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 '

INTRODUCTORY

ALAN EVANS
KENDALL MARTIN
MARY ANNE POATSY
 Power Management and Ergonomics ................................................................................................................ 70
Power Controls and Power Management. ............................................................................................................ 70
Objective 2.13 Describe how to manage power consumption on computing devices.
BITS&BYTES: Sleep Better and Avoid Eyestrain: Use Less Blue Light ................... ............................................. 72
Setting It All Up: Ergonomics ................................. .............................................................................................. 73
Objective 2.14 Define ergonomics, and discuss the ideal physical setup for using computing devices.
SOLVE THIS: Technology Wish List .................................................................................................................... 83

Chapter 3
Using the Internet: Making the Most of the Web's Resources .................................... 84
Part 1: Collaborating and Working on the Web ................................................................................................................. 86
Leaming Outcome 3.1 You will be able to explain how the Internet works and how it is used for collaboration,
communication, commerce, and entertainment purposes.
The Internet and How It Works............................................................................................................................ 86
The Origin of the Internet ..................................................................................................................................... 86
Objective 3.1 Describe how the Internet got its start.
How the Internet Works ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Objective 3.2 Explain how data travels on the Internet.
Collaborating and Communicating on the Web................................................................................................. 89
Collaborating with Web Technologies .................................................................................................................. 89
Objective 3.3 Evaluate the tools and technologies used to collaborate on the web.
BITS&BYTES: Secure Messaging Apps ................................................... ........................................................... 9 1
SOUND BYTE: Slogging ........................................................................................................................................................ 9 1
Communicating over the Web ............................................................................................................................. 94
Objective 3.4 Summarize the technologies used to communicate over the web.
Conducting Business on the Web ....................................................................................................................... 97
Conducting Business Online ................................................................................................................................ 97
Objective 3.5 Describe how business is conducted using the Internet.
DIG DEEPER: How Cloud Computing Works .......... ........ ................ ................... ................ ...... ............. ............. 98
BITS&BYTES: Looking for Extra Money? Try a Side Hustle ................................. ...................... ................ .......... 99
E-commerce Safeguards .................................................................................................................................... 99
Objective 3.6 Summarize precautions you should take when doing business online.
HELPDESK: Doing Business Online ..................................................................................................................................... 100
BITS&BYTES: Bitcoin: A Form of Virtual Currency ........... ...................................... ........................................... 10 1
T RY TH IS: Use OneDrive to Store and Share Your Files in the Cloud .. ................... ................... ............. ........... 103
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Web-Capable App ............... ........ ................ ................... ................ ...... ............. ........... 104
Part 2: Using tile Web Effectively ...................................................................................................................................... 105
Leaming Outcome 3.2 You will be able to describe the tools and techniques required to navigate and search the web.
Accessing and M oving Around the Web .......................................................................................................... 10·5
Web Browsers ................................................................................................................................................... 105
Objective 3.7 Explain what web browsers are, and describe their common features.
URLs, Protocols, and Domain Names................................................................................................................ 107
Objective 3.8 Explain what a URL is, and discuss its mcnn parts.
Navigating the Web ........................................................................................................................................... 108
Objective 3.9 Describe tools used to navigate the web.
BITS&BYTES: Maintain Your Privacy While Searching the Web ........ ...................... ................ ........................... 109
Searching the Web Effectively ........................................................................................................................... 11O
Using Search Engines ....................................................................................................................................... 11 0
Objective 3.10 Describe the types of tools used to search the web, and summarize strategies used to refine search results.

vi Contents
 BITS&BYTES: Digital Assistants and Predictive Search ..................................................................................... 11 1
Evaluating Websites ........................................................................................................................................... 113
Objective 3.11 Describe how to evaluate a website to ensure it is appropriate to use for research purposes.
SOUND BYTE: Finding Information on the Web .................................................................................................................... 113
HELPDESK: Evaluating Websites ......................................................................................................................................... 113
TRENDS IN IT: Linked Data and the Semantic Web ......................................................................................... 114
BITS&BYTES: Why Isn't Wikipedia Good to Use as a Source for a Research Paper? ....................................... 11 5
Using the Web Ethically ..................................................................................................................................... 115
Digital Activism .................................................................................................................................................. 115
Objective 3.12 Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical issues regarding digital activism.
Geolocation ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 6
Objective 3.13 Demonstrate an understanding of the ethical issues regarding location tracking applications and devices.
BITS&BYTES: Human-Implanted Data Chips: Protection or Invasive Nightmare? ................................................ 117
ETHICS IN IT: Cyber Harassment ..................................................................................................................... 118
SOLVE THI S: Create a Report: Conducting Research on the Web .................................................................... 125

Chapter 4
Application Software: Programs That Let You Work an d Play ............................. 126
Part 1: Accessing, Using, and Managing Software .......................................................................................................... 128
Leaming Outcome 4.1 You will be able to explain the ways to access and use software and describe how to best manage
your software.
~e>ft\\l'are 13asics .................................................................................................................................................. 12fl
Application vs. System Software ........................................................................................................................ 128
Objective 4.1 Compare application software and system software.
Distributing Software ......................................................................................................................................... 128
Objective 4.2 Explain the differences between commercial software and open source software, and describe models for
software distribution.
BITS&BYTES: Finding Alternative Software ....................................................................................................... 129
M anaging Your Software .................................................................................................................................... 129
Purchasing Software ......................................................................................................................................... 129
Objective 4.3 Explain the different options for purchasing software.
TRENDS IN IT: Mobile Payment Apps: The Power of M-Commerce ................................................................. 130
HELPDESK: Buying and Installing Software .......................................................................................................................... 131
Installing and Uninstalling Software .................................................................................................................... 131
Objective 4.4 Describe how to install and uninstall software.
BITS&BYTES: Ridding Your Computer of "Bloat" .............................................................................................. 131
Upgrading Software........................................................................................................................................... 132
Objective 4.5 Explain the considerations around the decision to upgrade your software.
DIG DEEPER: How Number Systems Work ...................................................................................................... 132
SOUND BYTE: Where Does Binary Show Up? ..................................................................................................................... 133
Software Licenses ............................................................................................................................................. 134
Objective 4.6 Explain how software licenses function.
ETHICS IN IT: Can I Borrow Software That I Don't Own? ................................................................................. 135
TRY THIS: Citing Website Sources ................................................................................................................... 137
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A More Powerful App ....................................................................................................... 138
Part 2: Application Software ............................................................................................................................................. 139
Leaming Outcome 4.2 Describe the different types of application software used for productivity and multimedia.
Productivity and Busines.s Software ................................................................................................................. 139
Productivity Software ......................................................................................................................................... 139
Objective 4.7 Categorize the types of application software used to enhance productivity, and describe their uses and features.

Contents vii
 BITS&BYTES: Productivity Software Tips and Tricks ......................................................................................... 139
BITS&BYTES: How to Open Unknown File Types ............................................................................................. 140
BITS&BYTES: Going Beyond PowerPoint ......................................................................................................... 144
SOUND BYTE: Programming for End Users ......................................................................................................................... 146
Business Software ............................................................................................................................................. 148
Objective 4.8 Summarize the types of software that large and small businesses use.
BITS&BYTES: Need to Work as a Team? Try These Collaboration Tools ........................................................... 150
Multimedia and Educational S.o ftware.............................................................................................................. 150
Digital Multimedia Software ............................................................................................................................... 150
Objective 4.9 Describe the uses and features of digital multimedia software.
Digital Audio Software ....................................................................................................................................... 152
Objective 4.10 Describe the uses and features of digital audio software.
HELPDESK: Choosing Software ........................................................................................................................................... 153
App Creation Software ...................................................................................................................................... 154
Objective 4.11 Describe the features of app creation software.
BITS&BYTES: Mirror, Mirror . .. .......................................................................................................................... 155
Educational and Reference Software ................................................................................................................. 155
Objective 4.12 Categorize educational and reference software, and explain their features.
SOLVE THIS: Analyzing Benchmark Data ......................................................................................................... 163

Chapter 5
System Software: The Operatin g System, Utility Programs, and
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Part 1: Understanding System Software .......................................................................................................................... 166
Leaming Outcome 5.1 You will be able to explain the types and functions of operating systems and exp lain the
steps in the boot process.
Operating System Fundamentals ...................................................................................................................... 166
Operating System Basics .................................................................................................................................. 166
Objective 5.1 Discuss the functions of the operating system.
Operating Systems for Personal Use.................................................................................................................. 167
Objective 5.2 Explain the most common operating systems for personal use.
BITS&BYTES: Why Isn't Everyone Using Linux? ............................................................................................... 168
BITS&BYTES: Operating Systems for the Home ............................................................................................... 169
Operating Systems for Machinery, Networks, and Business .............................................................................. 169
Objective 5.3 Explain the different kinds of operating systems for machines, networks, and business.
ETHICS IN IT: The Great Debate: Is macOS Safer Than Windows? .................................................................. 171
What the Operating System Does ..................................................................................................................... 172
The User Interface ............................................................................................................................................. 172
Objective 5.4 Explain how the operating system provides a means for users to interact with the computer.
Hardware Coordination...................................................................................................................................... 173
Objective 5.5 Explain how the operating system helps manage hardware such as the processor, memory, storage,
and peripheral devices.
SOUND BYTE: Using Windows Task Manager to Evaluate System Performance .................................................................. 173
Software Application Coord ination ..................................................................................................................... 175
Objective 5.6 Explain how the operating system interacts with application software.
TRENDS IN IT: Are Personal Computers Becoming More Human? .................................................................. 176
Starting Your Computer ..................................................................................................................................... 177
The Boot Process .............................................................................................................................................. 177
Objective 5.7 Discuss the process the operating system uses to start up the computer and how errors in the boot
process are handled.

viii Contents
 HELPDESK: Starting the Computer: The Boot Process ........................................................................................................ 179
TRY THIS: Using Virtual Desktops in Windows 10............................................................................................. 182
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Notification Alert ............................................................................................................ 183
Part 2: Using System Softwa.re ......................................................................................................................................... 184-
Leaming Outcome 5.2 You will be able to describe how to use system software, including the user interlace, file
management capabilitie.s, and utility programs.
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Using Windows 10 ............................................................................................................................................ 184
Objective 5.8 Describe the main features of the Windows interface.
BITS&BYTES: The Snipping Tool ...................................................................................................................... 185
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Organizing Your Files ......................................................................................................................................... 187
Objective 5.9 Summarize how the operating system helps keep your computer organized and manages files and folders.
BITS&BYTES: Save Files in the Cloud .............................................................................................................. 189
BITS&BYTES: Tips for Organizing Your Files ..................................................................................................... 190
HELPDESK: Organizing Your Computer: File Management. .................................................................................................. 19 1
lJt ilit}' f>rogrart1s .................................................................................................................................................. 1!1:3
Windows Administrative Utilities......................................................................................................................... 194
Objective 5.10 Outline the tools used to enhance system productivity, back up files, and provide accessibility.
DIG DEEPER: How Disk Defragmenting Utilities Work ...................................................................................... 196
SOUND BYTE: Hard Disk Anatomy ...................................................................................................................................... 196
SOLVE THIS: Mobile Operating Systems: Changing Market Share .................................................................... 205

