SHREE MOUNI VIDHYAPEETH’S

INSTITUTE OF CIVIL AND RURAL ENGINEERING,

GARGOTI.

MICRO PROJECT

UNDER THE COURSE

“DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK"(22414)

WITH TITLE

“ARP AND IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS”

SUBMITTED BY

40. SANIYA VASEEM NADAF

41. TEJAS JAYPALSINGH RAJPUT
42. SHRIHARSH RANGRAO GODASE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

(2023-2024)

1
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Micro Project entitled “ARP AND IEEE 802.11
STANDARDS” submitted to the Institute of Civil and Rural Engineering, Gargoti, in partial
fulfillment of Diploma in Computer Engineering is a record of original work done by Saniya,
Tejas, Shriharsh using the period from Dec 2023 to April 2024 under my supervision and
guidance and it has not copied or submitted with other similar title by any candidate in any
Diploma College.

Head of the Department Signature of the Guide

2
 DECLARATION
We Saniya, Tejas, Shriharsh hereby declare that the Micro Project submitted to
the Institute of Civil and Rural Engineering, Gargoti, in partial fulfillment of Diploma in
Computer Engineering and Micro Project done by me during the period, from Dec 2023 to
April 2024 under the supervision and guidance of Mr. V. S. Kalake, Selection Grade Lecturer
in department of Computer Engineering, and it has not copied or submitted with other similar
title by any candidate in any Diploma College.

Place: Gargoti. Signature of candidates:

Date: 40. Saniya Vaseem Nadaf

41. Tejas Jaypalsingh Rajput
42. Shriharsh Rangrao Godase

3
 INSTITUTE OF CIVIL AND RURAL ENGG. GARGOTI
(AIDED)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ___________________________Roll. No._______
of Second Year Diploma in Computer Engineering has successfully completed the MICRO
PROJECT work entitled “ARP AND IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS” in Data Communication
and Computer Network for the academic year 2023-24 as prescribed in MSBTE curriculum.

Date : Enrollment no. _____________________

Place: Gargoti Exam seat no. ______________________

Project Guide Academic Head Principal

4
 INDEX
Sr. No. Content/Title Page No.
1. Rationale 6

2. Aims/Benefits Of Micro-Project 6

3. Course Outcomes Addressed 6

4. Literature Review 6

5. Actual Methodology Followed 6 to 14

6. Actual Resources Used 14

7. Skill Developed /Learning Outcomes Of Micro-Project 14

8. Conclusion 14

TEAM MEMBERS

Sr. Roll Enrollment Exam Seat

Name Signature
No. No. No. Number

1. Saniya Vaseem Nadaf 40 2200120339

2 Tejas Jaypalsingh Rajput 41 2200120340

3. Shriharsh Rangrao Godase 42 2200129341

5
 MICRO-PROJECT REPORT
COURSE : DATA COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER NETWORK (22414)

ARP AND IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS

1.0. RATIONALE
This micro-project helps us to learn about ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol) and the IEEE 802.11 standards which are fundamental components of computer
networking, playing crucial roles in facilitating communication between devices and enabling
wireless connectivity. From this micro-project we have addressed types of IEEE standards and
working of the ARP. We have learned the evolution of Wi-Fi standards and generation of IEEE
802.11 standards. We have understand the roles and functionalities of ARP and the IEEE
802.11 standard which is fundamental for building and maintaining robust network
infrastructures.

2.0. AIMS OF THE MICRO-PROJECT

a) Understand and study about concept of ARP and IEEE 802.11

standards.
b) To find the host’s physical address using concept of ARP.

3.0. COURSE OUTCOMES ADDRESSED

a) Analyse the transmission errors with respect to IEEE standards.

c) Understand the concept of ARP and IEEE 802.11 standards.

