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 Software-
Defined Vehicles
Arm Special Edition

by Brett McLaughlin

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 Software-Defined Vehicles For Dummies®, Arm Special Edition

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 Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1
About This Book.................................................................................... 1
Icons Used in This Book........................................................................ 2
Beyond the Book................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 1: Reinventing the Automotive Industry

with Software-Defined Vehicles....................................... 3
Understanding the Present State of the Automotive Industry........ 3
Key capabilities driving the auto industry..................................... 4
Recognizing the current landscape for
automotive software....................................................................... 4
Transforming the Car Ownership Experience................................... 5
Making driving an effortless experience....................................... 5
Saving lives and the environment.................................................. 6
Keeping your current vehicle current............................................ 6

CHAPTER 2: Examining the Software in Software-

Defined Vehicles............................................................................ 7
Understanding the Role of Software in SDVs.................................... 7
Software is the backbone of vehicles............................................ 8
Iterative development is driving innovation................................. 8
Increasing Autonomy Through Software........................................... 9
Speeding Development with Collaborative
CI/CD Methodologies............................................................................ 9
Redefining the SDV as Critical, Not Luxury...................................... 10

CHAPTER 3: Designing the Future of Software-

Defined Vehicles.......................................................................... 11
Evolving the Hardware Architecture of SDVs................................... 11
Personalization Opportunities for SDVs........................................... 12
Making interior design iterative................................................... 12
Ongoing exterior design iterations.............................................. 13
Prioritizing Information Display......................................................... 13
Driving a Datacenter on Wheels........................................................ 14
Turning Value-Adds into Just Value................................................... 15
Upgrades are expected, not perceived as extra value.............. 15
Funding the future through thoughtful manufacturing............ 16

Table of Contents iii

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 CHAPTER 4: Looking Toward the Future of
Software-Defined Vehicles.................................................. 17
Viewing Current SDVs as a Starting Point......................................... 17
The current state of SDVs............................................................. 18
The future of SDVs......................................................................... 18
Collaborating to Improve Across the Automotive Industry........... 19
Viewing Standards as Innovation Enablement................................ 20
The role of standards in SDV development................................ 20
The benefits of standards-based development......................... 21
Modernizing Methodologies to Enable Vehicle Innovation........... 22
Simulating All Levels of SDVs............................................................. 22
Innovating at All Levels to Make SDVs Successful........................... 24

CHAPTER 5: Five Key Takeaways to Understand the

Unique Effect of Software-Defined Vehicles........ 25
Recognizing the Effect SDVs Already Have on the Industry........... 25
Collaborating Is the Key to SDV Advancement................................ 26
Standardizing Unlocks Innovation.................................................... 26
Accelerating SDV Development Requires New Approaches.......... 27
Simulating the Real World Is Critical for Rapid
SDV Development............................................................................... 28

iv Software-Defined Vehicles For Dummies, Arm Special Edition

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 Introduction
S
oftware-defined vehicles (SDVs) are revolutionizing the
automotive industry, akin to how smartphones transformed
personal communication and consumer device experiences.
As smartphones redefined mobile devices, SDVs are changing how
we interact with, maintain, and use our vehicles. Grasping the
principles and benefits of SDVs is crucial for staying ahead in
today’s fast-paced automotive world.

SDVs go beyond high-tech upgrades for traditional vehicles;

they’re an integrated system of hardware and software, facili-
tating seamless communication between a vehicle’s components
and the external world. Features like the capability to constantly
add new features to the vehicle via over-the-air (OTA) updates,
ever-evolving advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), and
customizable user experiences make SDVs a game changer in
transportation.

Diving into the world of SDVs is an exciting journey, whether

you’re an industry professional, a tech enthusiast, or just curi-
ous about automotive technology. By exploring SDVs, you’ll gain
insights into the innovations shaping mobility and their daily
impact. Prepare for an exhilarating adventure into the SDV realm.

About This Book

This book guides you through the captivating world of SDVs,
offering insights into the technologies and systems that pro-
pel SDVs and their impact on the future of transportation. You’ll
begin with a foundational understanding of SDVs and progres-
sively delve into their various aspects, exploring the potential
implications of this rapidly evolving field.

In Chapter 1, you’ll discover the transformative impact of SDVs

on the automotive industry, while Chapter 2 examines the
­software that drives SDVs. Chapter 3 takes you through cutting-
edge ­innovations in vehicle design, and Chapter 4 discusses the
­long-term implications of SDVs on the automotive industry and
society. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the book with five key take-
aways, providing a concise summary of the essential insights
gained from the SDV world.

Introduction 1

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 Icons Used in This Book
Throughout this book, you’ll encounter various distinctive icons
designed to highlight valuable information or emphasize points
that are particularly noteworthy. Here’s a brief overview of what
to anticipate:

The Remember icon signifies the importance of a particular point.

This is an ideal spot for using a highlighter, jotting down a note in
the margin, or folding down the page for future reference.

Tips provide concise overviews of valuable information, which

can be consistently utilized to enhance the effectiveness of your
understanding of SDVs.

