Knowledge Booster 2one (Quick Study Notes)

Chapter l Relations and Functions

disjoint subsets A called partitions or
1. Relation subdivisions of X, satisfying
Let A be a non-empty set and RCA X A. related to
Then, R is called a relation on A. If a, b) e R, () For each i all elements of A, are each
then we sas that a is related to b and we write other ie. A, UA, =X,i # j.
t
aRb and if (a, b) R, then we write aRb. (i) no element ofA, is related to any element
Relation = , for i j.
2. Domain, Range and Codomain of a ie. A, n A;
Let R be a relation from set A to set B, such (i) A. UA, Xand A, nA, = 0, i j.
set of
that R =(a, b): a e A andbe R. The ordered Here, subset A, are also called equivalence classes.
all first and second elements of the
pairs in R is called the domain and range 6. Function
respectively, ie. Domain (R) = la :(a, b) eBR3is Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then
and Range (R) =b :(a, b) e R3. The set rule ffrom A to B which associates endk
called the codomain of relation R. element xE A, to a unique element of f(x) e
is called a function or mapping from A to Band
3. Types of Relations we write f : A ’ B. Here, element of A ie
() Empty (void) Relation Arelation R on a set A called the domain of f and element of Bit
is called empty relation, if no element of A is called the codomain of f.
related to anyelement of A, i.e. R = oCAx A. Also, £fx):xe A'c B is called the range of f.
(i) Universal Relation A relation R on a set A is Note Every function is a relation but everu
called universal relation, if each element of Ais relation is not a function.
related to every element of A, i.e. R = A x A.
(i) ldentity Relation A relation R on a set A is 7. Types of Functions
called an identity relation, if each element of A ) One-one (Injective) Function Afunction
is related to itself only. It is denoted byl,. ie.
I, =R = la,a): ae A3 f:A ’ B is said to be one-one, if distinct
(iv) Reflexive Relation A relation R defined on set A elements of Ahave distinct images in B,
is said to be reflexive, f(x, x) e R, XE A i.e. f(x,) = f(x,)’x, =x2
i.e. xRx, txE A. or
() Symmetric Relation A relation R defined on set
Ais said to be symmetric, where, x, x, ¬ A.
() Many-one Function A function f:A Bis
if (x,y) e R’(y,x) e R, t , ye Aie. said to be many-One, if twO or more than two
xRy ’ yRx, Vx, y e A. elements in Ahave the same image in B.
(vi) Transitive Relation Arelation R defined on set
Ais said tobe transitive, if (x, y)e Rand (i) Onto (Surjective) Function Afunction
(y, 2) e R’ (x,2) e R, Vx,y, z e A f:A’ B is said to be onto or surjective, i
every element in B has atleast one pre-image iM
ie. xRy and yR2 ’ xR2, x, y, 2 E A. A, i.e. if for each ue B. there exists an element
xE A, such that f(x) = y.
9. Equivalence Relation
A relation R on a set A is called an eguivalence Cv) IntoFunction Afunction f:A’ Bis saidto
relation, if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. be into, if atleast one element of B does not
have a pre-image in A
S.Equivalence Classes (v) One-one and Onto (Bijective) Function A
Consider an arbitrary equivalence relation R on functionf:X ’ y is said to be bijective, Ir
is both one-one and onto.
an arbitrary set X, R divides X into mutually
ouickStudyNotes 207

thapter2 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

aonometric functions are not one-one on their Properties of lnverse Trigonometric Functions
natural domains, so their inverse does not exist
TL

values but their inverse may exists in " sin (sin 0) = 0, 0 e 2 2

in all
SOme interval
of their restricted domains. Thus,
(cos 0) = 0,0 e [O, n]
We
can say that, inverse of trigonometric " cos
functions are defined within restricted domains T
functions. Inverse " tan (tan 0) = 0, 0 ¬
trigonometric
of corresponding byf 2'2
of f is denoted
(sin x)-!
Sinx #
"cot(cot 0) = 0, 0e (0, )
Note T
sin X# sin "cosec(cosec 0) = 0, 0 - {0}
2' 2
-J |
" sec(sec 0) = 0, 0 e [0, ]
S0n x
sin x
2
(Ranoe) of
and Principal Value Branch
Domain Inverse " sin (sin- x) = , xe [-1, 1]
Trigonometric Functions
Principal value " cos (cos x) = x, xe [-I,1)
Domain
Function branch (Range) " tan (tan x) = x, x E R
Sin (-, 1) " cot (cot x) = X, XE R
cOsy [0, ] " COsec (cosecx) = x, Xe (- o, -1) u l1, )
l1, )
tan x R
2' 2, " sec (sec x) = x, xe(- oo, -1]U
= cOsecx, x2 lor x <-/
2' 1-
2 03
T T
COsecy (-o8,-)ul, ) X

co ~ /
sec x (-os,-)ul, o) to, nJ - = sec x, x >| or x < - |
cot x R (0, n)