4.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

We have collected the information for the project “ARP and IEEE
802.11 Standards” from various websites. We get to know about ARP and IEEE
802.11 standards.
Links :
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/Wireless-LAN-and-IEEE-802-11
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/ieee-802-11-mac-frame/amp/
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/how-address-resolution-protocol-arp-works/amp/
Book : Data Communication and Computer Network (I scheme)

5.0. ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED

6
5.1. ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL(ARP)
The acronym ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol which is one of the most
important protocols of the Data link layer in the OSI model. It is responsible to find the
hardware address of a host from a known IP address. There are three basic ARP terms.
Note: ARP finds the hardware address, also known as the Media Access Control (MAC)
address, of a host from its known IP address.

5.2. HOW ARP WORKS ?

Most computer programs/applications use logical addresses (IP Addresses) to
send/receive messages. However, the actual communication happens over the Physical
Address (MAC Address) that is from layer 2 of the OSI model. So our mission is to get the
destination MAC Address which helps in communicating with other devices. This is where
ARP comes into the picture, its functionality is to translate IP addresses to Physical
Addresses.

Imagine a device that wants to communicate with others over the internet. What does

7
ARP do? It broadcast a packet to all the devices of the source network. The devices of the
network peel the header of the data link layer from the Protocol Data Unit (PDU) called
frame and transfer the packet to the network layer (layer 3 of OSI) where the network ID
of the packet is validated with the destination IP’s network ID of the packet and if it’s equal
then it responds to the source with the MAC address of the destination, else the packet
reaches the gateway of the network and broadcasts packet to the devices it is connected
with and validates their network ID. The above process continues till the second last
network device in the path reaches the destination where it gets validated and ARP, in turn,
responds with the destination MAC address.

8
 5.3. ADDRESS RESOLUTION PROTOCOL(ARP)

1. ARP Cache: After resolving the MAC address, the ARP sends it to the source where it
is stored in a table for future reference. The subsequent communications can use the
MAC address from the table.
2. ARP Cache Timeout: It indicates the time for which the MAC address in the ARP cache
can reside.
3. ARP request: This is nothing but broadcasting a packet over the network to validate
whether we came across the destination MAC address or not.
i. The physical address of the sender.
ii. The IP address of the sender.
iii. The physical address of the receiver is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF: FF or 1’s.
iv. The IP address of the receiver.
4. ARP response/reply: It is the MAC address response that the source receives from the
destination which aids in further communication of the data.
• CASE-1:
The sender wants to send a packet to another host on the same network.
Use ARP to find another host’s physical address.

• CASE-2:
The sender is a host and wants to send a packet to another host on another network.
The sender looks at its routing table.
Find the IP address of the next hop (router) for this destination.
Find the IP address of the next hop (router) for this destination.

• CASE-3:
The sender is a router and received a datagram.
The router checks its routing table.
Calculate the IP of the next router.
Use ARP to find the next router’s physical address.

• CASE-4:
The sender is a router that has received a datagram destined for a host in the same
network. Use ARP to find this host’s physical address.

Note : An ARP request is broadcast, and an ARP response is a Unicast

9
 5.4. WHAT ARE THE IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS?

IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down the architecture and
specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN uses high frequency radio waves for
connecting the nodes.
There are several standards of IEEE 802.11 WLANs. The prominent among them are 802.11,
802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n and 802.11p. All the standards use carrier-sense multiple
access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA). Also, they have support for both centralised base
station based as well as ad hoc networks.

• IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 was the original version released in 1997. It provided 1 Mbps or 2 Mbps data
rate in the 2.4 GHz band and used either frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct-
sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). It is obsolete now.

• IEEE 802.11a
802.11a was published in 1999 as a modification to 802.11, with orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) based air interface in physical layer instead of FHSS or DSSS
of 802.11. It provides a maximum data rate of 54 Mbps operating in the 5 GHz band. Besides
it provides error correcting code. As 2.4 GHz band is crowded, relatively sparsely used 5 GHz
imparts additional advantage to 802.11a.
Further amendments to 802.11a are 802.11ac, 802.11ad, 802.11af, 802.11ah, 802.11ai,
802.11aj etc.

