFkkZr~ ;g ,d Non&Volatile ¼LFkk;h½ Memony gSA
• ;fn Computer System dks fo|qr supply can dj nh tk, rks ROM esa mifLFkr Data feVrk ugha gSA
• ROM ij tks Program fy[ks tkrs gSa cuZ fd, tkrs gSa Firmware dgykrs gSaA

Firmware ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSa →BIOS → Basic Input Output System
→POST → Power on Self-Test
• Booting file, ROM ds BIOS Hkkx esa jgrh gSA
• Booting nks çdkj dh gksrh gS &
(a) Cold Booting → fo|qr Supply pkyw djus ds ckn dEI;wVj dks igyh ckj Start djukA
(b) Warm Booting → Computer dks Restart djuk] Warm Booting dgykrh gSA

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COMPUTER 20 By Anoop Sir
ROM ds çdkj ROM ds 3 çdkj gksrs gSa&

¼1½ P-ROM→ Programmable Read Only Memory

• bls dsoy ],d ckj cuZ dj ldrs gSa] Format ugha dj ldrs gSaA
¼2½ E-PROM→ Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• bls ,d ckj UV fdj.kksa ¼Ultra Violet½ ds ek/;e ls Format dj ldrs gSa bls UV ROM dgrs gSaA
¼3½ EEP-ROM → Electrically Erasable Programmble Read Only Memory
• bls vf/kd ckj Format dj ldrs gSaA
Note- Read→ Read
Write ¼djuk½ → Burn ¼djuk½
Delete ¼djuk½ → format ¼djuk½

Secondary Memory
• bUgsa Storage Device dgrs gaS ;s Data dk LFkk;h HkaMkj.k djrh gSaA
• (i) Magnetic Tape →
• ;s i‚fyLVj dk cuk gksrk gS] bl ij Irone Oxide dk ysi jgrk gSA
• ;g Data dks Økfed :i ls Access djrk gSA
• bldh pkSM+kbZ ½ bap/¼ bap gksrh gSA
½ dks çkFkfedrk
• bldh yEckbZ 2400&3600 QhV gksrh gSA
• Magnetic Tape esa MkVk VªSd esa LVksj fd;k tkrk gSA
• lkekU;r% ,d VªSd esa esa 7 VªSd gksrs gSaA
• Read Head/ Write Head ls Read Head/ Write Head rd igqapus esa yxus okyk le; Seek Time dgrs gSaA
• Magnetic Tape dks Speed of Bits Per Second esa ekik tkrk gSA
• Data ds Storage vuqlkj Memory dk inkuqØe→jftLVj→dS'k→RAM→eSXusfVd Vsi→Hard Disk→¼vkjksgh Øe½
Speed ds vuqlkj lcls Slow→Magnetic Tap lcls Fast→Hard Disk

(ii) Hard Disk→

• ;g Data dks vØfed :i ls Access store djrh gSaA
• ;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSaA vkarfjd
ckg~;
• Hard Disk lcls T;knk Data Store djrh gSA
• Hard Disk esa dBksj /kkrq ls cus IysVlZ gksrs gSaA
• bu IySVlZ dks Track & Sector esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSaA
Note→ IySVlZ dks Track & Sector esa foHkkftr djuk Formatting dgykrk gSSaA
• IySVlZ esa xksyh; vkd`fr Track dgykrh gSaA
• Track dks Sector esa ckaVk tkrk gSaA
• ,d Veg vkdkj dk VqdM+k Sector dgykrk gSA
• ,d Track esa 8 Sector gksrs gSaA
• 15 Track dk lewg 1 flys.Mj dgykrk gSA
Note- Track sector = dyLVj dgrs gSaA
• lcls izFke Track/vkUrfjd Track = n-1
• lcls vafre Track/ ckg~; Track = Zero (0)
• IySVlZ esa ?kqeus dh xfr 3600-7200 RPM gksrh gSaA
↓
Revolution Per Minute

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COMPUTER 21 By Anoop Sir

¼iii½ Floppy Disk→ ¼¶y‚ih fMLd½

• bldh lajpuk Hard Disk ds leku gksrh gS vFkkZr~ blesa VªSd o lsDVj gksrs gSaA
• ¶y‚ih fMLd dk vkdkj 3-5**¼bap½] 5-25**¼bap½ o 8**¼bap½ gksrk gSA
• blesa Data 1.44 MB ls 4 GB rd vf/kdre LVksj fd;k tk ldrk gSA
¼iv½ Optical Disk→
• Optical Disk dks ystj ykbV ds ek/;e ls Read / Burm / Format fd;k tkrk gSA
• Optical Disk] LikbZjy gksrh gSA
• Optical Disk esa Data Digital Format esa Store fd;k tkrk gSaA
• ;gka 0& ys.Ml]
1& fiV dgk tkrk gSA
• Optical Disk dks Read / Burn/ Format djus ds fy, Disk- Drive esa j[kk tkrk gSSA

Optical Disk rhu izdkj dh gksrh gS&

CD - Compact Disk DVD - Digital Video / Versatile Disk BRD - Blue Ray Disk
Data Storage Data Storage Data Storage
700 MB - 1 GB 4.7 GB - 16 GB 25 GB - 50 GB
Size - 4.7"/120 mm 4.7"/120 mm 4.7"/120 mm
;s Single Layer gksrh gSA ;s Double Layer gksrh gSaA ;s Double Layer gksrh gSaA

CD ds izdkj DVD ds izdkj RBD ds izdkj

CD-ROM → Compact Disk- Read Only DVD-ROM → bls Burn & Format ugha RBD-ROM → bls Burn & Format ugha
Memory, bls Burn & Format ugha dj dj ldrs gSaA dj ldrs gSaA
ldrsA
DVD-R → RBD-R →
CD-R → Recordable bls dsoy ,d ckj Burn dj ldrs gSaA bls dsoy ,d ckj Burn dj ldrs gSaA
bls dsoy ,d ckj Burn dj ldrs gSaA Format ughaA Format ughaA
Format ughaA
DVD-RW → bls ,d ls vf/kd ckj Burn RBD-RW → bls ,d ls vf/kd ckj Burn
CD-RW → Rewritable bls ,d ls vf/kd & Format dj ldrs gSaA & Format dj ldrs gSaA
ckj Burn & Format dj ldrs gSaA

¼v½ Pen Drive →

• bls Intelligent Stick ¼bUVsyhtsUV fLVd½ dgrs gSaA
• bls ¶yS'k Memory Hkh dgrs gSaA
• bldk mi;ksx ,d Computer ls nwljs Computer esa Data Transfer djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
• bldk Use Backup ysus ds fy, djrs gSaA
¼vi½ Memory Card →
• bls SD-Card ¼flD;ksj fMftVy dkMZ½ dgrs gSaA
• bldk Use Backup ysus / Recording Store] Data Store djus Mobile Camera esa mi;ksx gksrk gSA

