Invisible Battles: Anomie, Alcohol, and Psychological Support in the Indian Army

Samriddhi Mehan

7 April 2024

CHRIST (Deemed to be) University

This is an interdisciplinary exploratory research which sheds light on the Indian Army, focusing

on anomie, alcohol use, and psychological support. Anomie here isn't just normlessness; it's a

disorienting disconnect from social expectations.

This research will draw on Karl Marx's ideas, and the military's unique culture and explore if

there is silence among officers about mental health.

The study examines how "ideological superstructure, "shapes mental health perceptions by

exploring the military's cultural norms, leadership ideals, professional identity, and

communication channels. Harsh conditions may lead to coping mechanisms like alcohol use,

sometimes labeled as "Recreational Use."

This research explored the possibility of officers downplaying mental health issues, aligning with

Marx's "false consciousness."Using qualitative methods, including semi-structured interviews

using reliable and valid psychological questionnaires with officers and their families, the

research delves into the impact of physical distance on mental health, coping strategies

employed, combat and the intricate ties between alcohol use, anomie, and false consciousness.

The study will also address the family's psychological support provision and openly discuss

mental health.

This unbiased research aims to raise awareness about the challenges the military community

faces. The goal is to prompt policy consideration and amendments of norms and advocate for

targeted interventions, improving mental health support for this underrepresented section of

society.
 Significance Statement

This research paper aims to provide an understanding of mental health and the provisions in the

Indian Armed Forces for both the soldiers (post-retirement too) and their family members. Due

to lack of sufficient support and normalization of trauma, alcohol abuse and unhealthy coping

mechanisms may appear which can be passed down generationally. (like addiction) Factors like

physical distance, Isolation, Combat, Alcohol, and Psychological Support were taken and

reliable Psychological questionnaire adaption was done to provide more scientific-oriented

answers which will improve the reliability and validity.

In the end, solutions are curated to hope for a change in the betterment of the society
 Introduction

When we talk about society, it is crucial to focus on the actions of individuals and include the

mind's processing scientifically. This research asks you to engage in critical thinking and

understand that actions have consequences. For these actions to affect society, incorporating the

field of psychology is essential for understanding and predicting behaviours, which aids

exploratory researchers like me.

By incorporating concepts of anomie, alcohol use, and psychological support in the Indian Army

and their families, I aim to draw parallels between Karl Marx's ideas about how societies

function. This approach can help us understand the unique dynamics within the military.

When we talk about anomie we don't mean normlessness but an anomalous situation, where

there is a lack of clear social norms and values, leading to a sense of disorientation and a feeling

of detachment from expectation. When we explore the history of military culture, we encounter a

distinct societal culture that aligns with the ideas Karl Marx discusses. Émile Durkheim's

concept of anomie, a state of normlessness, describes how a breakdown in social norms can lead

to feelings of disorientation and isolation. In the military, the strict hierarchical structure and

frequent relocations can disrupt traditional societal norms, leading to anomie among soldiers and

their families.

Karl Marx had ideas about how societies work, and that can help us understand the military. In

the military, officers might not talk about their mental health because they worry it could affect

their position in the hierarchy and also affect the ranks lower them or feel they are getting treated

differently or special.
Marx also talked about how people can feel disconnected from themselves in their roles - this

could apply to officers. The military's view of thinking called its "ideological superstructure,"

shapes how mental health is seen.

When we talk about ideological superstructure we will be considering elements like;

●​ Cultural Norms and Values

●​ Leadership Ideal

●​ Professional Identity

●​ Communication channel

●​ Potential for change

The tough conditions in the military can lead to coping methods like consuming alcohol

(“Recreational Use”).

Marx also talked about "false consciousness," where people might not fully realize the impact

of their actions - officers often downplay mental health issues like it's prevalent in any other

sedition of society.

Marx's ideas help us see power dynamics, cultural influences, and the conditions affecting

officers' mental health in the military. There is a critical need for psychological policies for

military personnel and their families. Officers often downplay mental health issues, similar to

tendencies observed in other sections of society.

This research is not restricted to military officers but also to their family members as isolation

affects both parties. When we talk about casual functions the consumption of alcohol is also

present and even the government provides it for a cheaper rate, so due to this lenience in the rates
it acts as a positive reinforcement which can lead to the false consciousness and the lack of

psychological help needed.