Chapter 3 Matrices
A = la,Jmx n
.Matrix where, l<is m, Is/`nand i, j erow N.
of
A matrix is an ordered rectanqular array is an element lying in the ith and
numbers or functions. The number or
functions Here, ai
jth colämn.
of the
are called the elements or the entries
matrix. 3. Types of Matrices
2. Order of Matrix ) Row matrix A matrix having only one row, is
called a row matrix.
A matrix of order m x n is of the formn
(i) Column matrix Amatrix having only one column,
is calledacolumn matrix.
A = a23 of a
(ii) Zero or Null matrix f all the elements matrix or
matrix are zero, then it is called a zero
m3
null matrix, It is denoted by symbol 0.
where, m represents number of rows and n
represents number of columns.
ln notation form, it can be rewritten as
 i Succeed Mathematics
208 Cas 12
which number of 7, Multiplication of a Matrix by a Scalar
(iv) Square matrix A matrix in are egual, is called a
rows and number of columns Let A = la, Jm x n be a matrix and k be
scalar. TheH, kA another matrix anyis
square matrix.
matrix is said to be a obtained by multiplying each element of A which
(v) Diagonal matrix A squareelements lying outside ie. kA = kla,mxn
= by
mxn k,
diagonal matrix, if all the
the diagonal elements are 2ero.
all 8. Negative of a Matrix
(vi) Scalar matrix A diagonal matrix in which If we multiply a matrix A by a scalar
diagonal elements are equal, is
matrix.
called a scalar
(-), then the negative of a matrix ie
obtained. ln negative of A, each
quantAity
matrix may or may not be
but a
Note A scalar matrix is adiagonal matrix scalar
a
multiplied by (-1). element is
diagonal
matrix. 9. Properties of Scalar Multiplication
(vii) Vnit or ldentity matrix A diagonal matrix in Let Aand B be the two matrices of
same order,
which all the diagonal elements are equal to then
unity (one), is called an identity matrix. It is () kCA + B) = kA + kB, where k is scalar.
denoted by I.
4. Equality of Matrices
(ii) (k, + k, A = k,A + k,, where k, and k, ore
scalars.
Two matrices are said to be eçual, if their order
are same and their corresponding elements are (ii) Cki)A = k(IA) = I(kA), where l and k are
also equal, i.e. a; = b;: Scalars.

S. Addition of Matrices IO. DIfference (or Subtraction) of Matrices

Let A and B be two matrices each of same order If A= la,, Jand B = lb,, ] are two matrices of
m x n. Then, the sunm of matrices A + B is a
matrix whose elements are obtained by adding the same order m x n, then difference of these
matrices A - B is defined as matrix
the corresponding elements of A and B.
iie. if A= [aJmxn D= [d, where d =j b i j .
and B= lb,;
mxn M,. Multiplication of Matrices
Then, A + B = la, +bmxn Let A = [a, Jmx and B = lbJnxp be tWO
matrices such that the number of columns of A
6. Properties of Matrix Addition is equal to the number of rows of B, then
Let A, Band C are three matrices of same order multiplication of A and B is denoted by AB and
mx n, then is the
it is given by c = ,b where ;
) Matrix addition is commutative,
i.e. A + B = B + A
(i, k) th element of matrix C of order m X?
ü) Matrix addition is associative, where C = AB.
ie. (A +B)+C= A+(B+) Note Generally, multiplication of matrices is not
Cii) Existence of additive identity Zero matrix (0) commutative, i.e, AB # BA.
of order m xn (same as of A) is called additive
identity, as A+ = A= 0 + A. 12. Properties of Muttiplication of Matricesorder.
() Let A, Band Cbe three matrices of same
Civ) Existence of additive inverse For the square
matrix, the matrix (-A)is called additive Then, matrix multiplication is associative
i.e. (AB)C = A(BC).
inverse, if A+(-A) = 0 =(-A) + A. every
(i) Existence of multiplicative identity Formatrixl
Note If A and B are not of same order, then A + Bis
not defined. square matrix A, there exists an identity
of same order such that A.|=A =lA.
ouickStudyNotes 209

Matrix multiplication is distributive over addition, Cii) (kA) =kA, where k is any constant.
(i)
ie.A(B + C)= AB + AC (iv) (AB) ' =BA' lreversal law)
(v)
Non-commutativity Generally, matrix
IS. Symmetric ond Skew-symmetric Matrices
ultiplication is not commutative i.e, if A and B
vo two matrices and AB, BA both exist, then it A square matrix A is called symmetric motrix, if
= BA A' = A and square matrix A is called
is not necessary that AB skew-symmetric, if A'=-A.
Ifthe product of two matrices is a zero matrix,
+hen it is not necessary that one of the matrices l6. Properties of Symmetric and
iszero matrix,
Skew-symmetric Matrices
1B. Transpose ofa Matrix () For a square matrix Awith real number entries,
The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows A + 4' is a symmetric matrix and A - A' is a
and columns of a given matrix A, is called
transpose of a matrix A, It is denoted by A' or skew-symmetric matrix.
A' or A (i) Any square matrix Acan be expressed as the
sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
M. Properties of Transpose of Matrices matrices.
) (A)'= A
i.e. A = (A + A') + (A - A')
(i) CA B)'= A' t B