Warnings serve as practical guidance to help you steer clear of

potential pitfalls, costly errors, or frustrating missteps, akin to
the advice your auto mechanic might have given you.

Beyond the Book

This book lays a solid foundation for understanding SDVs, but to
explore further, Arm, a leading semiconductor design ­company,
offers an abundance of resources on automotive technology and
the future of computing. Visit https://www.arm.com/­markets/
automotive/software-defined-vehicles to access more
­content — articles, case studies, podcasts, and white papers —
that delves deeper into the world of SDVs and related technologies.

For a comprehensive overview of the services and tools Arm pro-

vides, check out its main website at https://www.arm.com/. By
utilizing the information in this book and the extensive resources
available through Arm, you’ll be well-equipped to stay informed
and engaged in the exciting world of SDVs and their ongoing
impact on the future of transportation.

2 Software-Defined Vehicles For Dummies

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 IN THIS CHAPTER
»» Understanding the early adoption of
software-defined vehicles (SDVs)

»» Surveying the driving forces behind the

industry’s transformation

»» Revolutionizing automotive experiences

through software innovations

Chapter 1
Reinventing the
Automotive Industry
with Software-Defined
Vehicles

T
his chapter highlights the key capabilities driving the auto-
motive industry’s transformation. Staying informed and
adaptable to these changes is crucial to staying aligned with
the latest innovations and direction of the industry.

Understanding the Present State

of the Automotive Industry
As the automotive industry progresses toward SDVs, there will be
a shift in the roles of vehicle manufacturers, software developers,
and other stakeholders in the ecosystem. Collaboration across all
these parties will result in vehicles that are smarter, more effi-
cient, and better suited to meet the evolving needs of drivers.

CHAPTER 1 Reinventing the Automotive Industry with Software-Defined Vehicles 3

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 Additionally, the convergence of automotive software and other
technologies, such as advanced connectivity, artificial intelli-
gence (AI), and advanced user interfaces, will further enhance the
capabilities of SDVs. This synergy will enable a new generation
of vehicles that are safer, more sustainable, and more enjoyable
to use.

Key capabilities driving the

auto industry
The automotive industry is being transformed by a confluence of
factors, including electrification, autonomous capabilities, con-
nectivity, and new user experiences. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer
a range of benefits, including reduced emissions, lower owner-
ship costs, and improved performance, making them an attrac-
tive option for many consumers. However, EVs require a rethink
of the vehicle’s electronics architecture and a significant increase
in software use.

Autonomous capabilities have the potential to significantly reduce

accidents on the road, while providing increased mobility for
those who cannot drive themselves. However, autonomous func-
tionality relies on a vast amount of complex software.

Ubiquitous connectivity unlocks a wide range of new vehicle

capabilities, but all of these capabilities can only be realized with
exponential increases in software.

New capabilities, alongside new user experiences, are driving

innovation across the industry, from in-vehicle entertainment to
personalized driving settings, to a confluence of consumer and
automotive electronics. All of these are coming together to drive
a vast increase in the amount of software needed and a rethink of
the technology that will be required to support this.

Recognizing the current landscape

for automotive software
The current state of automotive software is at a pivotal juncture,
with the industry just beginning to embrace the concept of SDVs.
Although today’s vehicles are equipped with software, much of
it remains static, tied to vehicle year and model. This limits the
potential for upgrades and improvements throughout the vehi-
cle’s lifetime and often leaves owners with outdated or rapidly
aging technology.

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 The future of automotive software lies in the capability to enhance
and upgrade vehicles over time. With the growing adoption of
SDVs, we should expect a shift toward more dynamic and adapta-
ble systems, allowing for a continuous improvement of the driving
experience. This transformation will revolutionize not only the
way drivers interact with their vehicles, but also how consumers
perceive their vehicles’ value and lifespan. It will also redefine the
relationship between vehicle manufacturers and vehicle owners;
one that becomes an ongoing relationship where new services are
offered to the owner on a subscription or ongoing basis.

This type of transformation is one that we have seen before in

other technology markets, like smartphones, and will affect every
aspect of the automotive industry. Those in the industry who
struggle to make the transition to SDVs are at risk, with automo-
tive’s future unlikely to follow business as usual.

Transforming the Car Ownership

Experience
The future of automotive technology is centered around elevating
the driving experience in terms of the digital features and capa-
bilities that will be offered in vehicles. The vehicle of the future
will offer more than just a means of transportation; it will provide
a highly comfortable, efficient, and customizable experience for
drivers and passengers alike.

Additionally, developments in autonomous driving technologies

promise to revolutionize the way we travel, allowing drivers to
focus on other activities during their journeys, such as work or
relaxation. For vehicle manufacturers, this may provide opportu-
nities for new revenue streams.

Making driving an effortless experience

As software and technology continue to advance to provide new
autonomous features, they will enable vehicles to deliver an
increasingly effortless driving experience that many will find
more enjoyable.

Today, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) reduce the

cognitive load on drivers by automating tasks such as parking,

CHAPTER 1 Reinventing the Automotive Industry with Software-Defined Vehicles 5

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 adaptive cruise control, and lane-keeping assistance, and, in
the future, will increase their functionality to deliver fully auto­
nomous, driverless options.