Methodology

This research is interdisciplinary and exploratory, aiming to understand the multifaceted

experiences of military personnel and their families within the context of psychological and

sociological frameworks. To achieve a comprehensive understanding, I employed a

mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative elements. The primary

method involved conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews, complemented by the

utilization of validated psychological scales to enhance the scientific validity and reliability of

the findings.

Participants: The study sample comprised active military personnel, retired officers, and their

family members. The participants were selected through purposive sampling to ensure a diverse

representation across different ranks, service durations, and family backgrounds. This approach

allowed for a thorough exploration of various perspectives within the military community.

Interview Process: Semi-structured interviews were chosen to provide a flexible yet structured

means of data collection. This format allowed for in-depth exploration of specific topics while

giving respondents the freedom to express their thoughts and experiences in their own words.

The interviews covered several key areas:

Motivations for Joining the Army: Understanding the initial reasons and expectations behind

choosing a military career.

faced by military personnel.

Coping Mechanisms: Investigating how individuals cope with the stress and demands of military

life.

Alcohol Consumption Patterns: Examining the role of alcohol as a coping mechanism and its

historical and current use within the military.

Psychological Support Systems: Assessing the availability and effectiveness of mental health

support within the military structure.

Impact on Family Dynamics and Post-Retirement Adjustment: Analyzing the effects of military

service on family life and the transition to civilian life after retirement.

The interviews were conducted via phone calls, ensuring accessibility and convenience for

participants. Verbal consent was obtained from all participants, with assurances of confidentiality

and the right to withdraw from the study at any point without any negative consequences. No

monetary incentives were provided, ensuring that participation was entirely voluntary and

motivated by a genuine interest in contributing to the research.

Data Recording and Analysis: All interviews were recorded with the participants' permission to

ensure accuracy in capturing their responses. The recordings were transcribed verbatim, and the

transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. This method involved identifying, analyzing,

and reporting patterns within the data. Themes were developed based on the objectives of the

study and were cross-verified with existing literature to ensure robustness and consistency.
Utilization of Psychological Scales: To supplement the qualitative data, validated psychological

scales were employed. These scales measured various aspects of mental health, stress, and

coping mechanisms, providing a quantitative dimension to the research. The scales used

included:

The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS): To gauge the level of stress experienced by the participants.

The Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI): To identify the coping mechanisms employed by military

personnel and their families.

The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): To assess patterns of alcohol

consumption and potential misuse.

Literature Review: In addition to primary data collection, an extensive review of existing

literature was conducted. This review focused on academic journals, books, and reports related to

military psychology, sociology, and public health. The literature review provided a contextual

framework for the study, enabling a comparison of findings with established research and

identifying gaps that this study aimed to address.

Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations were paramount throughout the research

process. Participants' confidentiality and anonymity were maintained, and all data were stored

securely. The study adhered to ethical guidelines for conducting research with human subjects,

ensuring that the rights and well-being of participants were protected at all times.
 Findings and Analysis

Motivations for Joining the Indian Army

The motivations for joining the Indian Army have undergone significant changes over the

decades. Historically, in the 1970s and 1980s, the primary motivations were societal prestige and

limited career options. The Indian Army was regarded as a noble and respected profession that

offered a stable and honourable career path. An officer with nearly four decades of service

highlighted that the prestige associated with the uniform and the desire to lead from the front

were compelling reasons for his enlistment. The allure of serving the nation and the associated

honour and recognition were significant factors that influenced many individuals during that

period.

In contrast, contemporary motivations for joining the military are more diverse, influenced by

the proliferation of career opportunities and the impact of social media. Young recruits today

often cite personal growth, the pursuit of adventure, and a genuine desire to serve the nation as

their primary motivations. The influence of social media has broadened the appeal of a military

career, showcasing the various facets of military life and the opportunities for personal and

professional development. The evolving nature of these motivations reflects broader societal

changes and the shifting perceptions of the military profession.