10
 • IEEE 802.11b
802.11b is a direct extension of the original 802.11 standard that appeared in early 2000. It
uses the same modulation technique as 802.11, i.e. DSSS and operates in the 2.4 GHz band. It
has a higher data rate of 11 Mbps as compared to 2 Mbps of 802.11, due to which it was rapidly
adopted in wireless LANs. However, since 2.4 GHz band is pretty crowded, 802.11b devices
faces interference from other devices.
Further amendments to 802.11b are 802.11ba, 802.11bb, 802.11bc, 802.11bd and 802.11be.

• IEEE 802.11g
802.11g was indorsed in 2003. It operates in the 2.4 GHz band (as in 802.11b) and provides
a average throughput of 22 Mbps. It uses OFDM technique (as in 802.11a). It is fully backward
compatible with 802.11b. 802.11g devices also faces interference from other devices operating
in 2.4 GHz band.

• IEEE 802.11n
802.11n was approved and published in 2009 that operates on both the 2.4 GHz and the 5
GHz bands. It has variable data rate ranging from 54 Mbps to 600 Mbps. It provides a marked
improvement over previous standards 802.11 by incorporating multiple-input multiple-output
antennas (MIMO antennas).

• IEEE 802.11p
802.11 is an amendment for including wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE)
to support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). They include network communications
between vehicles moving at high speed and the environment. They have a data rate of 27 Mbps
and operate in 5.9 GHz band

11
5.5. FRAME FORMAT OF IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.11 MAC layer data frame consists of 9 fields:

5.6. ADVANTAGES IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE

1. Fault Tolerance: The centralized architecture minimizes the bottlenecks and introduces
resilience in the WLAN equipment.
2. Flexible Architecture: Supports both temporary smaller networks and larger, more
permanent ones.
3. Prolonged Battery Life: Efficient power-saving protocols extend mobile device battery
life without compromising network connections.

5.7. DISADVANTAGES OF IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE

1. Noisy Channels: Due to reliance on radio waves, signals may experience interference
from nearby devices.
2. Greater Bandwidth and Complexity: Due to necessary data encryption and susceptibility
to errors, WLANs need more bandwidth than their wired counterparts.
3. Speed: Generally, WLANs offer slower speeds compared to wired LANs.

5.8. APPLICATIONS OF IEEE 802.11 ARCHITECTURE

1. Home Networking: Connecting devices, laptops, smart TVs, speakers, gaming consoles

12
 etc.
2. Wi-Fi Hotspots: Free or paid internet access to visitors in coffee shops, hotels, airports,
malls and restaurants.
3. Connectivity in Campus: Provide internet access in university, colleges, schools or
corporate campuses.

5.9. GENERATIONS OF IEEE 802.11 STANDARDS

13
 5.10. EVOLUTON OF WI-FI STANDARDS

6.0. ACTUAL RESOURCES USED :

Sr.No. Name of required Specification Quantity Remarks
resources
1. Desktop/Laptop Intel (R) Core (TM) DUO 1
CPD E7500@ 2.93GHz 2.94
GHz
2. Operating System Windows 1

3. Reference Book Data Communication and 1

Computer Network of I
Scheme
4. Laboratory Manual Computer Group of Diploma 1
Semester IV, MSBTE

7.0.SKILL DEVELOPED/LEARNING OUTCOME OF MICRO-PROJECT

1. Improve the ability to work quickly with team members.
2. Understood and improved the Network Connecting skills.
3. Understand to find host’s physical address using ARP.

8.0. CONCLUSION
We have successfully achived the CO's in this project. We understand all the concept about ARP
& IEEE 802.11 standards. We understood all the concepts about ARP, its working. We also get to
know about IEEE 802.11 standards, it's types and it's generations.

14