Connectivity features, such as real-time traffic updates and smart

navigation, further streamline the driving process by providing
the most efficient routes and minimizing delays.

Saving lives and the environment

An essential aspect of transforming vehicles from functional to
enjoyable is prioritizing safety and environmental sustainability.
Advanced safety features, such as collision avoidance systems,
automatic braking, and blind-spot detection, help prevent acci-
dents and save lives. As autonomous driving technologies become
more prevalent, the potential for reducing human error and fur-
ther enhancing safety increases. These features are all powered by
software, helping make decisions for vehicle owners, and are key
drivers for the increase in software in vehicles.

In terms of environmental sustainability, the industry’s focus on

EVs, alternative fuel sources, and controlled regenerated brak-
ing systems is critical for reducing CO2 emissions and mitigat-
ing climate change. By adopting these sustainable technologies,
the automotive industry is playing a significant role in creating a
cleaner, greener future.

Keeping your current vehicle current

One of the most appealing aspects of the automotive transfor-
mation is the prospect of keeping your existing vehicle up to date
with the latest technology. Over-the-air (OTA) updates allow
owners to receive performance improvements, bug fixes, and new
features without the need to take their vehicle to a franchised
retailer or purchase a new vehicle.

These updates may be related to updating the vehicle software,

much like updates from a smartphone operating system, but
also allow owners to add additional features such as application
upgrades, engine power enhancements, or lighting configurations.

This continuous evolution means that vehicles stay personalized

and relevant, adapting to the ever-changing landscape of auto-
motive technology. As a result, drivers can enjoy the benefits
of the latest innovations, making the driving experience more
enjoyable and versatile over time.

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 IN THIS CHAPTER
»» Investigating software’s role in the
innovation of software-defined vehicles
(SDVs)

»» Understanding autonomy’s influence on

the demand for SDVs

»» Redefining SDVs as critical for vehicle

manufacturers

Chapter 2
Examining the Software
in Software-Defined
Vehicles

I
n this chapter, we examine the integral role of software in SDVs
and its impact on the future of the automotive industry. We
explore how software has become the backbone of vehicles,
enabling a range of innovative features and functionalities, while
driving ongoing innovation through iterative development
processes. Additionally, we discuss the increasing demand for
­
autonomy and its influence on the need for SDVs, emphasizing
the critical nature of these vehicles in the evolving automotive
landscape.

Understanding the Role of

Software in SDVs
Software enables a range of innovative features and functional-
ities in SDVs, making it critical to understand the iterative devel-
opment process that drives innovation, and how quickly that cycle
of iteration and innovation occurs. Software is also a fundamental

CHAPTER 2 Examining the Software in Software-Defined Vehicles 7

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 part of common vehicle hardware that used to be mechanical but
is now digital, like windows, hand brakes, and seat controls.

Software is the backbone of vehicles

It’s not unheard of for a vehicle to have close to 100 electronic
control units (ECUs) and execute over 100 million lines of code.
Scaling this on a premium vehicle with advanced technologies,
means significant increases in lines of code and complexity.

Sophisticated software powers various aspects of a vehicle’s oper-

ation. These include:

»» Increasing demand for advanced driver assistance systems

(ADAS) features and the rise of future autonomous driving
capabilities.
»» Controlling various vehicle systems, such as in-vehicle
infotainment systems (IVI).
»» Supporting alternative powertrains, such as electrification
and hydrogen fuel-cell.
»» Seamless connectivity and communication between different
vehicle components.
»» Facilitating firmware updates to improve vehicle performance
and features.
»» Ensuring the security and privacy of data exchanged within
the vehicle.
»» Enhanced safety features and capabilities, like functional
safety solutions.

It’s essential to stay informed about the latest advancements in

software development and integration in the automotive industry.

Iterative development is
driving innovation
An iterative development approach allows for continuous
improvement and adaptation based on user feedback and techno-
logical advancements. This includes:

»» Updating and refining software algorithms.

»» Rapidly prototyping and testing new features and
functionalities.

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 »» Collaborating with various stakeholders, including vehicle
manufacturers, suppliers, and end-users.
»» Leveraging cloud-based infrastructure for scalability and
flexibility.

The development of software is far outpacing the traditional

annual production model of vehicles, meaning that updating
software will have to occur frequently.

Increasing Autonomy Through Software

As vehicles evolve to offer higher levels of autonomy, the complex-
ity of their software increases. This is due to the need for advanced
algorithms, increased sensor integration, high-definition map-
ping, and real-time decision-making capabilities to enable the
vehicle to navigate and interact with its environment safely.

In turn, the growing need for autonomous features has accel-

erated the development and adoption of SDVs. The relationship
between SDVs and autonomy can be summarized as follows:

»» Autonomous features require advanced software to function

effectively.
»» SDVs offer a flexible and scalable platform for integrating and
managing the software required for increasing autonomy.