¼vii½ Cloud Storage →

• Internet ds ek/;e ls fdlh vU; Computer ij Data Store djds j[kuk Cloud Storage dgykrk gSA
Ex- Google Drive, Azure
Virtual Memory
• tc mi;ksxdrkZ }kjk pykbZ xbZ Application dk vkdkj RAM ls T;knk gks tkrk gS] ml le; Window Operating System
Vitual Memory dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA
• Virtual Memory dk vkdkj ges'kk RAM ls de gksxkA

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COMPUTER 22 By Anoop Sir

Software
ifjHkk"kk→ çksxzkeksa dk lewg Software dgykrk gSA
Software eq[;r% 3 çdkj ds gksrs gSa&
¼i) System Software
¼ii½ Application Software
¼iii) Utility Softwere

¼i) System Software→ os Software tks Hardware dks Manage/Control djrs gSa rFkk vU; Software ds
fy, Platform çnku djrs gSa] System Software dgykrs gSaA exp& vksijsfVax flLVe] VªkalysVj

¼ii½ Application Software→ oks Software tks ,d fo'ks"k mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSa vFkok ekuo dh futh
vko';drk dks /;ku dks j[kdj cuk, tkrs gSaA

exp- M.S. Office (Word, Excel, Power Point), Page Make, Whatsapp, Facebook, Instagram, Social Site etc.

¼iii½ Utility Software→ ;s System Software dh enn ds fy, cuk, tkrs gSSaA
• bUgsa Service Programme Hkh dgrs gSaA
• ;s System Software dk gh fgLlk gksrs gSaA
exp- Antivirus, Disk–cleanup, Scan disk, defragmenter etc.

Operating System

• ;g Computer System dk lcls egRoiw.kZ Software gksrk gSaA

• Computer System esa lHkh dk;ksaZ ds fy, Opreating System ftEesnkj gksrk gS A
• bls Computer Cystem vkRek dgrs gSaA

परिभाषा → og Software tks User o Hardware ds e/; chp dh dM+h (User Interface) dk dke djrk gS Operating
System dgykrk gSA
• ;g Computer Hardware dks lapkfyr djrk gSA
• CUI→ Character User Interface.
• CLI→ Command Line Interface
• CUI esa fp= o xzkQ ugha cuk, tk ldrs gSaA
• CUI dk eq[; Input Device – Keyboard jgsxkA
Ex- M.S Dos
GUI - Graphical User Interface
 blesa fp= o xzkQ cuk, tk ldrs gSaA
 bldk eq[; Input Device – Mouse
exp- Windows Android etc

Operating system dk;Z

• ;s User Interface djrk gSA

• ;s Memory dk Management djrk gSA
• Input-Output Device dk Management djrk gSA
• CPU dk Management djrk gSA
• Process dks Schedule djrk gS
 Process dks Allocate djrk gSa o Reallocate djrk gS vFkkZr~ dkSulh Process 'kq: gksxh dkSulh Terminate gksxhA
• Error dh fjiksVZ User dks nsrk gSA
• ;s System dh lqj{kk djrk gSA ¼Password½

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COMPUTER 23 By Anoop Sir

• File-Management djrk gSA

• Application Software dks Platform çnku djrk gSA
Operating System ds çdkj
(i) Batch operating System- ,d lewg ds :i esa fØ;kfUor dh tkus okyh fØ;k B.O.S. dgykrh gSA
• ;g ,d leku Programme dks ,d lkFk execute fu"ikfnr djrk FkkA
• ;gka fu"ikfnr gksus okys Programme dks t‚c dgrs FksA
çeq[k dfe;ka
• çR;sd Process djus ds Waiting Time Error T;knk FkkA
• Error vkus ij Operating System dk;Z djuk can dj nsrk FkkA
¼ii½ Time-Sharing Operating System
(Multi Tasking Operating System½
• ;g Operating System, Computer System esa izR;sd Process dks le; nsrk gSA
• ,d ls vf/kd Process dks ,d lkFk Execute dj ldrk gSA
• ;g Error vkus ij dk;Z djuk can ugha djrk gSA
¼iii½ Multiprocessing Operating System
• ;fn fdlh System ,d ls vf/kd Processor yxs gks rks mudks lapkfyr djus okyk Operating System, Multi- Processing
dgykrk gSA
¼iv½ RTDS Real Time Operating System
;g nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA
(i) Left RTDS Line Show ns[kus ds fy,A
(ii) Hard RTDS jkWdsV ykafpx esa bldk Use fd;k tkrk gSA
Exe - Windows, Android, Linux etc.
• ;s Operating System fuf'pr le;&lhek esa viuk dk;Z djrs gSaA
(v) Multi Programming Operating System →
• og Operating System tks ,d ckj esa ,d ls vf/kd Programme dks Execute djds] MPOS dgykrk gSA
(vi) Single Tasking Operating System →
• og Operating System tks ,d ckj esa dsoy ,d gh Programme dks Execute dj ldrk gS] STOS dgykrk gSA
exe - Palm Operating System
(Vii) Distributed Operating System →
• bldk Use Network ds fy, djrs gSaA

izeq[k Operating System

1. Windows 4. I-Mac
2. Linux 5. Boss
3. Unix 6. Ms-Dos

izeq[k Mobile Operating System

1. Android 4. flfEc;u
2. Blackberry 5. Nothing
3. IOS

Operating System
1. MS-Dos - Microsoft Disk Operating System
• IBM us igyh ckj 1981 esa Micro Computer fodflr fd,A
• Microsoft Company ys IBM PC ds fy, DOS Operating System cuk;kA
• ;g CUI FkkA
• bl Operating System esa fp= o xzkQ ugha cuk, tk ldrs FksA
• ;s Single User FkkA

2. Windows Operating System-

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COMPUTER 24 By Anoop Sir

• Wide Interactive Network Development For Office Work Solution

• ;g Operating System Microsoft Company dk gSA
• Microsoft Company dh LFkkiuk 1973 esa gqbZA
 eq[;ky; jsMe.M (okf'kaxVu D-C½ USA
Microsoft Company dk eq[;ky; ¼Hkkjr es½a → gSnjkckn
• Microsoft ds laLFkkid→fcy xsV~l
Microsoft ds lglaLFkkid orZeku CEO ikWy ,yu
orZeku CEO→ lR; uMsyk
• Microsoft Company, System Software & Application Software cukrh gSA
• Microsoft Company dk Browser bUVjusV ,DlIyksyj ¼orZeku esa can dj fn;k½ Microsoft Edge ¼,st½
Window 10 ls çHkkoh
• Microsoft dk Cloud Stroage- → Azure fo'o esa xwxy ds ckn nwljk LFkku
• Microsoft dk Search Engine→Bing