Chapter 6
Understanding and Assessing Hardware: Evaluating Your System .................... 206
Part 1: Evaluating Key Subsystems .................................................................................................................................. 208
Leaming Outcome 6.1 You will be able to evaluate your computer syst em 's hardware funct i oning, including the
CPU and memory subsystems.
Your Ideal Cort1put ing Device ............................................................................................................................ 208
Moore's Law ..................................................................................................................................................... 208
Objective 6.1 Describe the changes in CPU performance over the past several decades.
Selecting a Computing Device ........................................................................................................................... 209
Objective 6.2 Compare and contrast a variety of computing devices.
Evaluating t he Cf>U Subsystert1 ......................................................................................................................... 211
How the CPU Works ......................................................................................................................................... 21 1
Objective 6.3 Describe how a CPU is designed and how it operates.
BITS&BYTES: Liquid Cooling ........................................................................................................................... 21 5
Measuring CPU Performance ............................................................................................................................ 21 5
Object ive 6.4 Describe tools used to measure and evaluate CPU performance.
DIG DEEPER: The Machine Cycle .................................................................................................................... 21 7
Evaluating the Memory Subsystem .................................................................................................................. 218
Random Access Memory .................................................................................................................................. 218
Object ive 6.5 Discuss how RAM is used in a computer system.
Adding RAM ...................................................................................................................................................... 220
Object ive 6.6 Evaluate whether adding RAM to a system is desirable.
HELPDESK: Evaluating Your CPU and RAM ......................................................................................................................... 220
SOUND BYTE: Installing RAM .............................................................................................................................................. 221

Contents ix
 TRY THIS: Measure Your System Performance ................................................................................................. 223
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Location-Aware App ..................................................................................................... 224
Part 2: Evaluating Other Subsystems and Making a Decision ....................................................................................... 225
Leaming Outcome 6.2 You will be able to evaluate your computer system's st orage subsystem, media subsyst em,
and reliability and decide whether to purchase a new system or upgrade an existing one.
Evaluating the Storage Subsystem ................................................................................................................... 225
Types of Storage Drives ..................................................................................................................................... 225
Objective 6.7 Classify and describe the major types of nonvolatile storage drives.
SOUND BYTE: Installing an SSD Drive ................................................................................................................................. 226
DIG DEEPER: How Storage Devices Work ....................................................................................................... 227
Storage Needs .................................................................................................................................................. 228
Objective 6.8 Evaluate the amount and type of storage needed for a system.
BITS&BYTES: How Much Storage to Buy? ....................................................................................................... 230
Evaluating the M edia Subsystems .................................................................................................................... 231
Video Cards ...................................................................................................................................................... 231
Objective 6.9 Describe the features of video cards.
BITS&BYTES: Graphics Cards with SSD on Board ........................................................................................... 233
TRENDS IN IT: USS 3 .1 and USB-C ................................................................................................................ 234
Sound Cards ..................................................................................................................................................... 235
Objective 6.10 Describe the features of sound cards.
HELPDESK: Evaluating Computer System Components ...................................................................................................... 235

Evaluating System Reliability and Moving On.................................................................................................. 237

Maintaining System Reliability ............................................................................................................................ 237
Objective 6.11 Describe steps you can take to optimize your system's reliability.
Getting Rid of Your Old Computer ..................................................................................................................... 239
Objective 6.12 Discuss how to recycle, donate, or dispose of an older computer.
ETHICS IN IT: Free Hardware for All ................................................................................................................. 240
SOLVE THIS: Laptop Alternatives ..................................................................................................................... 247

Chapter 7
Networking: Connecting Computin g Devices ....................................................... 248
li<>iAT 1'l~t"'1<>rlt£S ~11c:ti<>J1 ........................................................................................................................................ :Z~C>
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Leaming Outcome 7.1 You will be able to explain the basics of networking, including the components needed to
create a network, and describe the different ways a network can connect to the Internet.
Networking Fundamentals ................................................................................................................................. 250
Understanding Networks ................................................................................................................................... 250
Objective 7.1 Describe computer networks and their pros and cons.
H ELPDESK: Understanding Networking ............................................................................................................................... 251

Network Architectures ....................................................................................................................................... 252

Network Designs ............................................................................................................................................... 252
Objective 7 .2 Explain the different ways networks are defined.
BITS&BYTES: The Rise of Wearable Technology .............................................................................................. 254
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Transmission Media ........................................................................................................................................... 255
Objective 7 .3 Describe the types of transmission media used in networks.
SOUND BYTE: Installing a Home Computer Network ........................................................................................................... 255
Basic Network Hardware ................................................................................................................................... 258
Objective 7.4 Describe the basic hardware devices necessary for networks.
Network Software .............................................................................................................................................. 259
Objective 7.5 Describe the type of software necessary for networks.

x Contents
 TRENDS IN IT: How Smart Is Your Home? .................................................................................................... ... 260
Connecting to the Internet................................................................................................................................. 260
Broadband Internet Connections ....................................................................................................................... 260
Objective 7.6 Summarize the broadband options available to access the Internet.
Wireless Internet Access.................................................................................................................................... 262
Objective 7.7 Summarize how to access the Internet wirelessly.
BITS&BYTES: Net Neutrality ............................................................................................................................. 262
BITS&BYTES: 5G Is Coming- ls It Worth the Wait? ......................................................................................... 263
BITS&BYTES: Is Dial-Up Still an Option? .......................................................................................................... 264
ETHICS IN IT: Ethical Challenges of the Internet of Things ................................................................................ 264
TRY THIS: Testing Your Internet Connection Speed .......................................................................................... 266
MAKE THIS: MAKE: Networked Devices .......................................................................................................... 267
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Leaming Outcome 7 .2 You will be able to describe what is necessary to install and configure a home network and
how to manage and secure a w ireless netw ork.
In.s talling and Configuring Home Networks ..................................................................................................... 268
Planning Your Home Network ............................................................................................................................ 268
Objective 7.8 Explain what should be considered before creating a home network.
Connecting Devices to a Network ...................................................................................................................... 269
Objective 7.9 Describe how to set up a home network.
BITS&BYTES: Mesh Networks: An Emerging Alternative .................................................................................. 270
BITS&BYTES: Analyzing Network Problems ..................................................................................................... 273
Configuring Software for Your Home Network ................................................................................................... 273
Objective 7.10 Summarize how to configure home network software.
DIG DEEPER: P2P File Sharing ........................................................................................................................ 275
Managing and Securing Wi reles.s Networks .................................................................................................... 275
Troubleshooting Wireless Network Problems ..................................................................................................... 275
Objective 7.11 Describe the potential problems with wireless networks and means to avoid them.
Securing Wireless Networks .............................................................................................................................. 276
Objective 7.12 Describe how to secure wireless home networks.
SOUND BYTE: Securing Wireless Networks ......................................................................................................................... 278
HELPDESK: Managing and Securing Your Wireless Network ..................................................................................... 278
SOLVE THI S: Home Networking Guide ............................................................................................................. 285

Chapter 8
Man aging a Digital Lifestyle: Media an d Ethics ................................................... 286
Part 1: The Impact of Digital Information ........................................................................................................................ 288
Leaming Outcome 8.1 You will be able to describe the nature of digital signals and how digit al technology is used to
produce and dist ribute digit al texts, music, and video.
C>igital Elasics ...................................................................................................................................................... 288
Digital Convergence .......................................................................................................................................... 288
Objective 8.1 Describe how digital convergence has evolved.
Digital vs. Analog ............................................................................................................................................... 289
Objective 8.2 Explain the differences between digital and analog signals.
C>igitc1I f>ulJlistiin g ................................................................................................................................................ 2!11
E-Readers ......................................................................................................................................................... 29 1
Objective 8.3 Describe the different types of e-readers.
Using e-Texts ..................................................................................................................................................... 292
Objective 8.4 Explain how to purchase, borrow, and publish e-texts.
HELPDESK: Managing Digital Media .................................................................................................................................... 292

Contents xi
 [)ig itctl ~ LJ~ic:: .••.•.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.•• ~~:3
Creating and Storing Digital Music ..................................................................................................................... 293
Objective 8.5 Describe how digital music is created and stored.
BITS&BYTES: Digital Music Creation ................................................................................................................ 295
Distributing Digital Music ................................................................................................................................... 295
Object ive 8.6 Summarize how to listen to and publish digital music.
BITS&BYTES: Need Money for Your Band? Try Crowdfunding ......................................................................... 296
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Digital Photography ........................................................................................................................................... 296
Object ive 8.7 Explain how best to create, print, and share digital photos.
BITS&BYTES: Photo Edit on Your Phone .......................................................................................................... 298
SOUND BYTE: Enhancing Photos with Image-Editing Software ........................................................................................... 298
Digital Video ...................................................................................................................................................... 299
Object ive 8.8 Describe how to create, edit, and distribute digital video.
BITS&BYTES: Fly-By Drone Video .................................................................................................................... 300
TRENDS IN IT: Digital Asset Managers Needed! .............................................................................................. 302
TRY TH IS: Creating and Publishing a Movie ........................................................................ ...... ............. ........... 304
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Video-Playing App ....... ......................................................................... ................ ........ 305
Part 2: Ethical Issues of Living in the Digital Age ........................................................................................................... 306
Leaming Outcome 8.2 You will be able to describe how to respect digital property and use it in w ays that maintain your
digital reputation.
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Intellectual Property ........................................................................................................................................... 306
Objective 8.9 Describe the various types of intellectual property.
Copyright Basics ............................................................................................................................................... 307
Objective 8.10 Explain how copyright is obtained and the rights granted to the owners.
HELPDESK: Understanding Intellectual Property and Copyright ........................................................................................... 309
Copyright Infringement ...................................................................................................................................... 310
Objective 8.11 Explain copyright infringement, summarize the potential consequences, and describe situations in which you
can legally use copyrighted material.
BITS&BYTES: Software Piracy: It's More Than Just Downloading and Copying .. ................ ...... ............. ... ........ 3 12
BITS&BYTES: Your Tax Dollars at Work: Free Media without Permission! ............ ...................... ................ ........ 3 14
Living Ethic::c1lly in the Dig itc1:I E.rc1 ....................................................................................................................... :315
Plagiarism .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 15
Objective 8.12 Explain plagiarism and strategies for avoiding it.
Hoaxes and Digital Manipulation ........................................................................................................................ 317
Objective 8.13 Describe hoaxes and digital manipulation.
SOUND BYTE: Plagiarism and Intellectual Property .............................................................................................................. 317
Protecting Your Online Reputation ..................................................................................................................... 320
Objective 8.14 Describe what comprises your onli ne reputation and how to protect it.
BITS&BYTES: Celebrity Photographic Rights .................................................................................................... 322
ETHICS IN IT: Acceptable Use Policies: What You Can and Can 't Do................. ................ ...... ............. ........... 323
SOLVE THIS: Intellectual Property and Copyright Basics ... ..................... ................................. ........................ 331