Chapter 4 Determinants
1.Determinant S. Area of Triangle
Every square matrix A of order n is associated Let ACx,, y,), B(x,, y,) and c(x,, y,) be
with a number, called its determinant and it is the vertices of a AABC. Then, its area is given by
denoted by det(A) or A
2.Determinant of Matrix of Order X
Let A= la] be a square matrix of order 1, then 2 y2
JA|= |al= a, ie. element itself is
determinant.
3. Determinant of Matrix of Order 2
-;1(x,(y,
2 -9+x,(9,
+ X3
Let A= la, } be a square matrix of order 2, then Note Area is positive quantity. So, we always take
det(A) or |A| = =a,, 22 - 2 21
the absolute value of the determinant.
a22 If area is given, then use both positive and
neqative values of the determinant for
4. Determinant of Matrix of Order 3 calculation,

Let A = la,]be a square matrix of order 3, then 6. Condition of Collinearity for Three Points
Three points A(X,, 9,), B(x,, 9,) and
det(A) = |A| = a22 C(x, y,) are collinear if and only if the area
a23 of triangle formed by these three points is zero.
a 32 a33
=a,, (a, 33 (a,a33- Og,22 i.e.
92 =0

(a,32
lexpanding along R,] 7. Minors
3

ote We can expand the above

corresponding to anu row ordeterminant
column, If Ais Minor of an element a, of a determinant is the
hxnmatrix, then | kA | = k"|A |. determinant obtained bu deleting ith row and
 10. 9. Cofactors 8. 210
N. A Qnd elements e.g. denotedMuby
i.e. is Singular Note : ith
(i) () The matrix, folows
cofatoras IfM
Properties
then IfA where adjoint ofLet ofthe Adjoint
A, Note defined
adj adj elements said square
and B transpose
A adjoint theirwith If order The column
is
(kA) (A') C = elements Mi3 Mi2
=
to f
sum
and cofactors ofthe minor
n Mu ofA=2) If
[a, of be
matrix (n A
are of l, of of a A a,
minor in
= = Jnxn of
non-singular
Matrix = is of are
A. a Non-singular 2ero. of |a22
32a
k"-'(adj (adË Adjoint two , he
tsquare 0 is 2) an which
is and A of is
element
any row a denoted of 32aa22 a23 a33 a23 32aa22 a2
A)square adj bemnatrix
the is an a
A), a ifsaid (column)
other element
of (A)
cofactor matrix A0, (-)'+ =j element determinant
of a23
Square matrix. etc.
ke matrices square formed
= Matrices row by a
to determinant
R cT, A are C minors
then of a,,
matrix is then be (column), of
Matrix matrix, by multiplied orAa,;
of a ; order lies. Itis
defined
cofactors My then
order n, matrix singular n of
of then
then and the -1.
A. as A
14. (vi) () (iv) Ci) 12.
|Al=|A|
() (v) () Ci) i) () I3.
Case l Case equations canWe
and Let Solution
Vsing anSuppose
isthatAB and Inverse
Case =a A a,x method) Properties
(kA)= AA- (A) CAB)- (A) adj ladi (adj
+ the
giveninverse there adË
l
a,x
solutions.
many Ifl = A of
(adj ladj A|AB)
|AJ If
System system If uniquehas 3
b,9system lnverse = bå
| in + of A-'A ofexists
BA is a A)
A a A/
b, writethe b,y
+ System = = = of
BA-! A a (A)]| =|A =
matrix 2 of LA-, =/ (A4) A matrix = non-z =
Matrix = (adj
isand=0 is =
= 0,
lwerse p) i
inconsistent A-B. 0 X + = of a where square
matrix
matrix -2ero |AJ"-2 ",if|
then C2
consistent and
|A matrix then =, B)Succeed
form d,; linear Matrix A,
solution ,X= of
system
above = a,x of denoted
Cadj(A)] byIt B (adË
(adj (adj system Linear k such
as d equations a is of .A
X + (or + A|0
A) AX 0 Matrix samne Mathematics
A)Cass
and Band A) which is and B
= b,y by
Equations
= has B+ is =
whereB, t bematix order
has 0, no 0 consistent c,2 caled is Border nof
n
linear = and such
infiniel theysoluthetion then the given byand d, l; by
ouickStudyNotes 211