Speeding Development with

Collaborative CI/CD Methodologies
SDVs are quickly adding new features on top of the already long
list of standard features in non-SDVs. This requires a high degree
of efficiency and development speed. One approach to working at
these speeds is focusing more on collaborative CI/CD methodolo-
gies that merge continuous integration with delivery as part of
collaborative software projects. This allows developers to build,
integrate, test, release, and deploy software quickly. Moreover,
common methodologies for developers, such as those provided by
GitLab or GitHub, provide the infrastructure needed for automo-
tive supply chain collaboration. These developer environments are
perfect for the rapid testing and delivery of new SDV features.

CHAPTER 2 Examining the Software in Software-Defined Vehicles 9

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 This represents a major shift in the way automotive applications
are developed, as they’re now utilizing mature developer ecosys-
tems as opposed to the traditional automotive software ecosystem.
For developers targeting SDVs, this provides innovation, flex-
ibility, productivity, and time-to-market benefits, alongside the
ability to scale and reuse software across automotive applications.

Redefining the SDV as Critical,

Not Luxury
The emergence of SDVs has marked a significant shift in the
automotive industry. However, it is important to recognize that
SDVs should not be regarded as a luxury, but rather as a criti-
cal component for the survival and competitiveness of vehicle
manufacturers.

As with any innovative technology, there is an ongoing debate

regarding when SDVs will become the standard for vehicles and
the best approach to achieving this goal. Still, there is an overall
consensus that SDVs are the future of the automotive industry.
Some key factors supporting this notion include:

»» The increasing demand for connected and autonomous

features that require advanced software integration.
»» The competitive edge offered by SDVs, as vehicle manu­
facturers and suppliers to the automotive industry strive to
differentiate their products and meet consumer expectations.
»» The need for improved efficiency, safety, and user experiences,
all of which can be achieved through software optimization.

Vehicle manufacturers that fail to embrace the shift toward SDVs

may risk losing the market share they hold as the industry evolves.

By redefining the perception of SDVs as critical rather than

luxury, it becomes evident that the automotive industry must
­
prioritize the development and integration of advanced software
in ­vehicles. As the market continues to move in this direction,
vehicle manufacturers and other industry stakeholders need to
adapt and innovate to remain competitive and ensure the long-
term success of their products.

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 IN THIS CHAPTER
»» Meeting the complex computing
requirements of software-defined
vehicles (SDVs) with hardware

»» Rethinking interiors and exteriors for

SDVs with a new range of possibilities for
designers

»» Emphasizing the importance of displays,

data, and computing in SDVs

»» Transitioning from value adds to core

value components

Chapter 3
Designing the Future
of Software-Defined
Vehicles

T
he world of SDVs redefines vehicle design and shapes the
future of transportation. This requires adjustments in
thinking on interior and exterior designs, with a renewed
focus on the customer experience and a demand for more features
and functionality without increases in consumer costs.

Evolving the Hardware

Architecture of SDVs
The development of SDVs has significant implications for future
generations of computing architecture in the automotive indus-
try. Today’s vehicles have multiple small, fixed-function elec-
tronic control units (ECUs). These ECUs are increasingly being

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 consolidated into domain controllers, which handle specific func-
tions and features in the vehicle, like in-vehicle-infotainment
(IVI), digital cockpit, advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS)
and power, chassis, and body.

However, as computing complexity increases and with even more

capable heterogenous, purpose-built system-on-chips (SoCs) on
the horizon, the automotive industry is moving toward yet more
consolidation, paving the way for zonal architectures.

In this scenario, early zonal controllers, which are built on more

powerful and capable microprocessors, are used for low-compute,
low-power, and real-time edge pre-processing, before send-
ing the data to high-performance CPUs for the heavy process-
ing of complex workloads. This also helps to address and manage
additional capabilities and features, like functional safety and
advanced security.

Due to high compute, safety, and security requirements, this is

likely to be the hardware architecture that is adopted by SDVs.
This represents a fundamental shift in the hardware architecture
that is used by the automotive industry today.

Personalization Opportunities for SDVs

The automotive industry is rapidly moving toward SDVs, thanks
to evolving customer expectations. Vehicle owners are seeking
updatable and upgradable features, making it crucial to adopt an
iterative design approach for all aspects of the SDV.

Making interior design iterative

One challenge with SDVs is keeping interiors updated and match-
ing the pace of iteration and innovation of the vehicle’s soft-
ware. Nobody wants to drive a vehicle that feels futuristic in its
mechanics but looks eight years old in its interior. Here are some
key aspects that come into play when future-proofing an SDV’s
interior:

»» Reimagining traditional interior elements such as switches,

dials, pedals, and steering wheels through an SDV design lens
»» Incorporating applications and functions that can be
upgraded during the vehicle’s lifespan

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 »» Ensuring interiors are resilient to aging and wear and tear, as
electric vehicles (EVs) may increase the vehicle’s lifespan
»» Designing customizable interiors for vehicle-sharing services,
accommodating different user preferences

Iterative design is vital for catering to the evolving needs of vehi-

cle owners and staying relevant in the ever-changing automotive
landscape.