Chapter 9
Securing Your System: Protectin g Your Digita l Data an d Devices ....................... 332
Part 1: Th.reats to Your Digital Assets ............................................................................................................................... 334
Leaming Outcome 9.1 You will be able to describe hackers, viruses, and other online annoyances and the threats
they pose to your digital security.
lcler,tit}r "J"lle~ c1:ncl tic1c::l<E!:r~ •.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.•• :3:3~

xii Contents
 Identity Theft ..................................................................................................................................................... 335
Objective 9.1 Describe how identity theft is committed and the types of scams identity thieves perpetrate.
Hacking ............................................................................................................................................................. 335
Objective 9.2 Describe the different types of hackers and the tools they use.
BITS&BYTES: Hacking for Security .................................................................................................................. 336
C::e>rtlJJlJtE!r "irlJses .••.•.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.••.••••.••.••.•.••.••.•.••.•• 33!:t
Virus Basics ....................................................................................................................................................... 339
Objective 9.3 Explain what a computer virus is, why it is a threat to your security, how a computing device catches a virus,
and the symptoms it may display.
SOUND BYTE: Protecting Your Computer ............................................................................................................................ 340
Types of Viruses ................................................................................................................................................ 341
Objective 9.4 Ust the different categories of computer viruses, and describe their behaviors.
O nline Annoyances and Social Engineering .................................................................................................... 343
Online Annoyances ............................................................................................................................................ 343
Objective 9.5 Explain what ma/ware, spam, and cookies are and how they impact your security.
Social Engineering ............................................................................................................................................. 346
Objective 9.6 Describe social engineering techniques, and explain strategies to avoid falling prey to them.
BITS&BYTES: I Received a Data Breach Letter ... Now What? ............................................................... ........ 346
Scareware ......................................................................................................................................................... 34 7
ETHICS IN IT: You're Being Watched . . . But Are You Aware You're Being Watched? .............................................348
HELPDESK: Threats to Your Digital Life ...................... ........ ...................... ........ ........ ...................................... ........ 348
TRENDS IN IT: Spear Phishing: The Bane of Data Breaches .............................. ... ................................ ... ..... ... 349
TRY TH IS: Testing Your Network Security ............. ........ ...................... ................ ...................................... ........ 351
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Password Generator ................. ................... ................... ................... ................... ........ 352
Part 2: Protecting Your Digital Property ............................................................................................................................ 353
Leaming Outcome 9.2 Describe various ways to protect your digital property and data from theft and corruption.
Restricting Acces.s to Your Digita l Assets........................................................................................................ 353
Firewalls ............................................................................................................................................................ 353
Objective 9.7 Explain what a firewall is and how a firewall protects your computer from hackers.
HELPDESK: Understanding Firewalls ................................................................................................................................... 355
Preventing Virus Infections ................................................................................................................................. 355
Objective 9.8 Explain how to protect your computer from virus infection.
Authentication: Passwords and Biometrics ........................................................................................................ 358
Objective 9.9 Describe how passwords and biometric characteristics can be used for user authentication.
BITS&BYTES: CAPTC HA: Keeping Websites Safe from Bots ............................. ...................................... ........ 359
Anonymous Web Surfing: Hiding from Prying Eyes .............................................. ...................................... ........ 361
Objective 9.10 Describe ways to surf the web anonymously.
BITS&BYTES: Multi-Factor Authentication: Don't Rely Solely on Passwords! ...... ................................... ... ..... ... 363
Keeping Your Data Safe ..................................................................................................................................... 363
Protecting Your Personal Information ................................................................................................................. 363
Objective 9.11 Describe the types of infonnation you should never share online.
SOUND BYTE: Managing Computer Security with Windows Tools ....................................................................................... 363
Backing Up Your Data ....................................................................................................................................... 364
Objective 9.12 Ust the various types of backups you can perfonn on your computing devices, and explain the various places
you can store backup files.
Protecting Your Physical Computing Assets ................................................................................................... 368
Environmental Factors and Power Surges .......................................................................................................... 368
Objective 9.13 Explain the negative effects environment and power surges can have on computing devices.
Preventing and Handling Theft ........................................................................................................................... 368
Objective 9.14 Describe the major concerns when a device is stolen and strategies for solving the problems.
DIG DEEPER: Computer Forensics: How It Works ............................................. ...................................... ........ 370
SOLVE THIS: Computer Security ...................................................................................................................... 379

Contents xiii
Chapter 10
Beh ind the Scenes: Software Programming .......................................................... 380
Part 1: Understanding Programming ............................................................................................................................... 382
Leaming Outcome 10.1 You w ill be able to describe the life cycle of a software project and identify the stages in the
program development life cycle.
Life Cycle of an Information System ................................................................................................................. 382
Importance of Programming .............................................................................................................................. 382
Objective 10.1 Describe the importance of programming to both software developers and users.
System Development Life Cycle ........................................................................................................................ 382
Objective 10.2 Summarize the stages of the system development life cycle (SDLC).
BITS&BYTES: Let Them See Your Work ........................................................................................................... 384
l..ife Cyc=le of a J>re>~ram...................................................................................................................................... ~4
The Program Development Life Cycle ................................................................................................................ 384
Objective 10.3 Define programming and list the steps in the program development life cycle (PDLC).
The Problem Statement ..................................................................................................................................... 385
Objective 10.4 Describe how programmers construct a complete problem statement from a description of a task.
SOUND BYTE: Using the Arduino Microcontroller................................................................................................................. 385
HELPDESK: Understanding Software Programming ............................................................................................................. 386
Algorithm Development ..................................................................................................................................... 387
Objective 10.5 Explain how programmers use flow control and design methodologies when developing alg orithms.
BITS&BYTES: Hackathons ............................................................................................................................... 390
DIG DEEPER: The Building Blocks of Programming Languages: Syntax, Keywords, Data Types, and
Operators ..................................................................................................................................................... 392
Coding .............................................................................................................................................................. 392
Objective 10.6 Discuss the categories of programming languages and the roles of the compiler and the integrated
development environment (/OE) in coding.
Debugging ........................................................................................................................................................ 399
Objective 10.7 Identify the role of debugging in program development.
BITS&BYTES: Many Languages on Display ...................................................................................................... 400
Testing and Documentation ............................................................................................................................... 400
Objective 10.8 Explain the importance of testing and documentation in program development.
TRY TH IS: Programming with Corona............................................................................................................... 402
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Notepad ....................................................................................................................... 403
Part 2: Progra.m ming Languages ...................................................................................................................................... 404
Leaming Outcome 10.2 You will understand the factors programmers consider when selecting an appro priat e
programming language for a specific problem and w ill be familiar w ith some modem programming languages.
Many Programming Languages ........................................................................................................................ 404
Need for Diverse Languages ............................................................................................................................. 404
Objective 10.9 Discuss the driving factors behind the popularity of various programming languages.
SOUND BYTE: Programming with the Processing Language ................................................................................................ 404
Selecting the Right Language ............................................................................................................................ 405
Objective 10.10 Summarize the considerations in identifying an appropriate programming language for a specific setting.
BITS&BYTES: Coding for Zombies ................................................................................................................... 405
ETHICS IN IT: When Software Runs Awry ........................................................................................................ 406
Exploring Programming Languages ................................................................................................................. 407
Tour of Modern Languages ................................................................................................................................ 407
Objective 10.11 Compare and contrast modem programming languages.
BITS&BYTES: Your Software Portfolio .............................................................................................................. 41 1
TRENDS IN IT: Emerging Technologies: Unite All Your Video Game Design Tools ............................................. 41 5
Future of Programming Languages .................................................................................................................... 415
Objective 10.12 State key principles in the development of future programming languages.

xiv Contents
 H ELPDESK: A Variety of Programming Languages ............................................................................................................... 4 16
SOLVE T HIS: Time Sheets ................................................................................................................................ 423

Chapter 11
Behind the Scenes: Databases and Information Systems ................................... 424
Part 1: Database Fundamentals ........................................................................................................................................ 426
Leaming Outcome 11.1 You w ill be able to explain the basics of databases, including the most common types of
databases and the functions and components of relational databases in particular.
Database Ad·v antages ........................................................................................................................................ 426
The Need for Databases.................................................................................................................................... 426
Objective 11 .1 Explain what a database is and why databases are useful.
HELPDESK: Using Databases .............................................................................................................................................. 428
Advantages of Using Databases ........................................................................................................................ 429
Objective 11.2 Discuss the benefits of using a database.
Datc1base -i-~IJeS .................................................................................................................................................. 4:3()
Relational Databases ......................................................................................................................................... 431
Objective 11.3 Describe features of relational databases.
Object-Oriented Databases ............................................................................................................................... 432
Objective 11 .4 Describe features of object-oriented databases.
Multidimensional Databases .............................................................................................................................. 432
Objective 11.5 Describe features of multidimensional databases.
TRENDS IN IT: Emerging Technologies: Can Your Business Partner Deliver the Goods? Enhanced
Databases Can Help You Decide! ................................................................................................................. 433
C>c1tc11Jc1se Bc1sic:s ................................................................................................................................................. 4:3:3
Database Components and Functions ............................................................................................................... 433
Objective 11 .6 Describe how relational databases organize and define data.
SOUND BYTE: Creating and Querying an Access Database ............................................................................... 437
BITS&BYTES: Music Streaming Services Use Databases ................................................................................. 437
Inputting and Managing Data ............................................................................................................................. 438
Objective 11 .7 Describe how data is inputted and managed in a database.
DIG DEEPER: Structured Query Language (SQL) ............................................................................................. 443
BITS&BYTES: Data Dashboards: Useful Visualization Tools .............................................................................. 445
TRY TH IS: Using Excel's Database Functions ................................................................................................... 447
MAKE THIS: MAKE: A Family Shopping List ..................................................................................................... 448
Part 2: How Businesses Use Databases ........................................................................................................................... 449
Leaming Outcome 11.2 You will be able to explain how businesses use data warehouses, data marts, and data
m ining to manage data and how business infonnation systems and business intelligence are used to make business
decisions.
C>c1tc1 Wc1rehousing c1nd Storage ........................................................................................................................ 449
Data Warehouses and Data Marts ..................................................................................................................... 449
Objective 11 .8 Explain what data warehouses and data marts are and how they are used.
HELPDESK: How Businesses Use Databases...................................................................................................................... 449
BITS&BYTES: Data Warehouses Are Going to the Cloud .................................................................................. 451
Data Mining ....................................................................................................................................................... 451
Objective 11 .9 Describe data mining and how it works.
BITS&BYTES: Hadoop: How Big Data Is Being Managed ................................................................................ 453
ETHICS IN IT: Data, Data Everywhere, but Is It Protected? ............................................................................... 454
Using Dc1tc11Jc1ses to Make Bu.siness Dec:isions ............................................................................................... 455
Business Information Systems ........................................................................................................................... 455
Objective 11.10 Describe the main types of business information systems and how they are used by business managers.

Contents xv
 BITS&BYTES: Virtual Agents: Expert Systems Replace People on the Web ...................................................... 456
SOUND BYTE: Analyzing Data with Microsoft Power Bl Suite ............................................................................................... 460
TRENDS IN IT: Mobile Business Intelligence ..................................................................................................... 461
SOLVE THIS: College Database ........................................................................................................................ 469

Chapter 12
Behind the Scenes: Networking and Security in the Business World ........................ 470
Part 1: Client/Server Networks and Topologies ............................................................................................................... 472
Leaming Out come 12.1 You w ill be able to describe common types of client/s erver networks, servers found on
them, and network topologies used to construct them.
Client/Server Network Basics ........................................................................................................................... 472
Networking Advantages .................................................................................................................................... 472
Objective 12.1 Ust the advantages for businesses of installing a network.
Comparing ClienVServer and Peer-to-Peer Networks ........................................................................................ 473
Objective 12.2 Explain the differences between a client/server network and a peer-to-peer network.
Types of ClienVServer Networks ........................................................................................................................ 474
Objective 12.3 Describe the common types of client/server networks as well as other networks businesses use.
BITS&BYTES: Your Car Network Can Be Hacked ............................................................................................. 477
Servers and Network Topologies ...................................................................................................................... 478
Servers .............................................................................................................................................................. 478
Objective 12.4 Ust the common types of servers found on client/server networks.
HELPDESK: Using Servers ................................................................................................................................................... 479
TRENDS IN IT: Virtualization: Making Servers Work Harder .............................................................................. 480
Network Topologies ........................................................................................................................................... 481
Objective 12.5 Describe the common types of network topologies and the advantages and disadvantages of each one.
SOUND BYTE: Network Topology and Navigation Devices ................................................................................................... 483
TRY THIS: Sharing Folders on a Home Network Using Window s ...................................................................... 488
MAKE THIS: MAKE: An App That Shares ......................................................................................................... 489
Part 2: Setting Up Business Netw'Orks ............................................................................................................................. 490
Leaming Outcome 12.2 You will be able to describe transmission media, network operating syst em software, and
network navigation devices and exp lain maj or threats to network security and how to mitigate them.
Transmis.sion Media............................................................................................................................................ 490
Wired and Wireless Transmission Media ............................................................................................................ 490
Objective 12.6 Describe the types of wired and wireless transmission media used in networks.
BITS&BYTES: Go Green with Mobile Apps ....................................................................................................... 492
Network Adapters and Navigation Devices ..................................................................................................... 492
Network Adapters ............................................................................................................................................. 492
Objective 12.7 Describe how network adapters help data move around a network.
MAC Add resses ................................................................................................................................................ 494
Objective 12.8 Define MAC addresses, and explain how they are used to move data around a network.
Switches, Bridges, and Routers ......................................................................................................................... 495
Objective 12.9 Ust the various network navig ation devices, and explain how they help route data through networks.
HELPDESK: Transmission Media and Network Adapters ...................................................................................................... 496
Network Operating Systems and Network Security ....................................................................................... 496
Network Operating Systems .............................................................................................................................. 497
Objective 12.10 Explain why network operating systems are necessary for networks to function.
BITS&BYTES: Smart Lighting for Smart Homes ............................................................................................... 497
Client/Server Network Security .......................................................................................................................... 498
Objective 12.11 Ust major security threats to networks, and explain how network administrators mitigate these threats.
DIG DEEPER: The OSI Model: Defining Protocol Standards ............................................................................. 499
SOUND BYTE: A Day in the Life of a Network Technician ..................................................................................................... 500
xvi Contents
 ETHICS IN IT: How Should Companies Handle Data Breaches? ................................................................... ... 502
BITS&BYTES: Are Your Photos Helping Criminals Target You? ......................................................................... 503
SOLVE THIS: Cyber Security Flyer and Mail Merge ........................................................................................... 5 11