ChapterS Continuity and Differentiability

ContinuOus Function At x = ,
Areal valued function f is said to be continuous, Right hand derivative,
t# is continuous at every point in the domain
RF' (a) = hlim0 f(a+ h) - f(o)
off.
ofa Function at a Point
2.Continuity
and left hand derivative,
Suppose, f is a real valued function on a subset Lf' (a) = lim f(a- h) - f(a)
real numbers and let c be a point in the -h
of the
domain of f
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = o, if
f is continuous at X = C, if
Then, RF'Ca) Lf'(a). Otherwise, f(x) is not
lim f(x) =f(c), differentiable at x = a.
i.e. # flc) = lim,ct f(x) = X ’limc f(x), then
t(y) is continuous at x = c. 6. Differentiation
The process of finding derivative of a function is
Otherwise, f(x) is discontinuous at x = c.
Note Graphically, a function f(x) is soid to be called the differentiation.
continuous at a point, if the graph of the function 7. Derivatives of Some Standard Functions
has no break either on the left or on the right in
the neighbourhood of a point.
() (constant) = 0
3.Some Basic Continuous Function d
d (x") = nx-!
() Every constant function is continuous. ()
dx
) Every identity function is continuous. d
Cii) (cx") = Cn x=!, where c is a constant.
(ii) Every rational function is always continuous. dx
d
() Every polynomial function is continuous. (sin x) =cos X
d
() Modulus function f(x) =|x|is continuous.
d
(cos x) = - sin x
(w) Alltrigonometric functions are continuous in dx
their domain.
d
(vi) (tan x) = sec' x
4. Algebra of Continuous Function Theorem dy
Let fand a be two real functions continuous at d
(vi) (cos ec x) = - cos ec x cot x
a real number c, then dx
) (f+ a) is d
continuous at x = C. (vi)
dx
(sec x) = sec x tan X
) (f- is cotinuous at x = C. d
(i) fo is (cot x) =- cosec x
f
continuous at x = C. dx
is continuous at x = c provided (e*) = ex
dx
that, g(x) + 0. (Ki)
d
(a) = a log, a, a > 0
. dx
Differentiability
Areal
valued
or Derivability
(xi) d (log, x) =!
or function
f is said to be derivable dx
let differentiable at
hand and right
x = c in its domain, if its
hand derivatives at x = C (xii).
d
(log, x)= a >), a # |
exist and are dx x log, a
equal.
212 i Succeed
Mathematics Cass
8. Algebra of Derivatives II, Derivative of a Function
(u t v) =
du dv Another Function with Respect
to
dx dx dx Let y = f(x) and 2 = gx)
(sum and difference rule] functions, we firstly differentiate be two
d with respect to x separately and both given
(ii)
d
dx
(uv) = u
dx
(v) + v
dx
(u)
(product rule]
values in the following formulae then put
dy dy / dx dz de / dx these
functions
d dz dz / dx
(u) -u dx (v) dy dy / dx
Ci) dx
12, Differentiation of
v2 Logarithmic Function
lquotient rule] Suppose, given function is of the form
where, u and v are functions of x. luCx)jv(*), where uCx)
and v(x) are
9. Derivatives of lmplicit Functions functions x. In such cases, we take logarith
of
on both sides and use
Let f(x,y) = 0 be an inmplicit function of x. properties of logarithm t
simplify it and then differentiate it.
Then, to find dy we first differentiate both
dx I3. Differentiation of Parametric Functions
sides of equation w.r.t. x and then take all
If x = t) and y = v(t), then dy dyl dt
terms involving dy on LHS and remaining terms dx
dx dxl dt
On RHS to get required value. 14. Differentiation of Infinite Series
I0, Derivatives of lnverse Trigonometric When the value of s is given as an infinite
Functions series, then the process to find the derivatives
d of such infinite series is called differentiation of
) (sin x) = -l <x <l infinite series. In this case, we use the fact
dx
that if one term is deleted from an infinite
d -) series, it remains unaffected to replace all terms
(i) (cos x) = -l<x<I except first term by y. Thus, we convert it into
dx
a finite series or function. Then, we differentiate
d
it to find the required value.
(i) (tan-' x) =
dx |+ x2 IS. Second Order Derivative
Let y = f(x) be given function, then
(cot- x) = 9 = f(x) is called the first derivative of yor
dx dx

() (sec x) = f(x) and ddy is called the second order

dx dx dx
derivative of y w.r.t. x and it is denoted by i
(wi) (cos ec 'x) = , Ix|> 1
dx
or y or Y2
Quick Study Notes 213

chapter 6 Application of Derivatives

The rate of change of y with respect to x at point Here, value f(c) is called the local maximum
dy value off.
x = X, is given by dx or f (x,).
ii) poit c is called apoint of local minima, if there
is ah>0 such that f(c) f(x), Vx in
. Suppose y = f(t) and x = 9(t). Then, rate of (c - h, c+ h). Here, value f(c) is called the
change of y with respect to x is given by local minimum value of f.
dy
dy/dt dx
provided 3. Critical Point
dx dx/dt dt