Windows Operating System ds çeq[k otZu

• Microsoft dk izFke Operating System 1.01 ;s 1985 esa tkjh fd;k x;kA
bls Interface Manager ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
• Microsoft's Second Operating Systems→ 2.0(1987)
• Microsoft dks vius Operating System dk uke 'Windows' j[kus dk lq>ko rRdkyhu ekdsZfVax gSM jkyS.M&gSUlu us fn;k FkkA
Windows ds Version-
• Windows95 → 1995
• Windows 98 → 1998
• Windows ME→ 2000 ME- Millenium- Edition
• Windows NT→ 2000 NT- New Technology
• Windows XP →2001 XP Experience
• Windows Vista → 2006
• Windows 7 → 2009
• Windows 8/8.1→ 2012
• Windows 10 → 2015
• Windows11 (NT) → Oct, 2021
• Windows-8 dks Touch Screen ds mís'; ls cuk;k
• Windows 8/8.1 - esa Start Button ugha gksrk gSA
• blds lHkh Programme Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA
• ;g Operating System dqN feuV ds ctk; lSd.Ml esa 'kq: gks tkrk gSA

Windows -10 -
• bldk Default Brower- Microsoft Edge gSA
• blesa Start Button gksrk gS ,oa lHkh Programme Screen ij fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA

Note: Windows 10 dk Beta Edition-2014 esa vk;kA Windows-10 esa Cortana tksM+k x;kA
• Cortana blds ek/;e ls cksydj Data, Input fd;k tkrk gSA
• Windows-10 esa Center Notification tksM+k x;kA

Windows -11 -
• Windows 11 otZu eksckby dh Hkkafr Play Store dks support djrk gS vFkkZr~ Android ds tSls Play Store ls dksbZ Hkh app
Download djds mls pyk;k tk ldrk gSA
• bldh Security dks c<+k;k x;k gSA

3. Linux Operating System-

• bldk vkfo"dkj & csusfMDV VksjosYMl ¼1991½ us fd;kA
• ;s Open Source Operating System gSA
• bl Operating System esa dHkh Virus ugha vk ldrkA

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COMPUTER 25 By Anoop Sir

• vf/kdka'kr% bldk mi;ksx Super Computer esa fd;k tkrk gSa

• Linux dk ewy vk/kkj Unix gSA
• Linux Operating System Multiuser & Multitasking, Multi Programming, GUI & CUI dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA

4. Unix Operating System-

• bls 1970 esa dsu FkkWEilu o Msful fjph }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
• ;g 'C' Hkk"kk esa fy[kk x;k gSA
• ;s CUI gSA

5. BOSS- Bharat Operating System Solution

• bls C-DAC laLFkk }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA
• ;s Open-Source gSA
• Boss dk uohure otZu& 9-0 ¼ÅtkZ½ gSA ¼Qjojh] 2021½

6. I-Mac/ IOS-
• ;s Apple Company dk gSA
• 1986 esa LFkkfir gqvkA
• ;g Ms'kcksMZ fotkMZ ij vk/kkfjr gSA

7. Android-
• ;s Google Company dk gSA
• ;s ,d Mobile Operating System gSA
• Google Company ds CEO→ lqUnj fipbZ
• Android dk uohure otZu → 12 gSA (Android-12)

Microsoft Office
M.S. Office
• M.S. Office - Microsoft Company dk Software gSA
• M.S. Office dks Office-365 / Office-Suit Hkh dgrs gSaA
• M.S. Office esa M.S. Word, M.S. Excel, M.S. Power Point, M.S. Access. M.S. One note, M.S. Publisher, M.S.
Outlook (E-mail ds fy,), M.S. Grove Software 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSaA
• M.S. Office ds Version → 95, 97, 2000, 2003, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016, 2019, 2021

M.S. Word & M.S. Excel & M.S. Power Point ds Extension →
• File ds Type dh igpku Extension ds ek/;e ls dh tkrh gSA
• ls File ds uke ds ihNs yxk;k tkrk gSA
• ;s (.) MkWV ls 'kq: gksrk gS tSls&
.Doc, .Img, .Jpeg, .avi. mp3, .pdf.

Years M.S. Word M.S. Excel M.S. Power Point

95
97 .doc .xls .ppt
2000
2003

2007
2010
2013 .docx .xlsx .pptx
2016
2019
2021
uohure
M.S. Word
• bldk mi;ksx Document cukus ds fy, djrs gSaA

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COMPUTER 26 By Anoop Sir

• Word dk dk;Z {ks=& Page dgykrk gSA

Note- ,d Page ;k ,d ls vf/kd Page feydj ,d Document cukrs gSaA
• M.S. Word dh File dks Document dgrs gSaA

M.S. Excel
• bldk mi;ksx Data Entry ;k Data ij x.kuk djus ds fy, djrs gSaA
• dk;Z {ks=& Worksheet/Sheet gksrk gSA
• Worksheet/Sheet, Cells dk lewg gksrh gSA
• Row rFkk Column feydj Cell cukrs gSaA
• ,d Sheet / ,d ls vf/kd Sheet feydj 1 Workbook/Book cukrh gSA
• M.S. Excel dh File dks Workbook/Book dgrs gSaA

M.S. Power Point

• bldk mi;ksx Presentation cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
• Powerpoint dk dk;Z {ks= Slide gksrk gSA
• ,d Slide/ ,d ls vf/kd Slide feydj ,d Presentation cukrh gSA
• Powerpoint dh File dks Presentation dgrs gSaA
• By default & igys ls gh

M.S Word / Excel / Powerpoint dh files ds By-default uke→

 M.S. Word → Document - I
 M.S. Excel → Book - I
 M.S. Powerpoint → Presentation - I
• File Name ges'kk Title-Bar ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
# Zoom Slider
M.S. Word
10% 100% 500%
(Minimum) (By Default) ¼Maximum½

M.S. Excel
10% 100% 400%
(Minimum) (By Default) ¼Maximum½

M.S. Powerpoint
10% 400%
(Minimum) 69%72%82%100% ¼Maximum½
By Default
• Zoom Slider - Status Bar / View Tab esa gksrk gSA

M.S. office dks 'kq: djuk

• Word - Winword/Winword.exe  = word open gksxkA

• Excel - Excel/Excel.exe  = Excel open gksxkA

• Powerpoint - Power PNT / Power PNT. exe  = Powerpoint Open gksxkA

(Window Key) + R= →Run Command

Dialog Box

1. Title bar - ;g Window esa lcls Top ij gksrh gSA

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COMPUTER 27 By Anoop Sir

• ;g uhys @ vklekuh jax esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSaA

• Title bar ds nka;h rjQ (Right Side) 3 cVu gksrs gSa&
(i) Close Button (X) & ;g Window dks can djus ds dke vkrk gS vFkok Exit djus ds dke vkrk gSA
•short cut key & Alt + F gksrh gSA
(ii) Maximize (Restore Button) ( ) ;g window dks Auto- Fit djus ds dke vkrk gSA
(iii) Minimize button ¼&½ & ;g Window dks Shrink ¼fldqM+k dj@NksVk djds½ djds Taskbar esa ysdj
vkrk gSA
• File Name, Title Bar ds e/; esa fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
2 Quick- Access Tool-bar-
• Title bar ds cka;h rjQ Quick Access Tool bar gksrh gSA
• blesa By default rhu cVu gksrs gSaA
(i) Save Button - ;g fdlh File dks Save djus ds dke esa fy;k tkrk gSA
•Shortcut Key & Ctrl + S
(ii) Undo Button- orZeku esa fd, x, dk;Z dks fujLr djus ds fy, Undo dk Use djrs gSaA
•Shortcut key & Ctrl + Z
(iii) Redo- orZeku esa fujLr fd, x, dk;Z dks iqu% izkIr djus ds fy, Redo dk Use djrs gSaA
•Shortcut key & Ctrl +Y