Chapter 13
Behind the Scene s: How the Internet Works ........................................................ 512
Part 1: Inner Workings of the Internet ............................................................................................................................. 514
Leaming Outcome 13.1 You w ill be able to explain how the Internet is managed and the detail s of how data is
transmitted across the Internet.
Internet Management and Networking............................................................................................................. 514
Management ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 14
Objective 13.1 Describe the management of the Internet.
Networking Components ................................................................................................................................... 515
Objective 13.2 Explain how the Internet's networking components interact.
Data Transmission ............................................................................................................................................. 516
Objective 13.3 Ust and describe the Internet protocols used for data transmission.
BITS&BYTES: A Free Cloud-Based Server for You ........................................................................................... 5 16
Internet lcfe ntit}'................................................................................................................................................... 51!:t
IP Addresses ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 19
Objective 13.4 Explain how each device connected to the Internet is assigned a unique address.
HELPDESK: Understanding IP Addresses, Domain Names, and Protocols........................................................................... 519

BITS&BYTES: What's Your IP Address? ........................................................................................................... 520

BITS&BYTES: Internet of Things Goes Shopping .............................................................................................. 520
SOUND BYTE: Creating Web Pages with Squarespace........................................................................................................ 521
DIG DEEPER: Connection-Oriented Versus Connectionless Protocols .............................................................. 522
Domain Names ................................................................................................................................................. 523
Objective 13.5 Discuss how a numeric IP address is changed into a readable name.
BITS&BYTES: Server in the Cloud .................................................................................................................... 524
T RY THIS: Ping Me........................................................................................................................................... 527
MAKE THIS: Make: An Earthquake Detector .................................................................................................... 528

Part 2: Coding and Communicating on tile Internet ....................................................................................................... 529

Leaming Outcome 13.2 You will be able to describe the web technolog ies used to develop web applications.
\'\fell ~ec:tlri CJICJ~ies .............................................................................................................................................. 5~!:t
Web Development ............................................................................................................................................. 529
Objective 13.6 Compare and contrast a variety of web development languages.
BITS&BYTES: CodePen: An Editing Community for Web Designers ................................................................. 530
SOUND BYTE: Client-Side Web Page Development ............................................................................................................. 533
Application Architecture ..................................................................................................................................... 533
Objective 13.7 Compare and contrast server-side and client-side application software.
BITS&BYTES: Free Code Camp ....................................................................................................................... 535
CCJmmunic:atiCJns CJver tile lriternet ................................................................................................................... 535
Types of Internet Communication ...................................................................................................................... 535
Objective 13.8 Discuss the mechanisms for communicating via e-maH and instant messaging.
BITS&BYTES: Google lnbox ............................................................................................................................. 537
Encryption ......................................................................................................................................................... 538
Objective 13.9 Explain how data encryption improves security.
BITS&BYTES: Numbers: We Wouldn't Have Encryption Without Them! ........................................................... 539
ETHICS IN IT: Do We Really Want Strong Encryption? ..................................................................................... 540
HELPDESK: Keeping E-Mail Secure ..................................................................................................................................... 540

Contents xvii
 TRENDS IN IT: Cognitive Computing ............................................................................................................... 541
SOLVE THIS: Creating an HTML Document. ..................................................................................................... 549

Appendix A
Th e History of the Person al Computer.................................................................. A-1

Appendix B
Careers in IT ............................................................................................................ B-1
Glossary ....................................................................................................................................................................... G-1

Index .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1-1

xviii Contents
 Alan Evans, MS, CPA
[email protected]

Alan is currently a faculty member at Moore College of Art and Design and
Montgomery County Community College, teaching a variety of computer science
and business courses. He holds a BS in accounting from Rider University and
an MS in infonnation systems from Drexel University, and he is a certified public
accountant. After a successful career in business, A lan finally realized that his
true calling is education. He has been teaching at the college level since 2000. Alan enjoys attending
technical conferences and exploring new methods of engaging students.

Kendall Martin, PhD

[email protected]

Kendall is a professor of Computer Science at Montgom ery County Community

College with teaching experience at both the undergraduate and graduate levels at
a number of institutions, including Villanova University, DeSales University, Ursinus
College, and Arcadia University.

Kendall's education includes a BS in electrical engineering from the University of

Rochester and an MS and a PhD in engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. She has industrial
experience in research and development environments (AT&T Bell Laboratories) as well as experience
w ith several start -up technology firm s.

Mary Anne Poatsy, MBA

[email protected]

Mary Anne is a senior faculty member at Montgomery County Com munity

College, teaching various com puter application and concepts courses
in face-to -face and online environments. She enjoys speaking at various
professional conferences about innovative classroom strategies. She holds a
BA in psychology and education from Mount Holyoke College and an M BA in
finance from Northwestern University's Kellogg Graduate School of Management.

Mary Anne has been in teaching since 1997, ranging from elementary and secondary education to
Montgomery County Com munity College, Gwynedd-Mercy College, Muhlenberg College, and Bucks
County Com munity College, as well as training in the professional environment. Before teaching,
she was a vice president at Shearson Lehman Hutton in the Municipal Bond Investment Banking
Departm ent.

About the Authors xix

Other documents randomly have
different content
 Foderholm, A. M.D., Stockholm.
Made experiments on dogs and rabbits with carbon oxide.—
Scandinavian Med. Archives, 1874.

Fortunatow, A. Physiol. Inst., St. Petersburg.

Author of “Ueber die Fettresorption und histologische Structur der
Dünndarmzotten,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 285.
Experiments on the bile of frogs and lampreys.

Foster, Michael, Shelford, Cambridge. M.D. Lond., 1859;

M.B., 1858; B.A., 1854; M.R.C.S. Eng. 1857 (Univ. Coll.); LL.D.
(Hon.), Glasg.; M.A. (Hon.), Cantab.; F.R.S., F.C.S., F.L.S.; Fell. Univ.
Coll., Lond.; Prof, of Physiol. Univ. Camb.; Fell, and late Praelect. of
Physiol. Trin. Coll., Camb.; late Fuller Prof. Physiol. Roy. Inst., Great
Britain; and Prof. of Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll., Lond. Member of the
Assoc. for Advancement of Medicine by Research.
Author of “Text Book of Physiology;” “Primer of Physiology;” joint
author of “Elements of Embryology;” “Handbook of Physiological
Laboratory.” Editor “Journ. of Physiol.” Contrib. Journ. Anat. and
Physiol., Proc. Roy. Soc., etc., etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at Cambridge University
Physiological Laboratory New Museum, also unrestricted as to place
in 1878-79-80-81-82. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, also
Two Certificates dispensing with obligation to kill in 1878. No
experiments returned.

Fothergill, John Milner, 110, Park Street, Grosvenor

Square, W. M.D. Edin., 1865; M.R.C.P. Lond., 1872; L.R.C.P. Edin.,
1865; L.R.C.S. Edin., 1865; (Univ. Edin., Vienna, and Berlin); Mem.
Gen. Com. Univ. Edin.; Assoc. Fell. Coll. Phys. Philadelphia; Phy. City
of Lond. Hosp. for Dis. of Chest; late Asst. Phys. W. Lond. Hosp.;
formerly Sen. Res. Med. Off. Leeds Dispensary.
Author of “Digitalis: its Mode of Action and its Use” (Hastings Prize
Essay British Med. Assoc.), 1870; “The Heart and its Diseases, with
their Treatment, including the Gouty Heart,” 2nd edit., 1879; “The
Practitioner’s Handbook of Treatment; or the Principles of
Therapeutics,” 2nd edit., 1880; “The Antagonism of Therapeutic
Agents, and what it Teaches” (Fothergill Prize Essay, Med. Soc.),
London, 1878; “Animal Physiology,” 1881, etc., and numerous
contribs. to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journal, Brain, Practitioner, etc.
“Our object was to verify the assertions of several authors, but
more especially those of Fothergill, who asserts that digitalis
occasions a contraction of the small arteries; which he has noticed
occurs in the web of a frog’s foot. The experiments which I have
made in connexion with this fact have given negative results. With a
view to observe this action, I have often examined the webs of
frogs’ feet for hours under the microscope without succeeding in
observing any change in the small arteries.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol.
V., p. 168.

Foulis, D., Glasgow. Lect. Path. Roy. Inf. Med. School; M.D.
Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical
School in 1881. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1881.
No experiments returned.

Fox, Wilson, 67, Grosvenor Street, W. M.D. Lond., 1855; B.A.,

1850; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1866; (Univ. Coll.); F.R.S.; Phys. Extraordinary
to H. M. the Queen; Phys. in Ord. to their R. I. H. the Duke and
Duchess of Edinburgh; Fell. of Univ. Coll.; Holme Prof. Clin. Med.
Univ. Coll.; and Phys. Univ. Coll. Hosp.; Corr. Mem. Phys. Med.
Gesellschaft, Warzburg.
 Author of “Diseases of the Stomach;” “On the Artificial Production
of Tubercle” (Lect. R.C.P.), and various contrib. to Med. Chir. Trans.,
Phil. Trans., etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New
Physiological Theatre and Physiological Laboratory and Curator’s
Rooms, in 1882 and 1883; also same years a Certificate dispensing
with obligation to kill. No Experiments returned.
“It is not without historical interest that Dr. Wilson Fox has
formally confessed his belief in the fallacies of his former
experiments, and basing this opinion upon the results of a careful
series of similar investigations carried out, at his request, by Dr.
Dawson Williams, in Dr. Burdon-Sanderson’s laboratory, he has
expressed his belief in the specific nature of the tubercular virus. Dr.
Fox has found, on repetition of his former experiments, that any
injury to rodents does not cause tubercle, but that it is only
produced by the inoculation of tubercular material.”—Brit. Med.
Journ., Dec. 29th, 1883, p. 1298.
“Wilson Fox operated on a considerable number of animals (117
guinea-pigs and 12 rabbits), and he experimented with every variety
of matter whether tuberculous or not.”—Arch. de Méd., 1883, Vol.
XI., p. 48.