dy dy dt A point c in the domain of a function f at

or
dt dx which either f'Cc) = 0 or f is not
dx
differentiable, is called a critical point off. If f
LIncreasing and Decreasing Functions is continuous at c and f (c) = 0, then there
) Inereasing functions Let Ibe an open intenval exists h >0such that f is differentiable in the
contained in the domain ofa real valued interval (c - h, c + h).
function f. Then, fis said to be 4. First Derivative Test
(a) increasing on l, if x, < X, Let f be a function defined on an open interval I
and let f be continuous at a critical point c in I.
(b) strictly increasing on I, if x, < X2 Then,
’f(x,)< f(x,), Vx,, x, eI (i) if f(x) changes sign from positive to negative
(i) Decreasing functions Let Ibe an open interval as x increases through point c, then c is a point
contained in the domain of a real valued of local maxima.
functionf. Then, fis said to be
(a) decreasing on l, if x, < X (i) if f'(x) changes sign from negative to positive
as x increases through point c, then c is a point
of local minima.
(b) strictly decreasing on , if x, < x, (iii) if f'(x) does not change sign as x increases
f(x,) > f(x, ), Vx,, x, e I through , then c is neither a point of local
maxima nor apoint of local minima, lnfact,
Theorem Let f be continuous on la, b] and such apoint is called point of inflection.
differentiable on (a, b).
IF f (x)>0 for each xe (a, b), then f(x) S. Second Derivative Test
is said to be increasing ìn La, b] and strictly Let f be a function defined on an interval I and
increasing in (a, b). cE I. Let f be twice differentiable at c, then
If f (x) <0 for each xe (a, b), then f(x) ) x = c is a point of local maxima, if f'(c) = 0
is said to be decreasing in la, b] and and f"c) <0. The value f(c) is local
strictly decreasing in (a, b). maximum value of f,
" If f(x) = 0 for each x e (a, b), then f is
said to be a constant function in la, b]. (ü) x = cis a point of local minima, f f'(c) = 0
and f"Cc) > 0. Then, the value f(c) is local
Note A monotonic function f in an inteval Imeans minimum value of f,
that f is either increasing in l or decreasing in I. (ii) if f'(c) = 0and f"(c) = 0, then the test fails.
2, Maxima and 6. Absolte Maxima and Absolute Minima
Let f be
Minima
a real valued function and c be an Let f be a continuous function on a, b] and c
interior point in the domain of f. Then, be a point in la, b] such that f' (c) =0. Then,
point cis called alocal maxima, if there is a find f(a), f(b) and f(c). The maxinmum of
h >0such that flc)> f(x), x in these values gives a maxima or absolute maxima
and minimum of these values qives a minima or
(c - h, c + h). absolute minima.
 iSucceed
214
Mathematics Cas c

Chapter 7 lntegrals
= seC X +C
I. Indefinite lntegral x /x -
Let F(x) and f(x) be two functions
connected together, such that dx = - cosec x +r
d
dx
-[F(«)]
= f(x), then F(x) is called
integral of f(x) or indefinite itegral or
anti-derivotive. Thus, f(x) dx =F(x) +C 3.Properties of lndefinite lntegral
() The process of differentiation and
where, C is an arbitrary constant.
2. Some Standard Formulae
inverse of each other.

ie.
d
[P(«) de =f(%) and integration are
n +|
+ C, n -| (rx) dx = f(x) + where, Cis any arbito
cOnstant.
() (dk =x+C
dx = log |x| + C, x 0 Ci) (k f() dk =k[f(*) dk
() in general, i t,, t., , are functions and
k,, ky,ky are numbers,then
+,a> 0, a #|
log, a
(vi)sin xdx = - cos x+ C =k,íf(«) de +k, [f,(«) dk +
(vi) cosx dx = sinx + C
where, Cis the constant of integration,
(vi) tan x dx = logl sec x| +C
(x) cot xdx = logl sin x| +C 4. Integration by Substitution
() sec xdx = logl sec x+ tanx | +C The method of reducing a given integral into one
= logl tan (r/4 + x/2)| + C of the standard integrals by a proper
substitution is called method of substitution, To
(ai) cosecx dx = logl cosec x - cot x + C evaluate an integral of the type
= log/ tan(x/2) + [flglx)3 g' (x) dx, we substitute g(x) = t, s0
that o'(x) dx = dt
(xi) sec'x dx = ton x +C
Some Standard Substitutions
(xii) cosec x dx = -cot x + C
Expression Substitution
(xiv) sec x tan xdx = sec x+C
I. a'-x² or va?- x2 X= 0Sin 0 or a cos 9
(n)cosec x- cotx dx = - cosec x+ C
X= atan or a cot 0
2. a² + x² or va?+ x?
dx =sin'x+c
3. y2- o² or y?2 X= 0 sec 0 or a cosec 8

la + x la - x X = a cOs 2
dx = - cos x+C a- X a+ x
&,
S X = acos9+ Bsin
dx VB- x B> a
=ton' x +C
6 la - x X = a sin 0 or x = 0
Va-x X cos 0
dx =- cot'x+c 7. la + x X = a tan A
or
Vatx x = a cot 0
quickStudyNotes 215

of Some Particular Functions Integral

S.lntegrals
Substitution
dx dx (a) Divide numerator and
a + b sin x
2a lo9 |X + a
denominator by cos x
dx
a cosx + b in y
(b) Reduce secy
a t x dx denominotor as |+ ton' x
dx and
2a log a- x
+C
(asin x + b cos x)2 (c) Put tan x = t and proceed
dx for perfect square
dx tan
-) X +C a+ b sin x + c cos x

dx
dx = sin+c + b) px + 9 Put px t q = t
a

dx + bx + c) px +4
-a?)
log l x+ x - a?/ +c dx
Put px + q= t
(px + q)ax + bx + c)
dx
log x + +a + C dx Put x = and then put
+ a + b
Ja2+ bt = u