3 Tab Bar-
• Title bar ds uhps Tab-bar mifLFkr gksrh gSA

2010-2013 esa Tab-8 2016&2021 esa Tab-9

→ File → File
→ Home →Home
→ Insert →Insert
→ Page Layout →Design
→ Reference →Layout
→ Mailings →Reference
→ Review →Mailings
→ View →Review
→View
• Tab bar ds uhps lEcfU/kr Tab dh Tool-bar fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
Note - By default-Home Tab Select jgrh gSA
• M.S. office esa nks çdkj dh scroll bar gksrh gS &
(i) Vertical Scroll Bar
(ii) Horizontal scroll bar
• M.S. Office dh Window esa lcls Bottom esa Status Bar gksrh gSA
• Status Bar esa & M.S.Word - Page Numbers
Word Numbers dh la[;k
M.S. Excel Sheet- dh la[;k
M.S. Powerpoint dh la[;k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
• Word. Excel & Powerboint dk View Mode Status Bar ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA

Note -By default-

Word dk View Mode → Print Layout View
Excel dk View Mode → Normal View
Powerpoint dk View Mode → Normal View
M.S.Word – M.S.Excel & Powerpoint dk File Tab

i. New - New File ds fy,& Ctrl+N / File Tab

ii. Open- iqjkuh QkbZy dks [kksyus ds fy,& Ctrl+O/ file Tab
iii. Info - fdlh Qkby ij Password yxkus ds fy,A

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COMPUTER 28 By Anoop Sir

iv. Save - File dks Store/Save djus ds fy, ¾ Ctrl+S

v. Save as - File ds Type o Locations cnyus ds fy, F-12
vi. Print - fdlh File dks Print djus ds fy, Ctrl+P
vii. Close - Alt F4/M.S. Word ds fy,& Ctrl+W

Home Tab
(1) Clipboard → Clipboard esa dbZ Features gksrs gS tks fuEufyf[kr gS&

• Cut - M move djuk ¿,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ijÀ& Ctrl+X

• Copy – Ctrl+C
• Paste - Ctrl+V
• Formate Painter -
(i) Format Copy djus ds fy, Ctrl+ Shift + C
(ii) Format Past djus ds fy, Ctrl+ Shift + V
• Format Painter esa ekml dk fpUg czq'k ds leku gks tkrk gSA
• Clipboard vf/kdre 24&Cut/Copy dh xbZ File Store djrk gSA
• fdlh File dks Cору djus ij iwoZ esa fn, x, File Name ds lkFk M.S. Office , Numeric Value tksM+dj Save dj nsrk gSA
exp - xyz.dox x
Copy djus ij u;k uke → xyz1.dox

(2) Font Block →

(a) Font Design &by default- Calibri (body) → Ctrl + D
(b) Font size & Ctrl+ Shift +P
 Word+Excel esa Font Size → 8-72 gksrh gSA
By default → 11
 Powerpoint - esa Font Size → 8-96 gksrh gSA
• 2010-2013- Title dh Default Font Size → 44
2010-2013 - Subtitle dh Default Font Size → 32

• 2016-2021- Title dh Default Font Size → 60

2016-2021- Subtitle dh Default Font Size → 24
• M.S. word dh Font Size dks 1 ls 1638 rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

(c) Font Style = 3

(i) Bold (xgjk) → Ctrl+B
(ii) Italic (frjNk) → Ctrl+I
(iii) Underdine ¼js[kkafdr) → Ctrl+U

Note - All Select ds fy, Ctrl+A

• Mouse ls Drag djds Select dj ldrs gSaA
• Shift + Arrow Key ls Select dj ldrs gSaA

(d) Strike Thorough - Text dks e/; esa ls dkVukA exp→ abcd

(e) Super Script (X2) → p;fur Text dks Åij dh rjQ fy[kukA
exp. – x(2)=x2, 2y= 2y
Short cut key- Ctrl + shift + '+'
(f) Sub Script (Xa) & p;fur Text dks uhps dh rjQ fy[kukA ctrl+'='
exp. – H2O = H2O

• Font Tab ls Font dk jax] mls Highlight djuk] bR;kfn dj ldrs gSaA
(g) case - okD; dks fy[kus dk rjhdk & 5 izdkj gksrs gSA
I. Capital - MUDIT CHOUDHARY

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COMPUTER 29 By Anoop Sir
II. Small - mudit choudhary
III. Capitlies Each Word - I Am A Learner.
IV. Sentence case – I am a learner.
V. Toggle Cases - igyk v{kj NksVk gS ckdh lHkh v{kj Capital gksrs gSaA
ex.- tOGGLE cASE

(3) Paragraph Block → 4 çdkj dk gksrk gS&

(a) Paragraph Alignment - Paragraph Alignment 4 çdkj dk gksrk gSA
By default → Left Side jgrk gSA
(i) left Alignment → Ctrl+L

(ii) Right Alignment → Ctrl+R

(iii) Centre Alignment → Ctrl+E

(iv) Justify Alignment → Ctrl+J

(b) Line Spacing

• ;fn Single Line Space → Ctrl+1
• Double line Space → Ctrl+2
• 1.5" bap dk Space nsus ds fy, → Ctrl+5

(c) Bullet List - • z abc , i, ii, iii, ABCD

• igyh cqyVs fyLV None gksrh gSA

(4) Style Block →

Shortcut Key → Alt+Ctrl+Shift+5

(5) Editing Block →

(a) Find → Text esa fdlh 'kCn dks <wa<ukA Ctrl+F
(b) Replace → Text esa fdlh 'kCn dks nwljs 'kCn ls cny nsuk Ctrl+H
(c) Goto → ,d fuf'pr LFkku ij igqapus ds fy,A Ctrl+G
bu rhuksa ds fy, ,d leku Mk;ykWx Box [kqyrk gSA

*** fdlh Text dks Select dj ldrs gSaA

All Select → Ctrl+A

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COMPUTER 30 By Anoop Sir

Insert Tab
(1) Page Break →
(a) Cover Page → Insert Tab esa Mkyk tkrk gSA
(b) Blank Page → [kkyh Page, Delete gks ldrk gSA
(c) Page Break → Blank Page dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVuk@rksMu+ kA
Ctrl+Enter/Return Key/