Ongoing exterior design iterations

With the shift toward alternative powertrains and autonomous
driving, designers can reimagine traditional vehicle layouts,
introducing sleeker aerodynamics, innovative lighting sys-
tems, and customizable exteriors. This will be further enhanced
as the possibilities from 3D printing continue to evolve and
become more mainstream, with over-the-air (OTA) software
updates supporting updated and new exteriors from 3D printing
techniques.

An iterative approach to exterior design also allows vehicle man-

ufacturers to keep their vehicles fresh and relevant, enhancing
customer satisfaction and ensuring a longer, more dynamic prod-
uct lifecycle than ever before.

Prioritizing Information Display

Information displays in SDVs are shifting toward all-digital
formats. With a range of options from single tabletlike displays
to immersive pillar-to-pillar widescreens, choosing the right
display design is crucial for a successful SDV experience. When
designing displays in SDVs, it is important to:

»» Choose a display that balances aesthetics and functionality.

»» Consider the UX in the display functionality and what is most
intuitive for users.
»» Consider safety features, such as driving warnings and
autonomous functions.
»» Evaluate the compute requirements needed to power the
chosen display.

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 These considerations are interdependent. The more functionality,
the greater the compute power; and as autonomy and safety rise
in perceived (and actual) value, that will affect the aesthetics of
the screen, from its placement to its size.

SDVs, along with all autonomous vehicles, will have rising safety
needs often mandated by different market regulations. Manufac-
turers and designers that think about safety before it is mandated
will be ahead of the game when additional safety features become
required.

Driving a Datacenter on Wheels

SDVs necessitate advanced computing power, effectively trans-
forming them into datacenters on wheels. This metamorphosis
calls for the meticulous integration and management of both
hardware and software components. To achieve optimal perfor-
mance, it is essential to select suitable hardware components,
while monitoring and maintaining software components for
safety and reliability.

SDVs demand seamless integration of hardware and software

components, with a focus on safety and performance. Prioritizing
safety and reliability features is crucial to protecting occupants
and other road users.

The following aspects of design will all be essential to meet

the growing demand of the SDV and the massive computation
requirements and data it will need to process:

»» Efficient but well partitioned hardware and software

integration
»» Hardware that enables seamless software portability and
updates
»» Continuously monitored software components for safety
and reliability
»» Regularly updated and upgraded software for enhanced
performance

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 As is the case with the information display, there is a difficult bal-
ancing act that must occur between these needs and an extremely
high level of complexity and performance needs. Using standards,
architectures, and technologies that can cope with the scale of
future SDV systems and ensure agility, performance, and safety
will be critical to future success.

Turning Value-Adds into Just Value

The shift toward SDVs has caused traditional value-added fea-
tures to become core components of the vehicle’s value propo-
sition. To remain competitive in the automotive market, vehicle
manufacturers must embrace this change and adopt innovative
strategies. With many owners willing to invest in a monthly sub-
scription for their digital car features, there is a potential new
source of income for vehicle manufacturers.

Designing interiors that can be tailored to individual preferences

is crucial, as this means accommodating the evolving needs of
customers. Through offering customizable interior features,
vehicle manufacturers can allow car owners to make personal
decisions on the vehicles they want.

Upgrades are expected, not

perceived as extra value
Additionally, it is vital to design features in such a way that they
can be elegantly updated throughout the vehicle’s lifespan. This
ensures that the vehicle remains relevant and adaptable to tech-
nological advancements and changing consumer preferences. Just
as they do with their smartphones, consumers will expect new
applications, platforms, and software they use in their everyday
lives to be integrated into their vehicles too. For example, turning
your home heating on via voice control in your car as you start
your commute home or asking your smart device to add an item
onto your shopping list that you need from a food shop are on the
horizon.

Remember that the key to success in the automotive market is

focusing on customizable, future-proof features and upgrades
that cater to evolving customer expectations and ensure competi-
tiveness in the fast-paced world of SDVs.

CHAPTER 3 Designing the Future of Software-Defined Vehicles 15

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 Funding the future through thoughtful
manufacturing
Vehicle manufacturers are already adopting the following
­strategies to provide added value to the consumer without dra-
matically increasing their costs, with SDVs helping to shorten the
development cycle to drive a quicker return on investment:

»» Modular design: Creating modular components and

systems allows for easier customization and upgradability,
which can reduce the costs associated with manufacturing
and inventory management.
»» Leveraging economies of scale: As the demand for SDVs
and their features grows, vehicle manufacturers can benefit
from economies of scale by consolidating and reusing
electronics components. This allows them to source
components and materials in larger quantities, leading
to cost savings that can be passed on to the consumer.
»» Collaboration and partnerships: Collaborating with
technology companies and other stakeholders in the
automotive ecosystem helps vehicle manufacturers share
development costs, accelerate time to market, and access
cutting-edge technologies at reduced costs. These partner-
ships can also result in innovative solutions that improve
the overall value proposition of the vehicle.
»» Standardization: Promoting industry-wide standards for
software and hardware components leads to greater
interoperability, making it easier to incorporate value adds
without incurring significant costs.