2
log | x
7. Integration by Partial Fractions
+yx² -a'|+c Suppose, given integral is of the form dx,
+a2 +: log l x where p(x) and qx) are polynomials in x and
2
x) * 0.
+/x² +a?l+c Then, to solve such integrals by partial fraction,
we firstly take the given integrand p(x) and
express it as the sum of partial fractions and
Sin then integrate each term by using suitable
2 method.
6. Some Standard ltegrals and Substitutions
for them S.No.
Form off the rational Form of the partial
function fraction
Integral Substitution px t q A B
dx | - tan2 X +
(xt a) (x t b) Xt a xt b
Put cos X = 2 then
I+ tan2 px t q A B
2.
put tan
(x t a)2 (xt a) («t a)2
2
dy
2tan +
0tbsin x Put sin x = then
px t qx t r (x t a) (x t b)
|+ ton2 3.
2
(x t a) (x t b) (x t c)
put tan = t (xt c)
2
d
A
a sìn x Put a = rcos 0 and b =r sin 0 +
+ b px t qx t r
cos X (xt a) (xt b)
where, r= 4.
and 9 = tan
(x t a) (x + b)2 C

(x t b)2
216 i Succeed

S.No.
Form of the rational Form of the partial
f() dx = g(b)- g(a),
Mathematics C as n
functlon Araction

A
+
B where f(x) is derivative of ax) a
px x t r (x t a) (xt a)? lower and upper limits of a and b oro
(x t a)' (x t b) C
I. Fundamental Theorem of definite integral
(«t b)
() Let f be a continuous function Integral Calculus
2
px t Qx t r (xt a)
A B

(x t a)2
defintheed onare
closed interval [a, b] and Ax) be the
(xt a)3 function, ie. A(x) = f) de.
Then, A'(x) = f(x), Vx e [a, b]
A Bx + C (ü) Let f be a continuous function
(x t a) closed interval [a, b] and F be an defined
on
anti- the
(xt a) (r t bx t c) where, x t bx tc
cannot be factorised
of f.

Then,|"f(x) dx =[F())
-derivative
further. F(b) - F(o)
8. Integration by Parts 12. Properties of Definite lntegrals
Let u and v be two differentiable functions of a
single variable x, then the integral of the
product of two functions is
dx
If two functions are of different types, then (i) C) dx a F(x) de +[f(x) ds, where
consider the Ist function (i.e. u) which comes a<c <b.
first in word ILATE, where b
Inverse trigonometric function e.g. sinx (w) ) du =FCa + b-x) dx
L: Logarithmic function e.g. log x
: Algebraic function e.g. I, x, x*
T
Trigonometric function e.9. sin x, cos x ()(x) dx = [Fa -x) dk
E
Exponential function e.g. e
9. Integral of the type
e*[f(x) + f'(x)] dx
If the given integrand is of the form
e[f(x) + f'Cx)], then we can directly write |2[ F(x) du, if f(2a-x) = f(x)
the integral
[e[f(x) + fCx)] dx = ef(x) + C 0, if f(2a - x)= - f(x)
10. Definite lntegral
An integral of the form [ f(x) dx is known |2, )dk, if f(-x) =f), i.e. even
as definite integral and is given by if f(- x) = -f(%), i.e. odd
QuickStudyNotes 217

Chapter Application of lntegrals

If the curve y = f(x) lies above X-axis, then Ci) If the curve s = f(x) lies below the X-axis,
he area bounded by the curve y= f(x), the then area bounded by the curve y = f(x),
X-axis andthe lines at x= a and x= b, is given X-axis and the lines at x = a and x = b, is
by . y dx. given by y dx

-B
X = a X = b

X= b X'
X' L dx M

y= f()

() f the curve x = y) lies to right of Y-axis,

then the area bounded by the curve x = fy),
the Y-axis and the lines at y = cand y = d, is (v) Generally, it may happen that some position of
the cuve is above X-axis and some is below the
given by x dy. X-axis which is shown in the figure. The area A
bounded by the curve y = f(x) X-axis and the
lines atx = a and x = b, is given by
y =d
B A = lA,l + A,
y
dy x = fly) A
x = b
X=
y=c
’X
X

y A2

Chapter 9 Differential Equations

. Differential Equation 4. Degree of a Differential Equatio
An equation involving independent variable(s), The highest power (positive integral index) of
dependent variable and derivative(s) of the highest order derivative involved in
dependent variable with respect to independent differential eguation, when it is written as a
variable(s), is called differential equation. polynomial in derivatives, is called degree of a
2.Ordinary Differential Equation differential equation.
A differential eçuation involving Note () Order and degree (if defined) of a
derivative or
derivatives of the dependent variable differential equation are always positive integers.
with (ii) The order of a differential equation
respect to only one independent variable is representing a family of curves is sane as the
called an ordinars differential equation. number of arbitrary constants present in the
equation.
5.Order ofaDifferential
The order of the Equation S. Solution of aDDifferential Equation
highest order derivative of
ependent variable with respect to independent A function of the form y= )(x) + C, which
vartable occurrino in the differential equation, is satisfies given differential equation, is called the
Called the order of solution of the differential equation.
differential equation.
218 iSucceed