(2) Tables Block→ Row + Columns

M.S. Word - Rows→ 32767

Columns→ 63
M.S. Excel → Sheet-Cell ds lewg ls
Rows → 1048576
Cells Colums → 16384 (A to XFD rd)

(3) Illustration Block → Insert Tab ds ek/;e ls Illustration Block ls dksbZ Hkh Picture, Shapes, Icons, 3D-Models,
Chart & Screenshot Insert dj ldrs gSaA

(4) Links Block→

(a) Hyperlink → Insert Tab ds ek/;e ls@Ctrl+K ds ek/;e ls Hyperlink ij igqap@tk ldrs gSaA
• Active Hyperlink dk jax uhyk@vklekuh gksrk gSA
• Visited Hyperlink dk jax cSxuh@tkequh gksrk gSA
• Link dks Open djus ds fy, Ctrl+Click djrs gSaA
(b) Bookmark→ fdlh ,d Page ds lUnHkZ dks fdlh vU; Page ds lkFk tksM+ ldrs gSaA crk ldrs gSaA

(5) Comment Block→ Insert Tab ds ek/;e ls Document esa Comment tksM+ ldrs gSa] Comment gVk ldrs gSa o fiNyk
Comment Hkh ns[k ldrs gSaA

(6) Header & Footer Block → Insert Tab ds ek/;e ls Document esa Header & Footer tksM+ ldrs gSaA
Header Page ds Top ij yxk;k tkrk gSA Header
Footer Page ds Bottom ij yxk;k tkrk gSA
Footer
• Header & Footer dk By Default Margin 0.5" ¼bap½ gksrk gSA

(7) Text Block→

(a) Word Art exp. Word Art ds ek/;e ls 'kCnksa dks ltk;k tk ldrk gSA

(b) Drop Cap exp.

• Insert Tab ds ek/;e ls fdlh Capital Word ds vkxs By Default 3 ykbu fy[kh gksuk] Drop Cap dgykrk gSA
• Drop Cap esa vf/kdre Capital Word ds vkxs 10 ykbu fy[k ldrs gSaA

Design Tab
• M.S. Office 2016-2021 rd Design & Layout Tab ds Functions, Office- 2010-2013 dh Page Layout Tab esa gksrs
gSaA
(1) Theme Block→ bl Tab ds ek/;e ls Document esa Themes yxkbZ tkrh gSA
(2) Document Formatting→ Document Formatting, Design Tab ls dh tkrh gSA
(3) Page Colour→ Page Colour, Border, Page dk Background, Design Tab ds ek/;e ls yxkrs gSaA
(4) Watermark→ Watermark yxkus ds fy, Design Tab dk Use djrs gSaA
Watermart nks izdkj ls yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
(i) Horizontal

(ii) Diagonal

Note- Vertical Watermart ugha yxk ldrs gSaA

Layout Tab

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COMPUTER 31 By Anoop Sir
(1) Page Setup Block→
(a) Margin→ Page ds pkjksa rjQ NksMh+ tkus okyh txg Margin dgykrh gSA
Margin
By Default Margin- 1" ¼bap½ gksrk gSA
Gutter Margin→ Binding ds fy, NksMk+ x;k Margin Gutter Margin dgykrk gSA
• Gutter Margin dsoy Top & Left Side ls gh NksMk+ tk ldrk gSA
• Gutter Margin dh By Default Value Zero (0) gksrh gSA

(b) Page Orientation→ ;g nks izdkj dk gksrk gS&

(i) Portrait
(ii) Landscape
Note- Word & Excel dk By Default Page Orientation - iksVªsZV gksrk gSA
Power Point dk By Default Page Orientation - yS.MLdSi gksrk gSA

(c) Size (Page)→ Page dh Size fu/kkZfjr djus ds fy, Layout Tab dk Use djrs gSaA
• M.S. Word esa Page dh By Default Size - Letter gksrh gSA

(d) Columns→ Layout Tab ds ek/;e ls Column Break, Section Break, Link Break dj ldrs gSaA
• Layout Tab ds ek/;e ls Line Number nh tk ldrh gSA

(1) Paragraph Block→

(a) Indent→ Paragraph dks Indent djus ds fy, Home Tab rFkk Layout Tab dk Use djrs gSaA
• tc Paragraph dks Left dh rjQ Indent djrs gSa bls Paragraph dk Increase gksuk dgrs gSa tc Right dh rjQ Indent djrs
gS rks bls Paragraph dk Decrease gksuk dgrs gSaA
• Indent dh Default Value - 0 cm gksrh gSA
• Indent djus ds fy, Tab Key dk Use djrs gSaA

(b) Spacing→ Page esa Spacing Before 0 pt & After esa 8pt gksrh gSA

Reference Tab
(1) Footnote Block→
(a) Endnote→ ;g Document ds vUr esa vkSj ist esa lcls Åij yxk;k tkrk gSA Alt+Ctrl+D
(b) Footnote→ ;g Page ds Button esa Footer ds lkFk yxk;k tkrk gSA Alt+Ctrl+F

Review Tab
(1) Proofing Block→
(a) Spelling→ ;fn Spelling laca/kh xyrh gks rks 'kCn ds uhps Red Line vk tkrh gSA Shoftcut Key F7
(b) Grammar→ ;fn Grammar laca/kh xyrh gks rks 'kCn ds uhps Green Line vk tkrh gSA Shoftcut Key F7
(c) Thesaurus ¼lekukFkhZ 'kCn½→ blds fy, Shift+F7 Shortcut Key dk Use djrs gSaA

(2) Language Block→ Review Tab ls Hkk"kk dks Translate dj ldrs gSaA

(3) Comment Block→ Review Tab ds ek/;e ls u;k Comment tksM+ ldrs gSa] gVk ldrs gSa ,oa fiNyk Comment ns[k ldrs
gSaA

(4) Tracking Block→ ;g Document esa fd, x, ifjorZuksa ij fuxjkuh j[krk gSA Alt+Ctrl+E

(5) Compare Block→ blds }kjk nks Page/Documents dh rqyuk Review Tab ds ek/;e ls dh tk ldrh gSA

View Tab
(1) Views Block→ View Tab ds ek/;e ls Document dks vyx&vyx izdkj ls View fd;k tk ldrk gSA
os fuEu izdkj gS&
(i) Read Mode View
(ii) Print Layout View
(iii) Web Layout View
(iv) Outline View

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COMPUTER 32 By Anoop Sir
(v) Draft Mode View
• By Default→ Print Layout View jgrk gSA (M.S. Word es)a
Note- M.S. Word & M.S. Powerpoint esa By Default View Normal jgrk gSA

(2) Page Movement Block→ Page dk Movement, Vertical and Side to Side fd;k tk ldrk gSA
By Default→ Vertical View gksrk gSA

(3) Windows Block→ Document dh Windows dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVuk Split dgykrk gSA
Ctrl+Alt+6 Split djus ds fy,