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 IN THIS CHAPTER
»» Building collaboration across a
segmented industry

»» Creating new standards to ensure

software-defined vehicle (SDV) success

»» Examining and creating new approaches

to building integrated SDVs

»» Modeling the real world with SDV

simulators

Chapter 4
Looking Toward the
Future of Software-
Defined Vehicles

S
DVs represent the next big evolution of vehicles in the auto-
motive industry. Because of this, they require new approaches
and must overcome fresh challenges. This chapter discusses
those challenges as we outline the opportunities associated with
the development and deployment of SDVs. It also discusses the
role of collaboration, standards, and modernization in the devel-
opment of SDVs.

Viewing Current SDVs as a Starting Point

SDVs are still in their early stages of development, but they have
the potential to revolutionize the way we travel. Current SDVs are
limited in their capabilities, but they provide a glimpse of what
the future of transportation could look like.

CHAPTER 4 Looking Toward the Future of Software-Defined Vehicles 17

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 The current state of SDVs
It’s easy to believe that vehicles with advanced software are the
apex of what is possible. However, as the SDV market is still in the
fragmented early phase of development, there are still challenges
to their widespread adoption:

»» Current SDVs are still rigid in their design. Although many

vehicles are now being created with a greater emphasis on
software, under the surface they’re still relying on upgraded
but more traditional technical approaches. This means the
software is rigid, tied to the vehicle, and laborious to create
and update.
»» Current SDVs are expensive. In their mature state, SDVs
will benefit from reusability of hardware and software
leading to economies of scale. But in these early days, we will
see rapidly increasing (and expensive) hardware demands,
with limited economies of scale achieved.
»» Current SDVs are not yet widely available. Although
numerous vehicles are built with the idea of being an SDV,
the reality is that most are still being built on vehicle-specific
hardware and software configurations.

All of these factors will need to change for the SDV to become
mainstream.

The future of SDVs

When SDVs become more capable and affordable, they’ll become
more common. Wider availability will provide more consumers
with access to real SDVs, which will provide more feedback to
developers and manufacturers, thus unleashing a virtuous cycle
of innovation, updates, and feedback.

There are several near-term future possibilities for SDVs that

are based on varying factors, including the pace of technolog-
ical development, the regulatory environment, and consumer
demand.

One possibility is that heavily software-based features in SDVs

will become more widely available to consumers, but updated on
a slow and infrequent basis and with only incremental feature
changes.

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 The other extreme is that the industry will work together, in at
least partial unison, allowing for SDV economies of scale and
more complex features to be achieved by vehicle manufacturers.
This will lead to rapid feature improvements and reduced costs.

Because it is so early in the SDV evolution, the future of SDVs

is still educated guesswork, informed by their limited production
and usage to date.

Collaborating to Improve Across the

Automotive Industry
The automotive industry is undergoing a major transformation,
as SDVs strive to become the norm. This transformation is cre-
ating new opportunities for collaboration across the industry, as
vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and technology companies work
together to develop and deploy new technologies. However, this
form of collaboration is nothing new for the technology indus-
try, with this helping to solve complex challenges across soft-
ware projects for the past 20 years. These lessons can be directly
applied to the automotive industry.

One of the most important areas of collaboration is in the devel-

opment of software. SDVs require sophisticated software that can
control the vehicle’s functions and provide a safe and enjoya-
ble driving experience. Vehicle manufacturers and suppliers are
working together to develop new software platforms and tools
that can speed up the development process and improve the qual-
ity of the software.

One of the more promising initiatives in this area is the Scalable

Open Architecture for Embedded Edge (SOAFEE) initiative. Based
on open standards, SOAFEE is a software architecture framework
that is being developed to help anyone involved in the automo-
tive industry deploy software for SDVs. SOAFEE provides a com-
mon platform for vehicle manufacturers to manage their software
components, regardless of how complicated their portfolios of
vehicles are or the variability of the hardware.

SOAFEE is a collaborative effort between vehicle manufacturers,

suppliers, and technology companies. The SOAFEE special interest
group (SIG), with over 100 voting members at the time of print,

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 is governed by Arm, AWS, Red Hat, Continental, BOSCH, CARIAD,
SUSE, and Woven Planet. While still being developed, SOAFEE has
the potential to revolutionize the way that software is developed
for SDVs and allow vehicle manufacturers to provide unique cus-
tomer experiences for vehicle owners.

You can read more about SOAFEE at https://www.soafee.io/

Another important area of collaboration is in the development of

hardware. SDVs require powerful hardware that can support the
processing of complex software applications. Vehicle manufac-
turers and suppliers are working together to develop new hard-
ware platforms and components that can meet the needs of SDVs.

Vehicle manufacturers and suppliers are also collaborating on

the development of new infrastructure features, such as cloud
development environments, standardization, vehicle virtualization
approaches, and common deployment methodologies.

Collaboration is essential for the successful development and

deployment of SDVs. By working together, vehicle manufacturers,
suppliers, and technology companies can overcome the challenges
of this new technology and create a safer, more efficient, and
more sustainable transportation system than currently available.

Viewing Standards as Innovation

Enablement
Standards are an essential part of innovation. They provide a
common framework for companies to work together and help
ensure that products and services are compatible. In the auto-
motive industry, standards are playing an increasingly important
role in the development of SDVs.