6. General Solution of aDifferential Equation differential equation

Mathematics Cas
of
A solution of a differential equation which dy = F(x,y) the
contains as many arbitrary constants as the dx form
order of the differential equation, is called the is called a homogeneous
differential
qeneral solution or primitive solution of the
differential equation.
F(x, y) is a homogeneous
2ero. function eqofuation, if
7. Particular Solution of a Differential I0, Solution of Homogeneous degre
Differential
Equation Equation
The solution obtined by giving particular values If F(x, y) =g then firstly put
to the arbitrary constants in general solution, is dv
y= vx and
called a particular solution of the differential dy = v+X in given differential
equation.
In other words, the solution free from
dx
then use
dx
variable separable equation and
method to
arbitrary required solution. qet the
constants is called particular solution.
8. Differential Equation in Variable Separable Similarly, if F(x, y) =h then put x =vy
Form and
dy dv in the
= Vt y
dy dy given differential
Suppose first order and first
degree
differential equation, dy = f(x,y), is such that equation.
dx . Linear Differential Equation Afirst order
f(x, y) can be written as g(x) hy). differentisl
equation in which the degree of dependent variable
Then, expressed the given differential equation and its derivative is one and they do not get
as
multiplied together, is called a linear differential
dy = hly) g(x). equation.
dx ..() Type I Adifferential equation of the form
If hCy) 0, then by separating the variables, dy +Pu = Q, where P and Q are
dx constants or
Eq. ) can be written as dy = g(x) dx.
bly) functions of x only, is called linear differential
On integrating both sides, we get the required equation, whose solution is given by
solution of given differential equation. y-(IF) = @- ((F) dx +G, where IF =e[Pá,
9. Homogeneous Differential Equation Type
dx
ll Adifferential equation of the form
+ Px = Q, where P and Q are constants or
A function F(x, y) is said to be homogeneous dy
function of degree n, if functions of y only, is called linear differential
F(x, y) = x" g equation, whose solution is given by
or y"
x-(IF) = Q-(IF) dy + G, where IF =elP9
ouickStudyNotes 219

ChapterlO Vector Algebra

Scalars Note If the initial point of avector is not specified,
then it is called a free vector.
AGuantity
which has magnitude but
scalar
direction, is called a S. Position Vector
2.Vectors Let Obe any point called the origin of reference
quantity which has magnitude as well as or say simply origin and a point P in spoce,
A having coordinates (x,y, 2) W.r.t. origin
direction, is called a vector.
OC0,0, 0) then vector OP (= r) having 0 and P
Magnitude of aVector as its initial and terminal point respectively, is
The lenoth of the vector AB or ß is called called the position vector of the point P w.r.t. O.
the magnitude of AB or a and it is
2

represented by PC, y, z)
| AB | or | d l.
# =xi + yj + 2 k, then
OC0, 0, 0)
|al= x + y' + 22. X

Note Since, the length is never negative, so the The magnitude of OP or is given by
notation |a|<0has no meaning.

4. Types off Vectors

() Zero or Null Vector A vector whose maqnitude
is zero or whose initial and terminal points 6. Addition of Vectors
coincide, is called a null vector or zero vector. ) Triangle Law of Vector Addition If two vectors
(i) Unit Vector A vector whose magnitude is one are represented along two sides of a triangle
unit. The unit vector in the direction of a is taken in order, then their resultant is
represented by û. The unit vectors along X-axis, represented by the third side taken in opposite
Y-axis and 2-axis are represented by i,j and k, direction i.e. in AABC, by triangle law of vector
respectively. additio, we have AB + BC = AC
(Gi) Coinitial Vectors Two or more vectors
havin9
the same initial point are called coinitial vectors.
() Collinear or Parallel Vectors The vectors which
have samne or parallel support are called collinear
vectors. A

WEqual Vectors Two vectors are equal, if (ii) Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition If two
have same maqnitude and direction. they
vectors are represented along the two adjacent
W Negative of a Vector A vector sides ofa parallelogram, then their resultant is
whose
Same as that of aiven vector but themagnitude
direction
represented by the diagonal of the parallelogram,
IS opposite, is called which is coinitial with the given vectors. If the
negative vector of the given sides OA and 0C of parallelogram OABC
vector. e.g. Let AB be avector, then AB or represets OA and oC, respectively, then we
BA is a negative vector. get
Coplanar Vectors Asystem of vectors is said to OA + OC = 0B or OA + AB = OB
Coplanar, if theuare parallel to the same
plane. 6: AB =oc]
 i Succeed
220