(4) Macros Block→ Macros→ Keyboard dh Recording Macros dgykrh gSA Alt+F8

M.S. Excel
• Lotus-1, Lotus-2, Lotus-3, Daokjkizks] Excel, LizsM'khr ds mnkgj.k gSA
• Excel esa Toolbar ds uhps Address Bar & Formula Bar fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
• Formula Bar dks Hide fd;k tk ldrk gS] Address Bar dks Hide ugha dj ldrs gSaA
• M.S. Excel dh Address Bar esa igys dkWye dk Address fy[kk tkrk gS] mlds ckn Row dk Address fy[kk tkrk gSA
• igyh dkWye o igys Row dk Address-A1 gksrk gSA
• 27osa dkWye dk Address AA1 gksrk gSA
• vafre dkWye o vafre Row dk Address XFD1048576 gksxkA
• igys dkWye o vafre Row dk Address A1048576 gksxkA
• vafre dkWye o igyh Row dk Address XFD1 gksrk gSA
• dkWye dk Address Alphabet esa fy[kk gS] tcfd Row dk Address, Number esa fy[kk tkrk gSA
• Excel dk Formula '=' ls 'kq: gksrk gSA
• dkWye (:) ls / Range dks crkrk gSA
• ;fn Formula xyr gks tk, rks & '#Name?' fy[kk vkrk gSA
• ;fn Calculate dh xbZ Value, Cell dh Range ls cM+h gks tk, rks& "####" fy[kk vkrk gSA
• Excel esa Cell dk Alignment-6 izdkj dk gksrk gS&
 Left  Top
 Center  Mid
 Right  Bottom
• Sheet Insert djkus ds fy, Shift+F11 Shortcut Key dk Use djrs gSaA
Note→ ;fn nks Cell dks vkil esa Merge fd;k tk, rks ubZ Cell dk Address igys okyh Cell dk Address gksxkA

M.S. Excel
File Tab
(1) Function Library Block→
(a) Autosum→ Autosum esa fuEu Formulas gksrs gksrs gSa& Sum, Average, Max, Min, Count Numbers, gksrs gSaA
(b) Date & Time Formulas→ Date Value, Day, Days 360, E-date, E-month, Hour
(c) Logical Formulas→ And, Or, If, Not, If not

M.S. Power Point

• Power Point esa Title dk Font Size (By Default) 60 gksrk gS ,oa Subtitle dk Font Size-24 jgrk gSA
• Power Point esa Home Tab ls New Slide tksM+h tk ldrh gS ,oa New Slide ds fy, Shortcut Key- Ctrl+M
• Slide dk NksVs :i esa fn[kuk Slide Shorter dgyrk gSA

 Transition→ ,d Slide ls nwljh Slide esa tkus ds fy, tksMs+ tkus okyk Effect Transition dgykrk gSA
 Animations→ fdlh Object ij tksMs+ tkus okyk Effect Animations dgykrk gSA
 Slide Shows→ Slide Show 'kq: ls djus ds fy, F5 Key nckrs gSaA
• orZeku Slide ls Show 'kq: djus ds fy, Shift+F5 Key nckrs gSaA
• Slide Show jksdus ds fy, Esc Key, Page Break Key nckrs gSaA
• Next Slide ij tkus ds fy,&& N Key, Space Key, Down Arrow ↓ Right Arrow→ Page Down Key
• fiNyh Slide ij tkus ds fy,&& P Key, Backspace Key, Left Arrow ← Top Arrow↑ Page Up Key

View Tab

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COMPUTER 33 By Anoop Sir
Slide Master View
• Slide Handout Master ds }kjk 1,2,3,4,6,9 Slides dks Print fd;k tk ldrk gSA

MS Excel Short-Cut Key (By-Anoop Sir)

1. Ctrl$Shift$:¼lsehd‚ye½ & orZeku le; Mkyus ds 10. .sys=Windows System File ds fy,
fy,
11. .gz=Gnu zipped file ds fy,
2. Ctrl+: ¼lsehd‚ye½ & orZeku fnukad Mkyus ds fy,
12. .rar=Win rar compressed achieve ds fy,
3. Alt+Shift+F1 New Work Sheet Mkyus ds fy,
13. .cpp=c++ source code file
4. Shift+F3 Excel dh Formula Window [kksyus ds fy,
14. .temp=Tempory File ds fy,
5. Shift+F5 Search Box ykus ds fy,
Function Key Shortcut Key: -
6. Ctrl+Tab nks ;k nks ls vf/kd Excel dh File esa Switch
djus ds fy, 1. F1 = Excel Help Menu ds fy,

7. Ctrl+Shift+# Number dks Time dh Form esa fy[kus ds 2. F2 = Cell dks Edit djus ds fy,
fy,
3. F4 = Repeat Cell ds fy,
8. Ctrl+Shift+@ Number dks Time dh Format esa
fy[kus ds fy, 4. Shift+F9 = Active Sheet dks Calculate djus ds fy,
9. Ctrl+Shift+_ (Underscore) outline border 5. Shift+F3 = ,d Cell dks uke nsus ds fy,
dks Remove djus ds fy,
6. Shift+F9= Work Book Minimize djus ds fy,
10. Shift+Tab fiNyh Cell esa okil vkus ds fy,
7. Shift+F10 = Work Book Maximize djus ds fy,
11. Shift+F2 ,d Cell esa Comment Mkyus ds fy,
9. Alt+F+W+V = Preview ds fy,
12. Shift+F10+D Cell comment dks Delete djus ds fy,
10. Alt+F8 = Macro ds fy,
13. Ctrl+Shift+% ijlsVa st Format Apply djus ds fy,
11. Ctrl+Shift+D = Mcy Underline ds fy,
14. Shift+Space key iwjh Row dks Select djus ds fy,

15. Shift+9 Row dks Hide djus ds fy,

File Extension
1. .log = log File ds fy,

2. .msg = mail message ds fy,

3. .bmp = Bitmap Image File ds fy,

4. .gif = xzkfQdy baVjpst

a Format File

5. .Jpeg = Image File ds fy,

6. .ave = audio, video, interleave file ds fy,

7. .html = html file ds fy,

8. .Jsp = Java server page ds fy,

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COMPUTER 34 By Anoop Sir

9. .drv = fMokbl Mªkboj ds fy,

Control Key (Ctrl)