Fraenkel, Albert. M.D.; Assistant at the Medical School and

Private Lecturer at the University, Berlin.
Contrib. to “Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift,” 1883, No. 37, and to
Allgem. Med. Central-Zeitung, 1883, Nos. 11 and 62.
Verified the experiments published by Paul Bert in his “Pression
barométrique.”

Franck, François, 5, Rue Saint-Philippe-du-Roule, Paris.

Prof. Nat. Hist. of Organic Bodies and Physiol., Coll. France.
 Author of “Effet des excitations des nerfs sensibles sur le cœur et
la circulation artérielle, dans Travaux du Lab. de M. Marcy,” 1876;
“Recherches, expérimentales sur les effets cardiaques, vasculaires et
respiratoires des excitations douloureuses,” “Comptes rendus” l’Acad.
des Sci., 1876-1878. Contrib. Art. “De la Dissociation des filets irido
dilatateurs et des nerfs vasculaires au dessus du ganglion cervical
supérieur;” to Gaz. Méd. de Paris, 1878, p. 378, “experiments on
dogs.” Contrib. “Physiologie expérimentale: innervation du cœur,”
Gaz. Hebdom. No. 15, (1879), p. 230; No. 16, p. 246; No. 18, p.
277; No. 19, p. 295; No. 21, p. 326; “Système Nerveux physiologie
générale,” Dict. encyclop. des Sciences Médicales, Paris, 1879; also
various articles to Gazette Médicale de Paris; Comptes rendus de la
Soc. de Biol., and Journal de l’Anat. et de Physiologie.
Inventor of an apparatus for submitting animals to rapid or slow
variations of temperature.—Gaz. Méd. de Paris, June 7th, 1879.

Fraser, J. L., Edinburgh. M.D.; Lab. Vet. College, Clyde,

Street; Physiol. Class Room.

Fraser, Thomas Richard, 37, Melville Street, and

University, Edinburgh. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862;
F.R.C.P. Edin., 1869; M. 1868; (Edin.) F.R.S. Lond. & Edin.; Corr.
Mem. Therap. Soc. Paris, etc. Prof. of Mat. Med. and Clin. Med. Univ.
Edin.
Contrib. “On the Physiological Action of the Calabar Bean:” Trans.
Roy. Soc. Edin. Vol. XXIV.; “An Investigation into some previously
undescribed Tetanic Systems produced by Atropia in cold blooded
Animals,” etc., and various other papers to Journ. Anat. and Physiol.,
Practitioner, etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at University of Edinburgh, Materia
Medica Department, in 1878-79-81-82. Certificates for Experiments
without Anæsthetics, in 1878-79-81-82. Two Certificates for the
same purpose in 1878. No experiments returned in 1878-81-82.
[In Return for 1881 entered as J. L. Fraser.]

Fredericq, Léon. M.D., Prof. in Ord. Univ. of Liège, Belgium.

Author of “Expériences sur l’innervation respiratoire;” Supp. Du
Bois Raymond’s Arch., 1883, p. 51; Contrib. to Du Bois Reymond’s
Archives, 1883.
Experiments on the innervation of respiratory centres; also on the
effects of ice on the exposed spinal cord of rabbits. Has used dogs,
rabbits, and ducks for his experiments.

Frerichs, Friedrich Theodor. Born 1819, at Aurich. In

1838 studied at Göttingen; 1842, practised medicine at Aurich,
where he acquired some renown as an oculist. Studied also at the
Institutions of Prague, Vienna, Holland, Belgium, and France. Private
Prof. of Med. in Göttingen. Director of the Academical Hospital, Kiel.
Conducted two ambulance hospitals during the Schleswig-Holstein
War. Prof. of Pathology and Therapeutics, Breslau, 1851. Professor of
clinical medicine and director of La Charité, Berlin, 1859; councillor
and member of the Scientific Deputation for medical affairs.
Author of “Ueber Gallert oder Colloidgeschwülste,” Göttingen,
1847; “Ueber die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit,” Brunswick, 1857;
“Klinik der Leberkrankheiten,” Brunswick, 1859-62 (translated into
French, English, and Italian). Contrib. numerous articles to Liebig’s,
Poggendorf’s, and Wöhler’s Dictionaries of Chemistry, etc.

Fritsch, Gustav Theodor. M.D. B. at Kottbus, 1838.

Studied in Berlin, Breslau, and Heidelberg. Anat. Inst. Berlin, 1867.
Extraordinary Prof. same Univ., 1874.
 Author of “Drei Jahre in Süd Afrika,” Breslau, 1868; “Ueber das
stereoskopische Sehen im Mikroskop,” Berlin, 1873;
“Untersuchungen ueber den feineren Bau des Fischgehirns mit
besonderer Berücksichtigung der Homologien bei anderen
Wirbelthierklassen,” Berlin, 1878. Joint author with E. Hitzig of
“Ueber elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns,” in Arch. f. Anat. u.
Physiol. Wissensch. III., 1870, p. 300-332.
“By means of perfected electric apparatus G. Fritsch and E. Hitzig
were enabled to satisfy themselves that the surface of the brain in
the rabbit reacted under the influence of the electric current. They
then made a series of experiments on dogs, and published results
which did not perhaps attract sufficient attention, and which were in
opposition to the opinions till then accepted.”—Art. “Cerveau,”
Encyclopédie des Sciences Médicales, Vol. XIV., 1873, p. 210.

Fubini, Simon. B. 1841. M.D. Turin; Prof. of Physiol. Univ. of

Turin; Prof. Univ. Palermo.
Author of “Sulla Condrina, Osservazioni di Moleschott e Fubini,
Annotazione sopra la saliva parotidea e sopra il sudore;” “Gemelli
xiphoide juncti,” Giornale della R. Accademia di medicina, No. 1 e 2,
1878, &c. Editor of Turin Medical Gazette.

Funke, Otto. B. at Chemnitz, 1828. Studied Univ. Leipsig,

1846; Prof. Physiol. Leipsig, 1854; Prof. Univ. Freiburg in Breslau,
1860; Mem. Academy of Saxony.
Author of “Atlas der physiologischen Chemie,” Leipsig, 1858; last
part of “Günther’s Lehrbuch der Physiologie für Akademische
Vorlesungen,” Leipsig, 1870; “Lehrbuch der Physiologie,” Leipsig,
1880.
 Gamgee, Arthur, Owen’s Coll., Manchester, and Oaklands,
Bowdon, Cheshire. M.D. Edin. (Thesis Gold Medallist), 1862; F.R.C.P.
Edin., 1872; M. 1871 (Edin.); F.R.S. London; Brackenbury Professor
of Physiol. and Histol. and Dean of Med. Department Owen’s
College, Manchester; Exam. in Physiol. Univ. London; late Lecturer
on Physiol. Surg. Hall; Physician Roy. Hosp. for Sick Children, and
Sen. Pres. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin.; Mem. Assoc. for Advancement of
Medicine by Research.
Author of “A Text Book of the Physiological Chemistry of the
Animal Body,” 1880; Translator and Editor “Hermann’s Elementary
Human Physiology;” Joint Editor Journ. of Physiol., Cambridge; also
of numerous Papers in various Journs. and Trans. of Learned Socs.
Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester, in
1878-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in 1881-82-
83. Certificates for Experiments without Anæsthetics and for
Experiments on Cats, Dogs, Horses, Mules or Asses in 1878. No
Experiments returned in 1881. No Experiments on Horses, Mules or
Asses.
“(Q. 5412.) (Viscount Cardwell.) You are of opinion that in
inflicting operations, in themselves very painful, upon living animals,
curare ought not to be trusted as taking away sensibility to pain? I
should think not. I would add this: I do not believe that physiologists
use it for that purpose. It is used in order to eliminate a series of
fallacies which obtrude themselves in physiological experiments.”—
Ev. Roy. Com., London, 1876.
“Nor was I guilty of the want of taste and judgment with which
she (Miss Cobbe) taunts me and English physiologists in general, of
exonerating themselves at the expense of their continental
confrères. ‘Unquestionably’ I said ‘there have been brutal things
done by physiologists, never as far as I am aware by English and
very rarely by continental physiologists.’”—Manchester Guardian,
Feb. 13, 1883.
 Gaskell, W. H., Cambridge. M.A., M.D.
Author of “On the Vasomotor Nerves of Striated Muscles,” Studies
of the Physiol. Lab. Univ. Cambridge, p. 132.
Held a License for Vivisection at University Cambridge
Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. No
Experiments returned in 1880-81 and 1882.
“15th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, quite young, weighs 7½
kilogrammes (about 16½ lbs.). Extensor vein prepared on both
sides; ligature placed under left crural nerve. Morphia and curare
given. Artificial respiration.” &c.
“31st January, 1878.—Dog, weight 8 kilogrammes (about 17⅔
lbs.). Morphia and curare. Artificial respiration. Right extensor vein
and right crural nerve prepared.” &c.
“20th February, 1878.—Terrier bitch, weight 6¼ kilo (about 13¾
lbs.). Morphia given. Left extensor vein prepared, and left crural
nerve cut and ligatured at 4.2 p.m. Between 3.40 and 4.7 p.m.,
0·015 grms. curare were injected into jugular vein; artificial
respiration.” &c.
“February 18, 1878.—Large sheep dog, weight 20·5 kilo, (about
45¼ lbs.). Morphia given, 0·075 grms. curare, injected into jugular
vein. Abdomen opened in middle line, and left abdominal
sympathetic trunk cut and ligatured about the fourth lumbar
ganglion.” &c.
“March 4, 1878.—Spaniel bitch, weight 13¾ kilo, (about 30¼
lbs.). After the termination of the curve given in Fig. 3, 0·06 grms.
curare were injected into the jugular vein; artificial respiration was
performed, and the left crural nerve was laid free.” &c.—“Further
Researches on the Vasomotor Nerves of Ordinary Muscles,” by W. H.
Gaskell, M.A., Trin. Coll. Camb., “Journ. Physiol.” Vol. I., pp. 265-6,
276, 228, 295.
 Gautier, E. J. Armand, 72, Rue d’Assas, Paris. B. at
Narbonne. M.D., 1862; Agrégé de Clinic., Med. Fac.; Member Acad.
de Méd.
Author of “Études sur les fermentations proprement dites et les
fermentations physiologiques et pathologiques,” Paris, 1869; “Chimie
appliquée à la physiologie, à la pathologie et à l’hygiène et les
méthodes de recherches les plus nouvelles,” Paris, 1874.
“Made experiments with the venom of snakes (Naja tripudians).”—
Archiv. de med., Vol. 2, 1881, p. 360.

Gavarret, Louis-Denis Jules, 73, Rue de Grenelle,

Paris. B. 1809. M.D., 1843; Prof. Med. Physics at Med. Faculty; Mem.
Acad. of Medicine, 1858; Inspector-General of Public Instruction for
Medicine, 1879.
Author jointly with M. Andral of “Investigations sur la nature du
sang et l’organisation physique de l’homme,” 1840-43; “Sur la
chaleur produite par les corps vivants,” 1853. “Des Images par
reflexion et par refraction,” Paris, 1856. “Physique biologique, les
phénomènes physiques de la Vie,” Paris, 1869, etc., etc.

Gergens, E. M.D.; Asst. at Physiol. Inst., Strasburg.

Author of “Ueber gekreutzte Reflexe,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p.
340; “Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung mit dem Influenz-
Apparat,” Pflüger, Vol. XIV., p. 65. Joint author (with E. Baumann) of
“Ueber das Verhalten des Guanidin, Dicyanidin, und Cyandin im
Organismus,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 205. Assisted Prof. Goltz in his
work, “Ueber Verrichtungen des Grosshirns.”
Made experiments jointly with E. Baumann on dogs and rabbits,
also on the brains of the former.
“… I dissected out the above-mentioned nerves in some of the
animals I had used before, and tried direct stimulation. Naturally
even a weak current must have a powerful effect, when in
immediate contact with the nerve, and the result was as I had
anticipated. The animals croaked once and made the wildest efforts
to escape.…”—“Einige Versuche ueber Reflexbewegung,” pp. 67-68.