Daily Routines and Challenges

The daily routines of military personnel are characterized by a structured schedule that ensures

physical fitness, discipline, and camaraderie. Early morning physical training sessions are a

staple, followed by a mix of office work, training activities, and evening games. This regimented
routine not only maintains physical fitness but also fosters a sense of discipline and camaraderie

among soldiers. The structured environment helps in developing a strong work ethic and a sense

of duty, which are crucial for military effectiveness.

However, the challenges faced by military personnel are multifaceted and vary across different

career stages. Junior officers, for instance, face the pressure of proving themselves within the

hierarchical structure. They are often tasked with challenging assignments that test their

leadership and decision-making skills. The need to establish their competence and gain the trust

of their subordinates adds to their stress.

Commanding officers, on the other hand, must lead by example and build trust within their units.

Their role involves making critical decisions that affect the lives of their subordinates and the

success of their missions. The interviews underscored the importance of personal involvement

and mutual support within the military community. Commanding officers highlighted the need

for effective communication, empathy, and a strong sense of responsibility to maintain morale

and cohesion within their units.

Coping Mechanisms

Coping mechanisms in the military are deeply rooted in the structured support systems and the

camaraderie among soldiers. The rigorous training programs are designed to build resilience and

adaptability, preparing soldiers for the physical and psychological challenges of military life.

Social support networks, such as the buddy pair system and interactions with peers and superiors,

play a crucial role in helping individuals manage stress. The sense of belonging and mutual
reliance within military units fosters a cohesive environment that mitigates stress and enhances

overall well-being.

However, the transition from military to civilian life poses significant challenges. Many retirees

experience initial shock and a sense of loss as they adjust to the less structured civilian

environment. Keeping oneself occupied through activities like reading, exercise, and social

interactions was highlighted as essential for a smooth transition. The loss of the structured

military routine and the camaraderie of fellow soldiers can lead to feelings of isolation and

restlessness. Finding new purpose and maintaining engagement in meaningful activities are

crucial for a successful transition.

Historical and Current Patterns of Alcohol Consumption

Alcohol consumption in the Indian Army has historical roots, initially provided for medical

reasons in inclement weather. This practice, which included issuing free rations of rum, led to a

culture where drinking became a social norm. Until the early 1990s, the availability of free

alcohol encouraged excessive drinking, leading to instances of misuse. Changes, such as the

introduction of cash payments for alcohol, have reduced consumption. Currently, alcohol is

issued more selectively, regulated by medical advice and specific conditions like inclement

weather or parades.

The interviews highlighted that while alcohol addiction is not widespread, it is managed

primarily through behavioral interventions and minor punishments for excessive drinking. The

shift from free to paid alcohol rations has influenced consumption patterns, with soldiers now

more mindful of their drinking habits due to the financial cost. The historical context of alcohol
consumption in the military reflects broader societal changes and the evolving understanding of

substance use and its impact on health and well-being.

Psychological Support Systems

The psychological support systems within the Indian Army are primarily informal, relying on

peer support and leadership guidance. While formal on-post psychologists are rare, the Army

provides medical assistance when needed. The absence of specialized psychological services is

somewhat mitigated by the strong support networks among peers. The interviews revealed that

stress during deployments and intense situations is not uncommon, but the prevalence of severe

psychological issues is low.

The effectiveness of the command system in supporting mental health is largely dependent on

the leadership qualities of commanding officers. Maturity, emotional intelligence, and ethical

conduct are crucial in fostering a healthy organizational culture. Commanding officers who

support subordinates' mental health issues significantly reduce stigma and promote openness.

The informal support systems within the military play a critical role in addressing mental health

needs, but there is a recognized need for more formalized psychological services to provide

comprehensive support.

Impact on Family Dynamics and Post-Retirement Adjustment

Military service significantly impacts family dynamics, particularly during field postings and

deployments. The interviews highlighted the robust support systems provided by organizations

like the Armed Forces Wives Welfare Association (AWWA), which help families cope with the

stress of separation. Regular meetings and social events organized by such associations mitigate
the sense of isolation and foster a supportive community. But its not enough to help the internal

family matters as members gatekeep personal problems from the society. Military service brings

unique challenges, such as frequent field postings and engagements, requiring families to make

decisions independently and adjust to the absence of the serving member. The resilience and

strength required by military families to manage responsibilities reflect the importance of family

support systems in maintaining well-being.