Control Key ;kuh dh Ctrl Key ls fjysVsM ftrus Hkh Shortcut tks vkids jkstkuk bLrseky esa
vkrs jgrs gSa muds ckjs esa foLrkj ls tkusx
a s
Shortcut Key Description
Ctrl + A orZeku Page dks Select djus ds fy,
Ctrl + B orZeku ist ij Select fd, gq, Text dks BOLD djus ds fy,
Ctrl + C orZeku ist ij Select fd, Text dks COPY djus ds fy,
Ctrl + D Ms Word esa FONT cnyus ds fy, o bUVjusV ij lkbV
Bookmark ds fy,
Ctrl + E MS WORD esa Aligns Line o bUVjusV ij ubZ Address dks
lpZ djus ds fy,
Ctrl + F fdlh Hkh Text dks "FIND" djus ds fy,
Ctrl + G ykbu o ist ij tkus ds fy,
Ctrl + H Text dks <w<a dj mls cnyus ds fy, o bUVjusV ij History
ij tkus ds fy,
Ctrl+ I MS ij Selected Text Italic djus ds fy,
Ctrl + J MS ij Selected Text dks Align djus ds fy, o bUVjusV
ij Download esa tkus
Ctrl+ K MS ij HYPERLINK Mkyus ds fy,
Ctrl + L MS ij Left Alignment ds fy,
Ctrl + M MS ij Indent ds fy,
Ctrl + N MS ij New Blank ist ds fy,
Ctrl + O MS ij Open File ds fy,
Ctrl + P MS ij PRINT PREVIEW dks vksiu djus ds fy,
Ctrl + Q MS Excel ij QUICK ANALYSIS QkWj Highlighted Cell
Ctrl + R MS ij Right Alignment ds fy,
Ctrl + S MS ij Qkby SAVE AS ds fy,
Ctrl + T MS ij Hanging Indent ds fy,
Ctrl + U MS ij SELECTED TEXT dks UNDERLINE djus ds fy,
Ctrl + V Copy fd, VsLDV dks PASTE djus ds fy,
Ctrl + W CLOSE THE Open Document
Ctrl + X Selected Text dks Cut djus ds fy,
Ctrl + Y UNDO fd, gqbZ pht dks fQj ls REDO djus ds fy,
Ctrl + Z tks TEXT gV x;k gS mls fQj ls ykus ds fy, UNDO fd;k
tkrk gS
Ctrl + Ins Copy djuk Selected Items dks
Ctrl + Home Document ds Beginning esa tkus ds fy,
Ctrl + End Document ds End esa tkus ds fy,
Ctrl + F4 Window dks can djus ds fy, Same As Alt + F4
Ctrl + Plus Key Window ds pkSM+kbZ dks Adjust djus ds fy,
Ctrl + Alt + Del Reboot Window Task
Ctrl + Esc Start Menu dks vksiu djus ds fy,
Ctrl + Home fdlh Hkh Document ds 'kq#vkr esa tkus ds fy,
Ctrl + Shift + F Select Text dh Font cnyus ds fy,
Ctrl + > Selected Text dh Font Size c<+kuk
Ctrl + < Selected Text dh Font Size ?kVkuk

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COMPUTER 35 By Anoop Sir

Ctrl + (Left Arrow) Word dks Left Side Move djuk

Ctrl + (Right Arrow) Word dks Right Side Move djuk
Ctrl + (Down Arrow) izksxzke ds var esa Move gksus ds fy,
Ctrl + (Up Arrow) izksxzke ds 'kq#vkr esa Move gksus ds fy,

Function Keys
;gka ge Function Keys ds Shortcut ds ckjs esa ckr djsx
a s

Function Key Description

Esc ;kuh Escape ls Open Dialog dks vki can dj ldrs gSaA

F1 ;wfuolZy Help For Window Program

F2 Selected File dk uke cnyus ds fy,

F3 Search Command vksiu djus ds fy,

F5 Window dks Refresh djus ds fy,

F6 Application esa ,d vkbVe ls nwljs vkbVe ij ufoxrs djus ds

fy,

F12 File dks Save As djus ds fy,

Alternate Key (Alt)

Alternate Key ;kuh ge Alt ls fjysVM
s tks Hkh 'kkWVZdV Keys gS muds ckjs esa bl Table esa tkusxs
Shortcut Key Description

Alt + F orZeku izksxzke esa Qkby esuw dks vksiu djuk

Alt + E orZeku izksxzke esa Edit Option dks vksiu djuk

Alt + Tab vksiu izksxzke esa Switch djus ds fy,

Alt + Shift + Tab ihNs okys izksxzke esa Switch gksuk

Alt + Print Screen orZeku izksxzke dk Screen Shot ysuk

Alt + Enter orZeku izksxzke dh Properties dks ns[kuk

Alt+ F4 Window dks can djus ds fy,

Home Windows ;k Page ds 'kq#vkr esa tkus ds fy,

End Program ds End esa tkus ds fy,

Shift + Ins Copy fd, Item dks Paste djus ds fy,

Shift + Home orZeku iksth'ku ls 'kq#vkr esa tkus ds fy,

Shift + End orZeku iksth'ku ls End esa tkuk

Internet Browser Shortcut Keys

Internet Browser Shortcut Keys vkidks Internet ds fjysVM
s dke dks vkSj Hkh tYnh djus ds fy, enn djsx
a sA

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COMPUTER 36 By Anoop Sir

Shortcut Keys Description

CTRL + T New Tab Open djus ds fy,
CTRL + W Present Tab dks Close djus ds fy,
CTRL + SHIFT + T Close Tab dks Open djus ds fy,
CTRL + TAB Open Tabs esa Swich djus ds fy,
CTRL + 1 To 8 Left To Right Tabs Switch djus ds fy,
CTRL + 1 First Tab ij Switch djus ds fy,
CTRL + 9 Last Tab ij Switch djus ds fy,
CTRL + N Open A New Browser Window
ALT + F4 Present Browser dks Close djus ds fy,
F11 Go Full Screen
ALT + HOME Home Page Open
Backspace or Alt + Left Arrow Go Back
ALT + Right Arrow Go Forward
F5 or CTRL + R Present Web Page dks Reload djus ds fy,
Esc Web Page Loading gksus ls Stop djus ds fy,
CTRL + P Web Page Print djus ds fy,
CTRL + S Web Page dks Computer ij Save djus ds fy,
CTRL + O File Stored dks Open djus ds fy,
CTRL + H Browser History dks Open djus ds fy,
CTRL + J Download History dks Open djus ds fy,
CTRL + D Present Web Page Bookmarks djus ds fy,
CTRL + Enter Add www and .com Name of The Website
CTRL + Zoom-In
CTRL- Zoom-Out
CTRL + 0 Reset Zoom
Home Web Page ds Top ij tkus ds fy,
End Web Page ds Bottom ij tkus ds fy,
CTRL + F Web Page ij Search djus ds fy,
CTRL + L or F6 or Alt + D Jump To Address Bar
CTRL + Shirt + Delete Delete: Clear Browsing Data Option Open djus ds fy,