Gerlach, Leo. M.D., Erlangen.

Author of “Ueber die Beziehungen der N. Vagi zu den glatten
Muskelfasern der Lunge,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIII., p. 491.
Made experiments on curarised dogs and rabbits in the Laboratory
of Prof. Kühne, in Heidelberg, also in the Physiological Institute at
Erlangen.

Gibbes, Heneage, 94, Gower Street, W.C. M.D., Aberd.,

1881, M.B. and C.M., 1879; L.R.C.P., Lond. 1879; (Univ. Aberd. and
St. Barthol.); Mem. Gen. Counc. Univ. Aberd.; Fell. Roy. Micros.,
Med., and Zool. Socs.; Mem. Path. Soc., Phys. Met. Disp.; Lect. on
Physiol. and Histol. West. Hosp.; late Curator Anat. Mus., King’s Coll.
Author of “Practical Histology and Pathology,” 2nd edit. Contrib.
various papers to Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci., Lancet, etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at the Laboratory and Outhouse in
the garden, 94, Gower Street, W.C., 1883. Certificate dispensing with
obligation to kill same year. Dr. Gibbes could also perform
experiments at the Physiological Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre,
King’s College, London.

Gibson, George Alexander, 1 Randolph Cliff,

Edinburgh. M.D. Edin., 1881; M.B. Edin., and C.M. 1876; F.R.C.P.
Edin., 1880; M. 1879 (Edin. Dub. and Berlin); Mem. Gen. Counc.
Univ. Edin.; F.R.S.E.; F.G.S. Lond.; Hon. Mem. (late Pres.) Dialec.
Soc. Edin.; Mem. Brit. Association for Adv. of Sci.; and British Med.
Assoc.; Lect. on Med. Anat. and Phys. Diagnosis, Edin. Sch. Med.;
formerly Demonstrator of Anat. Univ. Edin.
Contrib. to Lancet, Rep. Brit. Assoc. for Adv. of Sci., Nature, Journ.
Anat. and Physiol., etc., etc.
Held a License for Vivisection at Veterinary College, Clyde Street,
Edinburgh Laboratory and Physiological Class Room in 1879, and at
University Edinburgh Materia Medica Department, in 1880.
Certificates for Testing previous Discoveries in 1879 and 1880. No
experiments returned in 1879.

Gierke (Dr.) Asst. Prof. Physiol. Inst., Breslau University.

Glaevecke, Ludwig Christian H. J. M.D. First Asst.

Clin. Hosp. at Kiel, 1881.
Author of “Ueber die Ausscheidung und Vertheilung des Eisens im
thierischen Organismus,” Kiel, 1883.
Made experiments on animals to ascertain the effects of
subcutaneous injections of iron.

Gluck, Theodor. M.D. Asst. Inst. Clinic. Surg. Univ. of

Berlin.
Extirpated sections of lungs in rabbits and dogs, and hopes to
persuade the medical profession to sanction extirpation and
resection of the lungs as a method of operative surgery.—Archiv.
fuer Klinische Chirurgie von Langenbeck, Billroth, Gurlt, Vol. 26, p.
916, Berlin, 1881. (See Block.)

Golding-Bird, Cuthbert Hilton, 13, St. Thomas

Street, London, S.E. B.A. Lon. (Honours), 1867; M.B. (Honours, Gold
Medal in For. Med.), 1873; F.R.C.S. Eng. (Exam.), 1874; L.R.C.P.
Lond., 1872 (Guy’s and Paris); Prizem. 1869-71-72; Gold Medallist in
Chir. Med., and in Chir. Surg., 1873; Mem. Path. and Chir. Socs.;
Assistant Surg. and Demonst. of Pract. Physiol., Guy’s Hosp.
Contribs. to Lancet, Brit. Med. Journ., Guy’s Hosp. Reps., &c.
Held a License for Vivisection at Guy’s Hospital School Buildings in
1881; also Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures, 1881. No
Experiments returned.

Golgi, M. C. Prof., Pavia.

Experiments on cerebral localization.—Archiv. Ital.
Author of “Di una reazione apparamente nera delle cellule nervose
ottenuta col bicloruro di mercurio.”—Arch. p. l. scienze mediche, Vol.
III., 1879, N. 11.

Goltz, Friedrich. Direct. of Inst. for Exper. Physiol.,

Strasburg; formerly prosector Univ. Königsberg, Prussia.
Author of “Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der
Nervencentren des Frosches,” Berlin, 1869; “Verrichtungen des
Grosshirns,” 1881; “Wider die Humanaster,” 1883; “Ueber die
physiologische Bedeutung der Bogengänge des Ohrlabyrinths,”
Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., p. 172.
“I owe the fundamental idea of my method of experimentation to
the memory of my experience as prosector at Königsberg. I have
often dissected out the arteries of the brain filled with torpid
matter.… I resolved to try whether it would be possible to rinse out
the living brain and spare the larger veins. The very first effort was
so successful that it encouraged me to proceed, and that was the
origin of this work.… All my experiments were made on dogs which I
chloroformed before the operation. To bare the skull, I generally
made first a cut in the centre and separated the skin on one side, so
that the muscles of the temples were visible. Then according to the
experiment I wished to make, a portion of the muscle was cut away
to expose the place in the bone where the hole was to be bored.
According to the requirements of the case, one, two, or still more
holes were bored, and after making a cut in the head skin, the brain
matter was rinsed out. I generally used spring water, heated to the
temperature of the blood.… At all events till now, as far as my
knowledge of the literature of this subject goes, no one has
succeeded in making such extensive destruction of the brain and still
preserving life. I have succeeded in a series of experiments made at
different intervals, in so seriously injuring one hemisphere, that all
the circumvolutions that touched the skull had disappeared. The
animal lived for weeks with its crippled brain, and served for many
observations.”—Verrichtungen des Grosshirns, pp. 3-8. (A work
dedicated to his “English Friends.”)
“It is not often that two physiologists agree in matters relating to
the physiology of the brain.”—Ibid., p. 9.
“I do not by any means claim that my researches can be of any
value in themselves for the pathology of the human brain. Let the
pathologists continue steadily to collect facts, then the apparent
contradictions between the experiments on animals and the
observations at the bedside will soon be reconciled.”—Ibid., p. 176.
“The fact that both in tortoises and in toads, the extirpation of the
cerebellum and the superior two-thirds of the bulbus does not
abolish the sense of equilibrium, proves that the too widely
generalised theory of Goltz which localises this sense in the
cerebellum, as also that of Vulpian, who in the inferior vertebrates,
places the seat of this sense in the part corresponding to the annular
protuberance of the superior vertebrates, are both equally inexact.—
Florence, June, 1883.”—Fano, “Recherches expérimentales sur un
nouveau centre automatique dans le tractus bulbo-spinal.”—Arch.
ital. de Biol., Vol. III., p. 368.
“It is self evident, that Goltz’s experience, when quoted against
the localizations of functions in the cortex of the brain is of no
worth.”… (p. 11). “Professor Goltz’s assumption that irritation sets up
inhibitory processes, having their seat in the cerebrum, which cause,
through paralysis of certain centres situated in the cerebellum and
its connections, all the non-permanent disturbances,—this
assumption is inadmissible” (p. 13).—Munk, Ueber die Functionen
der Grosshirn-Rinde.
“After I had laid bare the bone behind the ear of the pigeon, I
bored out, bit by bit, with the help of a sharp hollow chisel, the ear
labyrinths on both sides of the head. The bleeding caused by this
operation is very considerable. In those cases where I endeavoured
to destroy entirely both labyrinths, the birds died soon after the
operation with violent rolling movements or somersaults. For this
reason I afterwards contented myself with breaking out pieces of the
superficial canals. Many of the thus injured birds I have kept alive a
long time, and especially two which I had operated upon half a year
ago, and which I exhibited at the Congress of Naturalists at
Innspruck on 21st September, 1869.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. III., pp.
177-78.
“The sanguinary part of the operation begins with the insertion of
the cannula to supply artificial respiration. Then the right carotid
artery is dissected out. Afterwards, while artificial respiration is being
set up, a square opening is made in the left wall of the chest with a
knife and the bone scissors. The opening is extended far into the
right pleural cavity, and widened downwards till it reaches the
diaphragm which is severed from the ribs. It is best to make the
opening in the chest large enough to avoid any pressure on the
heart from the lungs or other neighbouring parts. The pericardium is
opened wide so that the greatest possible surface of the heart may
be exposed to the action of the atmospheric air. After this
sanguinary preparation the catheter is introduced from the right
carotis into the aorta, and from thence to the left ventricle of the
heart. As soon as it has reached this point (which fact can be
ascertained by feeling the exposed heart) the stopper (of the
instrument previously described) is withdrawn. The next systole
sends a powerful stream of blood into the catheter, which is
immediately checked by fixing the gutta percha end of the previously
set manometer on this conducting catheter. Now begins the
observation which richly repays the tedious and bloody preparation.
The heart pumps out the manometer with surprising rapidity.… We
have repeated this experiment six times.”—“Ueber die
Druckverhältnisse im Innern des Herzens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol.
XVII., p. 113.

Gombault (Dr.), 3, Rue Rouget-de-l’Isle, Paris. Prof. Path.

Anat. Practical Courses.

Greenfield, William Smith, 7, Heriot Row, Edinburgh.

M.D. Lond., 1874; F.R.C.P. Lond., 1879; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1881; M.R.C.S.
Eng., 1872; (Univ. Coll.); Fell. Univ. Coll. Lond. and Roy. Med. Chir.
Soc.; Mem. Path. and Clin. Socs.; Fell. Roy. Micros. Soc.; Prof. of
Gen. Path. and Clin. Med. Univ. Edin.; late Asst. Phys. and Lect. on
Path. Anat. St. Thomas’s Hosp.; Prof. Superint. Brown Inst.; Phys.
Roy. Infirm. for Childr. and Wom., Waterloo Road; Phys. Roy. Hosp.
for Dis. of Chest, and Med. Regist. St. Thomas’s Hosp.
Trans. “Magnan on Alcoholism;” “Lancereaux’s Atlas of
Pathological Anatomy.” Author of Sect. on “Renal Pathology,” new
Syd. Soc. Atlas of Path.; (jointly) “Report on Pyæmia and Allied
Diseases” (for Path. Soc. and Loc. Govt. Board), 1879. Contrib.
“Lectures on the Pathology of Anthrax and Allied Diseases,” Lancet
and Brit. Med. Journ., 1880 and 1881; various papers in Trans. Path.
and Clin. Socs. and elsewhere.
Held a License for Vivisection at Brown Institution, Laboratory
Stables and Post Mortem Room, in 1879-80-81. Certificates for
Experiments without anæsthetics in 1879-80-81. No experiments
returned in 1881.