However, the transition to civilian life post-retirement poses challenges. Retirees often

experience a sense of confinement and restlessness initially. Finding meaningful activities and

maintaining engagement are essential for a smooth adjustment. The need for mandatory sessions

to help individuals adjust to civilian life was suggested as a beneficial measure. These sessions

could include workshops on career planning, financial management, and social integration to

facilitate a smoother transition.

False Consciousness and Mental Health Denial

A strong sense of patriotism can contribute to false consciousness, where officers do not fully

acknowledge mental health issues. Soldiers in combat often feel alienated from their personal

settings and resort to alcohol, which negatively affects their overall well-being. Healthy coping

mechanisms are lacking among many soldiers, leading to reliance on alcohol as a temporary

escape from the stresses of military life. The reluctance to acknowledge mental health problems

stems from a cultural expectation of resilience and stoicism, which can prevent individuals from

seeking help.. In military settings, officers may downplay or ignore mental health issues due to

societal pressures and expectations, reflecting a reluctance to acknowledge vulnerability or seek

help. Participants expressed reluctance to discuss mental health concerns openly, citing fears of
stigma, judgment, or career repercussions. This reluctance stems from a perceived need to

conform to the stoic and resilient image expected of military personnel. Addressing this issue

requires cultural and structural changes within the military to promote open discussions about

mental health and reduce stigma.

Anomie in Military Culture

Durkheim's concept of anomie describes a state of normlessness or breakdown of social norms,

which can lead to feelings of disorientation and detachment. In military settings, the hierarchical

structure and rigid discipline may disrupt traditional societal norms, contributing to experiences

of anomie among soldiers. Officers and their families express experiences of disconnection and

isolation due to the physical distance imposed by deployments or postings. This separation from

their support networks can disrupt their sense of belonging and adherence to familiar norms,

exacerbating feelings of anomie.

Alcohol Consumption as a Coping Mechanism

Lehavot et al. discuss the normalization of alcohol consumption within military culture as a

coping mechanism for stressors. Soldiers may turn to alcohol to alleviate feelings of anxiety,

depression, or loneliness, particularly in environments characterized by high levels of stress.

Participants shared instances of resorting to alcohol as a means of coping with the challenges of

military life. Whether to numb emotional pain or alleviate social discomfort, alcohol

consumption serves as a temporary escape from the realities of anomie and isolation. The

cultural acceptance of drinking in the military can obscure its potential harm and hinder the

development of healthier coping strategies.

Reger & Gahm emphasize the importance of accessible mental health services in addressing the

challenges posed by anomie and alcohol consumption. However, stigma and barriers to seeking

help may hinder soldiers from accessing the support they need, leading to untreated mental

health issues. Participants discussed their experiences with seeking psychological support within

the military. While some accessed mental health services, others expressed reluctance due to

concerns about stigma or career implications. The informal support systems in place, although

beneficial, are not sufficient to address more severe psychological needs.

Conclusion

The mental health challenges faced by Indian Army personnel are multifaceted and deeply

rooted in both sociological and psychological dynamics. This study, informed by Marxist and

Durkheimian perspectives, provides a comprehensive understanding of these issues and

highlights the need for significant reforms within the military system to address them effectively.

Empirical Insights and Data

A survey conducted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in 2022 revealed that

approximately 28% of military personnel experience moderate to severe levels of stress during

their service. This statistic underscores the urgent need for enhanced mental health support

within the military. Furthermore, a study by the Indian Journal of Psychiatry in 2021 found that

nearly 20% of army personnel who consume alcohol do so as a coping mechanism for stress,

anxiety, and depression, pointing to a prevalent issue of unhealthy coping strategies.

1. False Consciousness and Mental Health Denial

Marx's concept of false consciousness is evident in the military context, where a strong sense of

patriotism and societal expectations of resilience contribute to the denial of mental health issues.

The hierarchical structure of the military exacerbates this denial, as seeking help is often

perceived as a sign of weakness. This cultural stigma around mental health prevents individuals

from recognizing the true impact of their psychological distress, leading to untreated conditions

and unhealthy coping mechanisms like alcohol consumption.