INTERNET
bUVjusV
• ifjHkk"kk (Defination)- Networks dk Network Internet dgykrk gSA
• Network- nks Computer System dk fdlh ek/;e medium ls vkil esa connect gksuk Network dgykrk gSA
• DARPA- (Defence of Adavanced Reserarch Project Agency-1967)
• ARPANET-1969 (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)
• Laklkj esa igyh ckj fo'o ds 4 Computer dks vkil esa tksM+k] blfy, Arpanet dks fo'o dk izFke WAN-Wide
Area Network dgrs gSA
• Internet Clint Server Model ij dk;Z djrk gSA

server clint
cD

Sender Reciver

A B

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COMPUTER 37 By Anoop Sir

• Data Packet ds :i esa Transmit gksrk gSA

Protocol
• Group of Rules ¼fu;eksa dk lewg½ Protocol dgykrk gSA
• TCP/IP – Internet dk lcls eq[; (Protocol) gSA (Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol)
• Remote – Login blds ek/;e ls wireless Connection LFkkfir gqvkA
• lu 1989 esa www Develop gqvkA vFkkZr W3 cukA (Tim beneress lee) ¼fVe cuZjl yh½ HTML (Hyper
Text Markup language)
• bUgksuas nqfu;k dk izFke web -page (www--- world wide web) fodflr fd;kA
• orZeku esa www ls web pages dk Database dgrs gSA
Vintor Searf : -Father of Internet
• czkmtj %& Application Software gSA
• ;g clint Based gksrk gSA
• dk;Z& user dks Internet ls tksM+uk
• fo'o dk izFke czkmtj & ekstsd (GUI Based) ysfdu fo'o izfl) czkmtj usVLdsi usfoxsVj FkkA
• vU; czkmtj %& Google crome , safari (Apple Firefox (Open-source) , Open etc
Serach-engine :
• Server -engine : - server computer esa mifLFkr Data esa lacaf/kr file dks <w< a ukA
Google
yahoo
Bing (mircosoft)
Duck-Duck go
Ask.com
Baidu (china)

Internet Services :-

➢ E-mail (Electronic mail)

➢ E-Banking – Blog writing
➢ E-Learning – Chating
➢ E-commerce – Video call
➢ E-Governance – Digital -Payments etc.
➢ E-Learning – Outline study
➢ E-Banking – mob/computer ds ek/;e ls laca/kh dk;Z djukA
➢ Digital -Payments UPI Payments , Credit – card Payment , Debit- Card Payment
➢ Hkkjr esa Internet dh 'kq:vkr 15 vxLr 1995 esa VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd) }kjk gqbZ
➢ fo'o dk izFke Mobile lu~ 1973 esa ekfVZu ywFkj }kjk fodflr fd;k x;kA

Internet Services (Internet dh lsok,a½

➢ E-mail (Electronic -mail)
➢ E-Banking – Online Payments
➢ E-commerce- Blogs
➢ E-learning – Social Media
➢ E- Governace – etc.

E-mail (Electronic mail) :

➢ ;g ,d Electronic i=kpkj gSA
➢ Father of E-mail ¼bZ-esy ds [kkstdÙkkZ½ Ray Tamilnson ¼js- Vksfeylu½
➢ bUgksuas lu~ 1971 esa E-mail dh [kkst dh FkhA

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COMPUTER 38 By Anoop Sir

➢ fo'o esa loZizFke E-mail dh lsok,a (Services) Sabeer Bhatia ¼lchj HkkfV;k½ us Hot mail company ds lkFk 'kq:
dh FkhA
mnkgj.k & [email protected] (Domain name)
(user name)
Note : - @ (At the rate) symbol lu~ 1972 esa Ray-tomilnson us fn;k FkkA
E-mail ds nks Hkkx gksrs gSA
(i) user name – bl Hkkx esa user }kjk fn;k x;k uke jgrk gSA
(ii) Domain name :- bl Hkkx esa E-mail dh lsok,a nsus okyh company dk uke gksrk gSA
(iii) @ (at the rate) :- ;g fpUg user-name o Domain name dks vyx (Saprate) djrk gSA

dqN mnkgj.k %
1. [email protected] (√)
2. [email protected] (√)
3. Sita ram 143 @gmail.com (×)
4. Ram lakhan 59@ yahoo.com (×)
5. [email protected] (√)
6. Meera radha [email protected] (√)
7. Shyam.radha193_meera God @gmail.com (×)
8. [email protected] (√)
9. Ramsita @.com.yhaoo (×)
• ,d valid mail ¼lgh esy½ esa ,d ls vf/kd at the rate @ fpUg dk mi;ksx ugh dj ldrsA
• ,d valid mail esa space dk mi;ksx ugh gksrk gSA
• ,d valid mail es (under score /byphen) o .(Dot/period) dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ysfdu bu fpUgksa ds
}kjk E-mail dh 'kq:vkr ugha gks ldrh gSA
• Underscore o Period ds flok;@vykok fdlh vU; fo'ks"k fpUg dk mi;ksx ugh dj ldrs gSA
• Vaild mail esa period esa user name esa nks ls vf/kd Dot/periods dk mi;ksx ugh dj ldrs gSA
E-mail ds Hkkx %&

• E-mail fy[kus ds fy, loZizFke compose djrs gSA

• From : sender’s Address ¼mail Hkstus okys dk irk gksrk gSA½
• To – Reciver’s Address ¼E-mail izkIr djus okys dk irk½

To ds Hkkx gksrs gS%&

(i) CC : Carban copy : blesa fy[kk x;k mail Address Reciver dks fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
(ii) BCC: blesa fy[kk x;k mail Reciver dks fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gSA
tSls %& To : [email protected]
CC : [email protected]
BCC : [email protected]
• Subject : blesa fy[kk tkrk gS fd e-mail fdl fo"k; esa fy[kk x;k gSA
• Compose : iwjk esy fy[kk tkrk gSA
• Attchments : blls rkRi;Z gS fd E-mail ds lkFk tksM+k x;k attachment /file/Document/Audio
file Video clip etc.
• Inbox : blesa izkIr gq, (Recived mail) jgrs gSA
• Important : ;g Inbox dk gh Hkkx gS] blesa O;fDr fo'ks"k }kjk Hksts x;s mail jgrs gSA
• Sent Box : bl Hkkx esa failed mail jgrs gSA
• Draft – blesa Hkfo"; esa mi;ksx fd;s tkus okys mail jgrs gSA
• Trash Bin : bl Hkkx esa Delete gq, mail jgrs gSA

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COMPUTER 39 By Anoop Sir

• Spam :- E-mail ds bl Hkkx esa unwanted / vokafNr mail jgrs gSA

• Note – spam folder esa mifLFkr mail dks fcuk open fd;s lh/ks delete dj nsuk pkfg,A
• Stared mail – cgqr T;knk Important mail dks fcuk star fd;k tkrk gSA
E-mail ds Protocol :-

• fu;eksa dk lewg Protocol dgykrk gSA

(i) SMTP: Simple mail Transfer Protocol ;g Protocol E-mail Send djrs le; mi;ksx gksrk gSA
(ii) POP-3 (Post Office Protocol) : bZ&esy izkIr djrs le; bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

•FTP : File Transfer Protocol : nks device ds e/; esa Data share djus ds fy, ¼vknku&iznku djus ds
fy, bl protocol dk mi;ksx gksrk gSA
HTTP/HTTPS: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol :
• bls www /W3 (wold wide web) dk Protocol dgrs gSA
• web page Access djrs le; bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

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Computer Notes Quality Education

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Computer Notes Quality Education

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Computer Notes Quality Education

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