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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER

The document provides an overview of statistics and probability, focusing on random variables, their types (discrete and continuous), and their applications in decision-making. It includes examples of calculating mean, variance, and standard deviation for discrete random variables, as well as probability distributions and the properties of normal distribution. Key concepts such as the empirical rule and z-scores for standard normal distribution are also discussed.

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Mark John C. Biana
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10 views

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER

The document provides an overview of statistics and probability, focusing on random variables, their types (discrete and continuous), and their applications in decision-making. It includes examples of calculating mean, variance, and standard deviation for discrete random variables, as well as probability distributions and the properties of normal distribution. Key concepts such as the empirical rule and z-scores for standard normal distribution are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Mark John C. Biana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

(MODULE 1)
I. Random Variables
A random variable is a variable whose value is unknown and is assigned to each outcome of an
experiment.

Types of Random Variables

1. Discrete Random Variable


o Obtained by counting.
o Takes on a finite number of values.
o Examples:
 Number of students in a class.
 Number of trees in a park.
 Number of COVID-19 patients.
2. Continuous Random Variable
o Obtained by measuring.
o Takes on an uncountable number of values.
o Examples:
 Height and weight of individuals.
 Body temperature of a patient.
 Distance traveled by a car.

II. Examples of Discrete & Continuous Random Variables


Situation Type
Number of siblings in a family Discrete
Getting the body temperature of a COVID-19 patient Continuous
Speed of a car Continuous
Number of people playing Lotto daily Discrete
Weight of students Continuous
Recording the distance traveled by a car Continuous
Number of female athletes Discrete
Surveying COVID-19 cases Discrete
Number of emergency calls in an hour Discrete
Height of Burj Khalifa and Jeddah Tower Continuous
III. Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

1. Define discrete and continuous random variables.


2. Differentiate between discrete and continuous random variables.
3. Appreciate how random variables are used in decision-making.

MEAN AND VARIANCE OF DISCRETE


RANDOM VARIABLES
I. Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

Example 1: Rolling a Die

 The mean tells us the average number of spots that would appear when rolling a die
multiple times.
 Answer: 3.5

II. Variance of a Discrete Random Variable


Example 2: Dog Heights

 Your friend measures the heights of 5 different dog breeds.


 To compute the variance:
1. Find the mean height.
2. Compute the difference of each height from the mean.
3. Square the differences.
4. Find the average of the squared differences.

III. Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable

Example 3: Finding Variance and Standard Deviation

 Given a probability distribution, compute:


o Variance: 0.5
o Standard Deviation: 0.707

Example 4: Another Probability Distribution

 Variance: 0.8
 Standard Deviation: 0.894
IV. Key Takeaways

Here’s a structured and refined reviewer/notes based on your Statistics and Probability
Module 3-5:

REVIEWER NOTES: STATISTICS AND


PROBABILITY (MODULE 3-5)
I. Finding Possible Values of a Random Variable
 A random variable is a set of possible values from a random experiment.
 Represented by capital letters: X, Y, Z.

Examples:

1. Defective Laptops
o Suppose 3 laptops are tested. Let X be the number of non-defective laptops.
o Possible values: X = {0, 1, 2, 3} → Discrete Random Variable.
2. Tossing Coins
o Tossing 2 coins and recording the number of heads.
o Possible values: X = {0, 1, 2} → Discrete Random Variable.
3. Drawing Balls from a Jar
o Drawing 2 balls from a jar with 6 pink and 5 purple balls.
o Let Y be the number of pink balls drawn.
o Possible values: Y = {0, 1, 2} → Discrete Random Variable.
4. Tossing 4 Coins
o Let T be the number of tails that occur.
o Possible values: T = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.

II. Computing Probabilities for Random Variables


 Probability represents the likelihood of an event happening.
 Probability values range from 0 to 1.

Examples of Probability Calculations:

1. Rolling a Die
o P(Getting an even number) = 3/6 = 0.5
o P(Getting a number > 4) = 2/6 = 0.33
2. Tossing a Coin
o P(Getting heads) = 1/2 = 0.5
3. Drawing a Card from a Deck
o P(Getting a 10) = 4/52 = 0.077
4. Rolling Two Dice
o P(Sum = 6 or Sum = 10) = Varies depending on combinations.