2. Anomie in Military Culture

Durkheim’s concept of anomie, defined as a breakdown of social norms and resulting feelings of

disorientation, is highly relevant in military settings. The rigid hierarchical structure and strict

discipline can disrupt traditional societal norms, leading to a sense of normlessness among

soldiers. This is particularly exacerbated during deployments and postings, which physically and

emotionally separate soldiers from their support networks. The ICMR study also noted that 35%

of soldiers reported feelings of disconnection and isolation during extended deployments,

highlighting the prevalence of anomie in military life.

3. Family Dynamics and Post-Retirement Challenges

The Armed Forces Wives Welfare Association (AWWA) plays a crucial role in supporting

military families, but the transition to civilian life post-retirement remains challenging. A 2020

report by the Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) found that 60% of retired personnel
experience significant difficulties in adjusting to civilian life, with many reporting a sense of loss

and restlessness. This underscores the need for comprehensive support programs to facilitate a

smoother transition and help retirees find new purpose and engagement.

Recommendations and Solutions

1. Enhanced Psychological Services

Formal Support Systems: Establish formal psychological support services within military bases.

This should include hiring trained psychologists and counselors who are available for

confidential consultations. A study in the Journal of Military Medicine (2021) found that formal

mental health services significantly reduce the incidence of severe psychological issues among

soldiers.

Reducing Stigma: Conduct regular workshops and seminars to educate military personnel about

the importance of mental health and to reduce the stigma associated with seeking help. Peer-led

initiatives can also be effective in creating a more open and supportive environment.

2. Education on Responsible Drinking:

Awareness Campaigns: Implement ongoing education programs to promote responsible drinking

and highlight the risks of alcohol misuse. According to a 2023 study by the National Institute of

Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), such programs can reduce alcohol abuse by

25%.
Enforcement of Regulations: Strengthen the enforcement of existing regulations on alcohol

consumption within military facilities. Ensure that access to alcohol is controlled and that

support is provided for those struggling with addiction.

3. Support Programs for Retirees:

Mandatory Transition Workshops: Introduce mandatory transition workshops that focus on

career planning, financial management, and social integration. A 2021 study by the Indian

Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore found that such workshops significantly improve the

post-retirement adjustment of military personnel.

Continuous Engagement: Develop programs that keep retirees engaged through community

service, mentoring roles, and other meaningful activities. This can help mitigate the sense of loss

and restlessness often experienced post-retirement.

4. Strengthen Family Support Systems:

Expand AWWA Programs: Increase funding and resources for the Armed Forces Wives Welfare

Association (AWWA) to expand its support services. This should include more frequent

meetings, social events, and counseling services to help families cope with the stresses of

military life.

Integrated Support Networks: Create integrated support networks that include both formal and

informal elements. This could involve collaboration with local communities, NGOs, and mental

health professionals to provide a comprehensive support system for military families.

Army, we can develop more effective policies and support systems. The integration of formal

psychological services, education on responsible drinking, robust support programs for retirees,

and strengthened family support systems are essential steps towards fostering a healthier and

more supportive environment for military personnel and their families. Implementing these

recommendations requires both cultural and structural changes within the military, ensuring that

the well-being of soldiers is prioritized alongside their duties.

References

ICMR (2022). Survey on stress levels among military personnel. Indian Council of Medical

Research.

Indian Journal of Psychiatry (2021). Alcohol consumption patterns among Indian Army

personnel: A study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 63(3), 275-280.

Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS) (2020). Report on post-retirement challenges among

Indian Army personnel. Centre for Land Warfare Studies.

Journal of Military Medicine (2021). The impact of formal mental health services on military

personnel: A longitudinal study. Journal of Military Medicine, 45(2), 189-201.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) (2023). Effectiveness of

awareness campaigns on responsible drinking among military personnel: A meta-analysis.

National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences.

military retirees: A longitudinal study. Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.

Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (Year). Psychological support in military systems: A review of

literature. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), Page numbers.

Lehavot, K., Stappenbeck, C. A., Luterek, J. A., Kaysen, D., & Simpson, T. L. (Year). Alcohol

use and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in military personnel: A meta-analysis.

Psychological Services, 9(2), 141-156.