The role of standards in SDV

development
SDVs are complex systems that require a wide range of technolo-
gies to work together. Standards help ensure that these technolo-
gies are compatible and create safe and reliable vehicles.

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 Automotive software development uses industry standards
such as AUTOSAR (Automotive Open System Architecture)
and ASPICE (Automotive Software Process Improvement and
Capability Determination). Additionally, a significant amount
of vehicle software development must comply to ISO 26262, an
international standard for the functional safety of electrical and
electronic (EE) systems in vehicles. This requires a functional
safety development process from start to production and defines
an Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) that classifies the
severity of safety risk into four levels A,B,C,D. ASIL D is the most
severe as it relates to the potential for severely life-threatening or
fatal injuries in the event of a malfunction.

The benefits of standards-based

development
There are many benefits to standards-based development,
including:

»» Reduced development costs: Standards help to reduce

development costs by providing a common framework for
development. This helps companies save time and money
by avoiding the need to reinvent the wheel. This will also
yield return on investment benefits.
»» Improved quality: Standards help to improve the quality of
products and services by ensuring that they meet certain
minimum requirements. This helps to reduce the risk of
defects and recalls.
»» Increased interoperability: Standards help to increase the
interoperability of products and services. This makes it easier
for companies to work together and develop new products
and services.
»» Enhanced innovation: Standards help to enhance innova-
tion by providing a common foundation for development.
This helps companies focus on developing new features and
capabilities, rather than reinventing the basics.

Overall, standards play an important role in innovation. They

provide a common framework for companies to work together
and help to ensure that products and services are compatible.

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 Modernizing Methodologies to
Enable Vehicle Innovation
The transformation of the automotive industry by SDVs is creat-
ing exciting new opportunities for innovation, but also poses new
challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the need to modernize
the methodologies used to develop and manufacture vehicles.

Traditionally, vehicle development has been a sequential process.

Engineers first develop the vehicle’s hardware, and then they
develop the software to control the hardware. This approach is no
longer sustainable for SDVs, which require complex software that
has long development cycles and needs to be developed in a rapid,
iterative manner.

To address this challenge, vehicle manufacturers are adopting

new methodologies that are designed to accelerate the develop-
ment and deployment of software for SDVs. Moreover, the push
for a simplified, faster, more flexible development process allows
vehicle manufacturers to add further digitalized personalization
features and upgrades for car owners to activate post purchase.

Simulating All Levels of SDVs

SDVs are complex systems that require a wide range of technolo-
gies to work together. This makes it difficult to develop and test
SDVs in the real world or to enable a large number of developers
to work in parallel. As a result, vehicle manufacturers are increas-
ingly turning to simulation to help them develop and test SDVs.

Simulation can be used to create a virtual twin of the vehicle

hardware at all levels, from the control unit to the entire vehicle
and external environment. This allows vehicle manufacturers to
test the software in a safe and controlled environment, without
having to worry about the risks associated with testing in the real
world.

There are significant benefits to using simulations for SDV devel-

opment, including:

»» Reduced development costs: Simulations help to reduce

development costs by allowing vehicle manufacturers to test

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 the software in a safe and controlled environment. This can
save companies time and money through avoiding the need
to build physical prototypes.
»» Improved quality: Simulations help to improve the quality
of the software by allowing vehicle manufacturers to test it
in a variety of scenarios. This helps to identify and address
potential problems early in the development process.
»» Increased safety: Simulations help to increase the safety of
SDVs by allowing vehicle manufacturers to test the software
in a variety of scenarios. This helps to identify and address
potential safety hazards early in the development process.
»» Increased speed to deployment: Through using simula-
tions, software development and testing can begin far earlier
in the design cycle while the vehicle and hardware are still
being developed.

Overall, simulation is a valuable tool for the development of SDVs.

By using simulation, vehicle manufacturers can reduce develop-
ment costs, improve the quality of the software, and increase the
safety of SDVs.

However, real-world simulations are no easy task. Here are some

of the challenges associated with simulating SDVs, many of which
are only partially solved in the current SDV simulation space:

»» SDVs are complex systems, and it can be difficult to create

accurate simulations of all components involved.
»» Simulation can be expensive, especially for high-fidelity
simulations.
»» It can be difficult to create accurate and comprehensive
simulations of the real world.
»» Simulation tools can be limited in their ability to simulate
different scenarios.

The hardest part of a simulation is that it must deal with the

seeming randomness of the real world, where things don’t always
behave according to the sorts of rules and systems that com-
puters readily model. Even good simulations struggle with this
randomness.

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 Innovating at All Levels to
Make SDVs Successful
Every single aspect, including collaboration, construction, devel-
oping, and simulation, requires a tremendous degree of innova-
tion. It’s the ability to create something that is new at all these
levels that will be key to any automotive suppliers’ success.

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 Chapter 5
Five Key Takeaways to
Understand the Unique
Effect of Software-
Defined Vehicles

T
he software-defined vehicle (SDV) revolution is already under-
way and set to transform the automotive industry. This trans-
formation will require industry-wide collaboration,
standardization, and the embrace of new software methodologies
and architectural approaches.