Gréhant, Louis François Nestor, 17, Rue de

Berthollet, Paris. B. at Laon, Aisne, France, 1838. M.D. Asst. curator
at the Museum of Nat. Hist., Paris; formerly Mem. Biol. Soc., Paris;
préparateur of the Course of Physiol. at Fac. of Sci.
Author of “Tableau d’analyse chimique conduisant à la
détermination de la base et de l’acide d’un sel inorganique isolé,
avec les couleurs caracteristiques des precipités,” Paris, 1862;
“Recherches physiques sur la respiration de l’homme,” Paris, 1864;
“Manuel de physique médicale,” Paris, 1869; “Sur l’endomose des
gaz à travers les poumous détachés,” Gaz. Med. de Paris, 1878; “Sur
l’activité physiologique des reins,” Ibid., 1879; “Recherches
quantitatives sur l’èlimination de l’oxyde de carbone,” Ibid.;
“Recherches comparatives sur l’exhalation de l’acide carbonique par
les poumons,” Journ. de l’Anat. et Physiol., 1880; “Influence de la
section des pneumogastriques sur l’exhalation d’acide carbonique
par les poumons” Arch. pour les Sci. Med. 1882.
“Dr. Gréhant recently made an interesting communication to the
Biological Society, on the quantity of alcohol that would be necessary
to produce fatal effect. With this view he performed a series of
experiments, the results of which were always identical. By means of
an œsophagal tube, Dr. Gréhant injected into the stomach of a dog
thirty grammes of alcohol every half hour until the animal died. At
the post-mortem examination, he found that the blood of the animal
contained a proportion of one part of absolute alcohol to 100 parts
of blood.”—Lancet, Jan. 20th, 1883, p. 125.
“I prepared in a large gutta percha balloon a mixture of 100 litres
of air and 255 cubic centimetres of pure oxide of carbon, which
made 1/392 of poisonous gas; I then opened the jugular vein in a
dog of 9 kilos., and with a long india-rubber catheter introduced into
the vena cava inferior, drew out 30 centimetres of blood, put it into a
flask and defibrinised it by agitating it a few minutes. The animal’s
head was then placed in a gutta percha muzzle communicating with
the top of the balloon containing the oxide of carbon, and the animal
was allowed to breathe into it for half-an-hour. During the last two
minutes a second quantity of blood was taken from the vena cava
and defibrinised; then the animal was allowed to breathe in the air,
and half-an-hour later a third sample of blood was taken.…”—On the
absorption of Oxide of Carbon (Note presented to the Acad. of Sc.
by M. Gréhant, April 8, 1878,) Archives de Méd., 1878, Vol. I., p.
750.

Griffini, L. Prof. Path. Anat. Lab. Univ. of Messina.

Author of “Sur l’action toxique de la salive humane,” Arch. ital. de
Biol., Paris, 1882.
“After the experiments of Vulpian showing that the saliva of a
healthy man has a poisonous effect on rabbits, it was necessary to
seek for an explanation of this unforeseen result. Therefore, the
author of this essay determined to make a series of experiments to
explain the malady which is produced in rabbits by the subcutaneous
injection of human saliva.”—Arch. ital. de Biol., Vol. II., Part I., p.
106.

Groves, J. W., King’s College, London.

Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College Physiological
Laboratory in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned.

Gruber, A. Prof. Zool. and Zoot., Freiburg, in Baden University.

Grützner, P. Prof. Animal Physiol., Berne University.

Author of “Ueber Verschiedene Arten der Nervenerregung.”
Pflüger’s Archiv, Vol. XVII., p. 215; “Beiträge zur Physiologie der
Harnsecretion,” Ibid., Vol. II.
Made experiments on dogs and rabbits in the Physiological
Institute at Breslau.
 “Exp. II. Dog not curarised: spinal marrow cut through at the
beginning of the operation; also the vagi severed, nitrate of soda
injected.
“Exp. III. Dog strongly curarised, and the medulla stimulated
repeatedly by galvanic currents. Injections of nitrate of soda.
“Exp. VII. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through,
medulla subjected to electric stimulation. The vagi cut through.
“Exp. XI. Dog curarised; nerves of the left kidney torn through,
digitalis and strychnine injected. Result cramps.”—Pflüger’s Archiv.
Vol. II., p. 370.

Gscheidlen, Richard. M.D.; Prof. Physiol.; Direct. Physiol.

Lab., Wurzburg.
Author of “Ueber einige Physiologische Wirkungen der
Calabarbohne,” in “Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen
Laboratorium in Wurzburg,” Leipsig, 1869; “Physiologische
Methodik,” 4th edit., Brunswick, 1879.
Forty-one experiments on rabbits and cats.
“… Large doses cause violent cramps and convulsions. The animal
struggles for breath, and writhes on the board to which it is
fastened, and all the symptoms of the most violent dyspnœa set in.
If the skin of the animal is slightly raised, it can be observed that the
venous blood-vessels are puffed and swollen and contain dark blood.
It soon becomes impossible to see how the animal breathes, and
death follows.”—Untersuchungen aus dem Physiologischen Lab. in
Wurzburg, 1869, p. 275.

Guareschi, I. Univ. Turin.

Extract of putrified human brains injected into frogs, results
resembling those of curare. Communicated to R. Academy Sciences,
Turin, May, 1882.
 Gubler, Adolphe Goblet. B. at Metz, 1822, d. 1879.
Studied Med. Paris; Silver Medallist, 1847; M.D. Paris, 1849; Chef de
Clinique of Prof. Bouillaud, 1850; Mem. Acad. Med., 1865; succeeded
Prof. G. See, Prof. Therapeutics, 1868.
Founded “Journal de Thérapeutique,” 1874; Author of
“Commentaires Thérapeutiques du Codex,” 1867.

Guébhart (Mons.), Paris. Prof. Physics Medical Faculty.

Günther, Albert, Surbiton, Surrey. M.A. and Ph.D.

Tübingen, 1853; M.D. 1862; Diploma in Med. and Surg. Stuttgart,
1857; F.R.S.; F.Z. S.; Mem. Royal Soc. Sc. Upsala; Corr. Mem. Bristol
Nat. Soc. and Liverpool Lit. and Phil. Soc.; Assist. Keeper Zool. Dept.
British Museum.
Author of “Medical Zoology,” Stuttgart, 1858; Catalogue “Fish,”
British Museum, 1859-70, &c.; late Editor “The Record of Zoological
Literature.”
Made experiments jointly with L. Brück on the influence of lesions
of certain portions of the brain on animal heat.—Pflüger’s Archiv.,
1870, p. 578.
“… I requested the students, Messrs. Brück and Günther, to repeat
the experiments of Tscheschichin and Sewitzky.… The animals were,
as in previous experiments, rabbits. The lesions were invariably
made through the unopened skull.… Out of 23 experiments, 11 gave
positive, and 12 negative results. These experiments have given us
the following facts for further study:—The division of the brain
between the pons varolis and the medulla oblongata may produce
heightened temperature. Seven experiments of this section were
made; in two only the results were as above; but in these two cases
the evidence was in a high degree satisfactory. In four cases the
temperature sank after the operation; in one the action was so
positive that the temperature of the animal which had been bound
for seven hours did not sink any lower after the operation, which it is
well known generally happens.”—Heidenhain, Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol.
III., pp. 579-80.
Held a License for Vivisection (no place named) in 1882. Also
Certificate for Experiments without anæsthetics same year.

Hall, Marshall. B. at Basford, Notts., 1790; d. 1857. M.D.,

Edin., 1812; M. 1827; F.R.C.P., 1841; Lect. on the Theory and
Practice of Medicine at St. Thomas’ Hosp.; Consulting Phys. to
Moorcroft Lunatic Asylum, Uxbridge; Gulstonian Lecturer Roy. Coll.
Physicians, 1842; F.R.S.L., and E.
Author of “The Principles of Diagnosis,” London and Nottingham,
1817; “Medical Essays,” London and Nottingham, 1825; “Diseases of
Females,” 1826; “Effects of Loss of Blood,” 1828; “Researches
principally relative to the morbid and curative effects of loss of
blood,” London, 1830; “An essay on the circulation of the Blood,
especially as observed in the minute and capillary vessels of the
Batrachia and of Fishes,” London, 1831; “Lectures on the nervous
system and its diseases,” London, 1836; “Memoirs on the nervous
system,” London, 1837; “Practical observations and suggestions in
medicine,” London, 1846; “Essay on the theory of convulsive
diseases,” London, 1848.

Hällsten, K. Prof. Physiol. in Helsingfors, Finland.

Author of “Handledning för nybegynnare vid histologiska öfningar”
(Manual of practical histology for beginners), Helsingfors, 1878.
Contrib. to Scandinavian Med. Archives.
Made experimental researches on the irritability of various parts of
the same nerve.
 Harley, George, 25, Harley Street. M.D. Edin., 1850;
F.R.C.P. Lond., 1864; F.R.C.P. Edin., 1858; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1850;
F.R.S.; F.C.S.; Corr. Mem. Roy. Acad. Med. Madrid; Roy. Acad. Sci.
Bavaria; Phys. and Med. Soc. Wurzburg; Med. Soc. Halle, and
Micros. Soc. Giessen; Mem. Path. Soc. Lond.; Fell. Roy. Med. Chir.
Soc. Lond.; Mem. Roy. Med. Soc. Edin., etc., etc., formerly Prof. Med.
Jurisprudence and Lect. on Histology and Pract. Physiol. Univ. Coll.;
Pres. Paris Med. Soc.
Editor of “A Year Book of Medicine, Surgery and their allied
Sciences,” London, 1860, etc.; author of “On Digestion,” 1859;
“Action of Chem. and Phys. Agents on the Blood,” Phil. Trans. 1865;
“Jaundice, its pathology and treatment,” London, 1863;
“Albuminaria, with and without Dropsy, its different forms and
treatment,” London, 1866; “Diabetes, its different forms and
different treatments,” London, 1866, etc.
Made experiments on the physiological action of animal poisons,
on dogs, cats, and frogs.
“The experiments were performed at University College, in the
presence of my colleagues, Professors Sharpey, Ellis, and
Williamson.… A large dog was bitten by one of the snakes over the
right eye.… In three minutes the dog became very restless, and
gave a low whine as if of pain. After moving about the room for ten
minutes searching for a comfortable place to lie down on, he placed
himself in the coolest part of the chamber, and laid his head on the
cold stones, as if to relieve headache. He moaned as if in distress.…
As the effects of the poison passed away, the pulse gradually
recovered.… The serpent was once more allowed to bite him. The
same train of symptoms again appeared, but in a more intense
degree, and within twenty-five minutes he had become insensible.…
Half an hour after being bitten the second time, convulsive
twitchings began to appear in the fore limbs and muscles of the
neck. In ten minutes more the whole body became convulsed. The
limbs were stretched out and the head jerked backwards.… In two
hours and a quarter the animal appeared to be dead, but on making
an incision into the thorax, he gave a gasp. After waiting some time
without observing any further sign of life, another incision was
made, when he again gasped, but only once.”—“On the influence of
physical and chemical agents upon the blood,” Trans. Roy. Soc., Vol.
155, p. 700.

Harris, Vincent Dormer, 39, Wimpole Street, Cavendish

Square, London, W. M.D. Lond., 1876; M.B. (Honours), 1874;
M.R.C.P. Lond., 1877; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1874 (St. Barthol. and Vienna);
Fell. Roy. Med. Chir. Soc.; Mem. Path. Soc.; Sen. Phys. Met. Disp.;
Demonst. of Physiol. St. Barthol. Hosp.; Asst. Phys. Victoria Pk.
Hosp.; late Assist. Phys. W. London Hosp.; Casualty Phys., House
Phys., Ophth. House Surg. and Regist. St. Barthol. Hosp.
Joint Author of “The Manual for the Physiological Laboratory;”
Author of “Remarks on Angina Pectoris,” “Tufnell’s Treatment of
Aortic Aneurysm,” “The Diagnostic value of Cardiac Murmurs,” and
other papers in St. Barthol. Hosp. Reps.; “Condition of the Spinal
Cord in Tetanus;” Path. Soc. Trans.; Contrib. to Lancet, Med. Times
Gaz., Path. Soc. Trans., Quart. Micros. Journ., Journ. Anat. and
Physiol., &c.
Held a License for Vivisection at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital
Medical School in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates for Illustrations of
Lectures, 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in 1880 and
1882.