III. Probability Distribution Examples


Example 1: Demand for Laptops

 The daily demand for laptops in a store follows this probability distribution:

X (Laptops Sold) P(X) (Probability)


8 0.18
9 0.25
10 0.06
12 0.04

 Finding P(X ≥ 8):


o P(X ≥ 8) = P(8) + P(9) + P(10) + P(12) = 0.53
 Finding P(7 ≤ X ≤ 10):
o P(X) = 0.64
 Finding P(X ≤ 9):
o P(X) = 0.90

Example 2: Student Tardiness

 Probability distribution of students arriving late is given.


 Finding Probabilities:
o P(Tardy students ≥ 3)?
o P(Tardy students at least 3)?
o P(Tardy students > 1 but < 4)?
IV. Exercises on Probability Distributions
Example: Social Amelioration Program (SAP) during COVID-19

 The Bayanihan Act allocated financial aid to low-income families.


 Given probability distribution, solve:
o P(Beneficiary aged ≥ 61)?
o P(Beneficiary aged ≤ 60)?
o P(Beneficiary aged 61-70)?
o P(Beneficiary aged ≥ 66)?

Example: Cellphone Sales in a Mall

 Given probability data:

X (Phones Sold) P(X) (Probability)


0 0.05
1 0.10
2 0.15
3 0.20
4 0.15
5 0.05
6 0.05
7 0.10
8 0.045
9 0.055
10 0.050

 Finding Probabilities:
o P(X < 5)? → 0.65
o P(X > 7)? → 0.15
o P(1 < X < 9)? → 0.745
o P(0 < X < 6)? → 0.650

V. Key Takeaways
1. Random Variables: Represent possible outcomes in a probability experiment.
2. Probability Distributions: Show the likelihood of different outcomes.
3. Discrete vs. Continuous Variables:
Discrete = Countable outcomes.
o
Continuous = Measurable outcomes.
o
4. Computing Probabilities:
o Sum up probabilities for the range given.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
I. Definition of Normal Distribution
 A Normal Probability Distribution is the probability distribution of a continuous
random variable.
 Graphical representation:
o Forms a bell-shaped curve.
o Also called the bell curve.
 Used for:
o Describing population characteristics.
o Making statistical inferences.
o Determining probabilities and percentiles of continuous random variables.

II. Properties of Normal Distribution


1. Bell-shaped curve.
2. Mean = Median = Mode, all at the center of the distribution.
3. Unimodal (only one peak).
4. Symmetrical about the mean.
5. Continuous (smooth curve with no gaps).
6. Never touches the x-axis (extends indefinitely).
7. Total area under the curve = 1 (or 100%).

III. The Empirical Rule (68-95-99.7 Rule)


Describes the percentage of data within standard deviations from the mean:

Range from Mean Percentage of Data


µ ± 1σ 68% of data
µ ± 2σ 95% of data
µ ± 3σ 99.7% of data

Example 1: Heights of SHS Students

 Mean (µ) = 150 cm


 Standard deviation (σ) = 10 cm
 Heights between 140 cm and 160 cm (µ ± 1σ) → 68% of students
 Heights between 130 cm and 170 cm (µ ± 2σ) → 95% of students

IV. Finding Probabilities in a Normal Distribution


Example 2: Finding Percentages

Example 3: Finding Whole Count

 Given 500 students, find how many are shorter than 140 cm.
 Convert to probability using z-score, then multiply by total number of students.

V. The Standard Normal Distribution


 A standard normal distribution has:
o Mean (µ) = 0
o Standard deviation (σ) = 1
 Used for comparing different distributions.

Finding Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve

 Use z-tables to determine probabilities.


 Examples:
o Area between z = 0 and z = 1.96.
o Area to the right of z = 0.71.
o Area to the left of z = -2.12.

VI. Converting to the Standard Normal Distribution (Z-


score)
VII. Key Takeaways
1. Normal Distribution: Bell-shaped, symmetrical, total area = 1.
2. Empirical Rule: 68-95-99.7% of data within 1σ, 2σ, 3σ.
3. Z-score Formula: Standardizes data to compare across distributions.
4. Probability Calculation: Use z-tables to find areas under the curve.

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