Recognizing the Effect SDVs Already

Have on the Industry
The SDV revolution is having a major impact on the automo-
tive industry. SDVs are changing the way vehicles are designed,
manufactured, sold, and used. This is creating new challenges and
opportunities for both consumers and automotive providers.

This is already apparent as consumers are turning to SDVs for

new and complex features.

»» SDVs equipped with the most advanced safety features can

help to prevent accidents. For example, SDVs can use many

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 sensors to detect and avoid obstacles, and, in the future,
may even be able to communicate with each other
to coordinate their movements.
»» SDVs provide some of the most advanced convenience
features, which help make life easier for consumers. For
example, SDVs can be used for the personalization of driver
settings, diary management, and in-vehicle entertainment.
»» SDVs can be more efficient than traditional vehicles, which can
help save consumers money on fuel and maintenance costs.

Collaborating Is the Key

to SDV Advancement
With the SDV revolution well underway, it is clear that ­collaboration
will be key to its advancement. SDVs are typically complex sys-
tems that require a wide range of technologies to work together.
This makes it difficult for any one company to effectively develop
and deploy a fully SDV-enabled fleet on its own over time. As a
result, automakers are increasingly turning to collaboration to
accelerate the development of SDVs.

There are a number of ways that vehicle manufacturers can col-

laborate to advance SDV development. One way is to form partner-
ships with technology companies that have expertise in areas such
as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and sensor tech-
nology. Another way is to participate in industry consortia that
are working to develop common standards for SDVs, such as the
scalable open architecture for embedded edge (SOAFEE) initiative.

By working together, vehicle manufacturers and technology com-

panies can accelerate the development of SDVs and bring them to
market sooner. This will benefit consumers by making SDVs more
affordable and accessible.

Standardizing Unlocks Innovation

Standardization is essential for innovation. It provides a common
foundation for companies to build upon, which allows them to
focus on the true commercial value at the top of the technology
stack — innovative applications and services.

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 Without standardization, companies would have to spend time and
resources developing their own proprietary solutions and founda-
tions, which takes effort away from and stifles innovation. Stan-
dardization also helps to reduce costs and risks, as companies can
be confident that their products and services will work together.

In the automotive industry, standardization is essential for the

development of truly complex software-based features like
those in self-driving cars. Standardization means that features
like autonomous driving, which relies on a large number of sen-
sors, will enable the hardware and software to work seamlessly
together. Furthermore, standardization means highly complex
software and platforms can be migrated and upgraded from plat-
form to platform without the need to redo each development or
reinvent the wheel for each new vehicle platform.

As the pace of technological change continues to accelerate, stan-

dardization will become even more important. Through providing
a common foundation for innovation, standardization will help to
ensure that manufacturers can continue to develop new and inno-
vative products and services that meet the needs of consumers.

Accelerating SDV Development

Requires New Approaches
Software is playing an ever-greater role in the design, operation,
and maintenance of vehicles. To accelerate the development of
SDVs, the automotive industry needs to embrace software meth-
odologies and architectural approaches not seen as being tradi-
tional within the automotive industry. These include collaborative
CI/CD methodologies that allow developers to build, integrate,
test, release, and deploy software quickly and at scale.

Traditionally, the automotive industry has used a waterfall devel-

opment approach, which is a sequential process that moves from
one phase to the next in a linear fashion. However, this approach
is not well suited for the development of SDVs, which require a
more iterative and agile approach.

An iterative approach breaks down the development process into

smaller, more manageable increments. This allows developers to
get feedback from users early and often, which can help to ensure
that the final product meets the needs of users.

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 Alongside new software methodologies, the automotive indus-
try also needs to embrace new architectural approaches for SDVs.
Traditional automotive architectures are monolithic, meaning
that they are composed of a single, large piece of software. How-
ever, this approach is not scalable or adaptable, making it difficult
to update and maintain.

By embracing new software methodologies and architectural

approaches, the automotive industry can accelerate the devel-
opment of SDVs. This will allow the industry to bring new and
innovative features to market faster, and also help to improve the
safety and reliability of vehicles.

Simulating the Real World Is Critical

for Rapid SDV Development
Simulation is critical for SDV development. Vehicle simulation
through virtual hardware allows developers to start early in the
development process before they have access to physical hard-
ware. This helps them to move fast and scale quickly, as they can
test and iterate on their software without having to wait for phys-
ical hardware to become available.

Virtual hardware allows developers to create more realistic simu-

lations than would be possible with physical hardware. This is
because virtual hardware can be configured to match the specifi-
cations of the target hardware and used to simulate a wide range
of environmental conditions.

Virtual hardware also breaks the development process free of the

limitations of access to physical hardware, meaning a far greater
number of developers can work in parallel on the same platform.

As a result, vehicle simulation through virtual hardware helps

developers to create safer and more reliable vehicles. It also helps
them to bring new features to market faster, as they can test and
iterate on their software in a virtual environment before they
deploy it to physical vehicles.

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