Harting (Prof.), Utrecht University.

Harvey, Reuben J. D. 1882. B.A. Dublin, 1866; M.D.,

1873; M.B. and M. Ch., 1870; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel., 1879; L. 1876 (T.C.
Dublin, Vienna and Wurzburg); M.R.T.A.; Mem. Path. Soc. Dub.;
Lect. Physiol. Carm. Sch. of Med.; Asst. Phys. and Pathol. House of
Indust. Hosps.; Phys. Cork Street Fever Hosp.; late Exam. Anat.
Univ. Dub.; Phys. for Dis. of Throat; Nat. Eye and Ear Infirm.; Ex-
Schol. and Sen. Moderator T.C. Dub.; Ex. Med. and Schol. and
Demonstrator of Anatomy Univ. Dub. Contrib. “Histology of Tendon,”
Irish Hosp. Gaz. 1873; “Ueber die Zwischensubstanz der Hoden,”
Centralblatt, 1875.
Held a License for Vivisection at Carmichael School of Medicine,
Dublin Physiological Laboratory, and 212, Great Brunswick Street,
Dublin, in 1878-79-80-81. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures in
1878-79-81; also, Certificate Dispensing with obligation to kill in
1881, and Certificate for Experiments without Anæsthetics in 1880.

Haughton, Edward, Spring Grove House, Upper Norwood.

M.D. Edin., 1856; M.R.C.S. Eng., 1855; B.A.T.C.D., 1858; L.M. Combe
Lying-in Hosp. Gold Medal in Exper. and Nat. Sci.; Lect. on Med.
Jurisprudence Steeven’s Hosp. Med. Sch. Dub., 1859.
Author of “The Laws of Vital Force,” 1869; “Practical Biopathy,”
1881, etc.

Hay, Matthew, 230, Union Street, Aberdeen. M.D. Edin.

(Gold Medal), 1881; M.B. and C.M. (First Class Honours), 1878
(Univs. Glasg., Edin., and Strasbourg); Ettles Prizem. 1878; Goodsir
Prizem. 1881; Sanitary Research, Sch., 1883; Fell. Roy. Phys. Soc.
Edin.; Vice-Pres. Chem. Soc. Edin,; Mem. Nat. Sci. Club; Prof. Med.
Logic and Med. Jurisp. Univ. Aberd.; formerly Asst. to Prof. of Mat.
Med. and Demonstrator of Pract. Mat. Med. Univ. Edin.; Phys. New
Town Disp. Edin.
Contrib. “Action of Saline Cathartics,” from Anal. and Physiol. Vol.
XVI.
Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Materia
Medica Department in 1880-81-82-83. Certificates Dispensing with
obligation to kill in 1880-81-82-83.
 Haycraft, John Berry. M.B.
Author of “On some Physiological Results of Temperature
Variation,” Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1878.
Held a License for Vivisection at University Edinburgh Physiological
Department and Materia Medica Department, or Department of
Medical Jurisprudence in 1880 and 1881. No experiments returned in
1881.

Hayem, Georges, Rue de l’échelle 9, Paris. B. Paris, 1841.

M.D. 1868; Prof. Med. Fac. Paris; Hospital Physician; Sub-Director of
the Lab. of Path. Anat. (école des Hautes études); Editor of the
Revue des Sciences Médicales.
Author of “Études sur les diverses formes d’encéphalite,” Paris,
1868; “Des Bronchites, Pathologie générale et classification,” Paris,
1869; “Des Hémorrhagies intra rachidiennes,” Ibid., 1872.

Heger, Paul. Prof. Physiol. Univ. Brussels.

Author of “Étude critique et expérimentale sur l’émigration des
lobules blancs, envisagée dans ses rapports avec l’inflammation.”

Heiberg, H. Prof. Path. Anat. Christiania, Norway.

Author of “Om Hvirvelsöjlen hos nyfödte og dens Forhold til
chorda dorsalis” (The spinal chord at birth and its relation to the
chorda dorsalis) Norsk Magas. for Lägevidens-Kab., Vol. VIII. (1879),
p. 292.
Made experiments on the cornea of rabbits, rats, cats, fowls,
toads, &c.—Vide Appen. Rep. Roy. Com.
 Heidenhain, Rudolph Peter Heinrich. B. at
Marienwerder, West Prussia, 1834. Prof. of Physiol, and Microscopic
Anat. Med. Fac. Breslau; Lect. Physiol. Institute.
Author of “Physiologische Studien,” Berlin, 1856; “Die Vivisection
im Dienste der Heilkunde,” Leipsig, 1879; “Beiträge zur Kenntniss
des Pancreas,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., p. 557; “Ueber die
Absonderung der Fundusdrüsen des Magens,” Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol.
XIX., p. 148.
“The following observations, in so far as they relate to temporary
fistula, were made in the summer of 1872; … those relating to
permanent fistula belong principally to a series of experiments made
with the students, Messrs. Jastrow, Langondorff and Körner. The
principal results of both series proved that the secretion of the
pancreas if arrested may be made to continue; or if present may be
rendered more active. However, I must at once observe that the
disturbances, the causes of which are still unknown to us, which
almost invariably render useless all experiments on the pancreas,
were also often present in those I am about to describe.…
“The experiments were invariably made on curarised animals. In
such cases we have noticed the striking fact when the rapidity of
secretion had been measured before and after curarisation, there
was always a diminution during the curare anæsthesia, in
contradiction to the result of Bernstein’s experiments; in which the
secretion increased under the influence of the poison.” “Beiträge zur
Kenntniss der Pancreas.”—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 606-607.
Permanent fistula of the stomach established in dogs, then they
were curarised and the spinal marrow stimulated with electrodes to
cause secretion from the pancreas. These experiments were
undertaken with the aid of students.

Heinsius von A., M.D., Prof. Physiol., Leyden University.

 Author of “Ueber die Eiweisskörper des Blutes,” Pflüger’s Archiv.,
Vol. II., p. 1; “Ueber Serumalbumin und Eieralbumin und ihre
Verbindungen,” Pflüger, Vol. XII., p. 549.

Helmholtz-Hermann, Ludwig Ferdinand von.

B. Potsdam, 1821; studied med. La Charité, Berlin; Military Surgeon,
Potsdam; Prof. Anat. Acad., 1848; Prof. Physiol., Königsberg, 1849;
Prof. Physiol., Bonn, 1855; Heidelberg, 1858; Prof. of Experimental
Physics, Med. Fac., Berlin Univ., 1871; Corr. French Acad. of
Sciences, 1870; Privy Councillor.
Author of “Ueber die Erhaltung der Kraft,” Berlin, 1847; “Handbuch
der Phys. Optik.,” Leipsig, 1856-1866; “Lehre von den
Tonempfindungen,” Brunswick, 1862, etc.

Henderson, Thomas Beath, 239, Bath Street, Glasgow.

M.D., Glasgow, 1878; M.B. and C.M., 1871 (Univ. Glasg.); Mem. Med.
Chir. Path. and Clin. Socs. Glasg., and Brit. Med. Assoc.
Contrib. “On the Inhalation of Phosphuretted Hydrogen,” Journ.
Anat. and Physiol., Vol. XIII.
Held a License for Vivisection at Glasgow Royal Infirmary Medical
School, 1878-79-80. Certificates Dispensing with obligation to kill,
1878-79-80. No Experiments returned in 1879 and 1880.

Henle, Frederick Gustav Charles. B. at Furth,

Franconia, 1809. Studied med. at Heidelberg and Bonn; M.D., 1832;
Prosector Anat. Museum, Berlin, 1837; Prof. of Micros. Anat. and
Gen. Path., 1840; Prof. Anat. and Physiol. Univ. Zurich, 1844; Prof.
Anat. Physiol. Path. and Anthrop., Heidelberg, 1852; Prof. at
Göttingen.
Founder of “Journal der rationelle Medizin;” Author of “Ueber
Schleim u. Eiterbildung,” Berlin, 1838; “Vergleichende Anatomie des
Kehlkopfes,” Leipsig, 1839; “Pathologische Untersuchungen,” Berlin,
1840; “Rationelle Pathologie,” Brunswick, 1846; “Handbuch der
Allgemeinen Anatomie,” Berlin, 1841; “Handbuch der Systematischen
Anatomie des Menschen,” Brunswick, 1855; etc.

Henry, Arthur. Student at Physiol. Instit., Breslau.

Made experiments with Paul Wollheim at the instigation of Prof.
Heidenhain on the pancreatic secretion of herbivorous animals,
sheep, and rabbits—during two semesters—by creating biliary
fistulas.—Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. XIV., p. 457, etc.

Hensen, V. Prof. experimental Physiol., Kiel University.

Author of “Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Beobachtung der Tonhöhe
eines gesungenen Tones,” Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., 1879, p. 155.

Hering, E. Prof. of experimental Physiol., Prague University.

Author of “Beiträge zur allgemeinen Nerven-und-
Muskelphysiologie,” Sitzber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. (Wien) Vol. LXXIX.,
1879; “Ueber Muskelgeräusche des Auges,” Ibid.; “Zur Erklärung der
Farbenblindheit der Theorie der Gegenfarben,” Prag., 1880; “Kritik
einer Abhandlung von Donders,” Prag., 1882.

Hermann, Ludimar. Prof. Physiol. and Med. Physics,

Zurich Univ.
Author of “Grundriss der Physiolgie des Menschen,” Berlin, 1863;
“Untersuchungen ueber den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln,” Berlin, 1867;
“Ein Beitrag zum Verständniss der Verdanung und Ernährens,”
Zurich, 1869; “Lehrbuch der experimentellen Toxicologie,” Berlin,
1874; “Ueber schiefen Durchgang von Strahlenbündeln, etc.,” Zurich,
1874; “Die Vivisectionsfrage für das grössere Publicum beleuchtet,”
Leipsig, 1877. Editor of “Centralblatt f. die Medicinischen
Wissenschaften,” Berlin, 1863, etc.
“Our experiments were intended to decide how far the objection
raised on several sides was justified, that the results of the
experiments made by Fritsch and Hitzig on the cortex of the
cerebrum did not arise from the excitation of the cortex itself, but of
the more internal parts.… The experiments were made during the
summer term of 1874, all on middle-sized dogs, and were carried
out successfully.… There were only six; as the results were all the
same, there was no reason to make more of these cruel
experiments.… I conclude with the remark that the experiments of
Fritsch and Hitzig, however interesting and precious they may be, do
not justify any conclusions concerning the functions of the
cortex.”—“Ueber electrische Reizversuche an der Grosshirnrinde,”
Pflüger’s Archiv., Vol. X., pp. 78-84.
“The advancement of our knowledge, and not utility to medicine,
is the true and straightforward object of all vivisection. No true
investigator in his researches thinks of the practical utilization.
Science can afford to despise this justification with which vivisection
has been defended in England.”—Die Vivisectionsfrage.

Herzen, Alex. B. Russia, 1839. Prof. Physiol., Lausanne

University. Studied Medicine and Natural History in England and
Switzerland; joined Schiff at Florence, and became one of the
promoters of the new scientific and philosophical movement in Italy.
He afterwards retired to Sienna, where he pursued in solitude his
studies on experimental Physiology. Prof. Physiol. at the Instituto
superiore at Florence, 1877.
Author of “Popular Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Animals,”
London, 1862; “Les centres modérateurs de l’action réflexe,” Turin,
1864; “Sul l’eccitabilitá dei nervi tagliati,” 1867; “Analisi fisiologica del
libero arbitrio humana,” 1868; “Gli animali martiri i loro prottettori e
la Fisiologia,” Florence, 1874; “Una questione di Psicologia Sociale,”