C
Then, (a,, a,a 3) and (
MathematicssCas
b,, b )
called direction ratios of a and
respectively.
(i) The sum (or resultant) of the
Note We can say that the two laws of vectors is given by vectors å and b
addition are eçuivalent to each other.
d + b = (a, +b,)i + (a,
7. Properties of Vector Addition +(a , +b)k
+b,))
) For any two vectors a and b, a + b= b+d (ii) The difference of the vectors a and
bis
lcommutative law) by
d-b =(a, -b,)i + (a, given
() For any three vectors d, b and + (a , -b,)k -b,)i
a +(b+c) = (ß +b)+ lassociative law]
Cii) The vectors a and b are equal f
(ii) For any vector a, we have d + 0 = Þ + = d. a, =b, a, =b 2 and a 3 =b
The zero vector0 is called the additive identity (iv) The multiplication of vector a by any
for the vector addition, given by Scalar ,is
8. Muttiplication of a Vector by Scalar Ad = (ha,)i + (ha 22i+ (ha ,)i
Let a be a given vector and be a scalar. Then, b2
the product of the vector d by the scalar 2, () If =k (constant).
denoted by ha, is called the multiplication of
vector a by the scalar Then, vectors and b will be colinear.
9. Properties of Mutiplication of a Vector by a (vi) If it is given that l, m and n are direction
cosines of a vector, then
Scalar
Let a and b be any two vectors and k and m + m + n k = (cos ) i + (cos B)i +
be any scalars. Then, (cos Y)k
(i) k a+ m ß = (k+m) a is the unit vector in the direction of that vector,
() k(a+ b) = ka+ k b where a, Band y are the angles which the vector
makes with X, Y and 2-axes, respectively.
Cii) kCm a) = ( km) d
12. Vector Joining Two Points
10. Components of a Vector If P, (x,, 9,,2,) and P, (x,9,,2z are o
If a = a,i t a , j t a ,k, then we can say two points on the plane, then vector joiming o
that the scalar components of a along X-axis, P, and P, is
Y-axis and 2-axis are and
respectively. P,P, =OP, - OP,
M. Important Resuts in Component Form =(x 2 -)4
If a and b are any two vectors given in the (x, -x,)i+ (y, -4,)je}
component form as I3. Section Formulae vectors
d =a,i + a,jt a ,k Let Aand B be two points with position which
point
and b = b,i +b, j +b , k. d and b, respectively and P be a m n.
divides AB internally in the ratio
DuickStudyNotes 221

vector of P
mb +n a (v) (a +b). (a - b) =o' - b',where aond b
Then,position
represent the magnitude of vectors d and b.
Pdivides AB externally in the ratio m: .
() (ad).h = x(d. b)
mb- ná
Thel, position vector
of p
Note If a, Band y are the direction angles of vector
d - a,i+ a,j+a,k, then its DC's is given
as

Mate fR is the mid-point of AB, then OR COS O = cos B = cos Y =

2

Product
wScalaror bot I7. Projection of a Vector
oMd b be the two non-zero vectors
Let a and b be two vectors represented by
wrlined at an angle . Then, the scalar product OA and OB respectively and let 0be the angle
or dot product of a and b is represented by
made by a with directed line l in the
and it defined as
anti-clocwise direction.
h=la||b| cos 0, where 0se<I. A

KImportant Results Based on Scalar Product

ondi-j =j-k= k.i=0 B B

Then, the projection of OA on the line l is OB.
(G) fO =0, then d- b =| ||B|
which is given by | OA | cos and the direction
He = ,then a- b= -là||B| of b, called projection vector, being the same
(or opposite) to that of the line l, depending
( The angle between two non-2ero vectors á and upon whether cos 0 is positive or negative.
bis given by
Note b =| 0A | cos 0-b=|d| cos b
COs =
:.Projection of don b= and projection

a.b of bon d=
9 = cos

18, Cross or Vector Product

Let 0 be the angle between two non-zero
KProperties of Scalar Product vectors a and b, then the vector or cross
0b= b.å lcommutative] product of a and b is represented by á xb
and defined as d xb= |àl |b| sin ',
)
7.=12=a' where, arepresents
Imagnitude of vector a.
where, n is a unit vector perpendicular to the
plane of a and b.
 i Succeed
222

jxi= -
Maathematics Cas
19. Properties of Cross Product
)(ax ) = - (b xa) Lnot commutative ]
(vi) fd = a,i + a,j+ a 3 k and
(i) d x (b + ) = dx b + d xd b=b,i+ b,j+ bk, then
[distributive property]
Ci) ACax b) - (a a) x b =ax (a b) åx b =a,
b
20. Important Resuts Based on Cross Product
0 Aunit vector perpendicular to both a and b is (vi) Area of a parallelogram with sides and
(ax b) =|dx bl
given by ñ =
(vi) Area of a parallelogram with diagonals and d,
(ix) Area of a AABC =
2
|AB x Ac|
2
|B x BAI
=
CB × CA |
2

Chapter I Three Dimensional Geometry

I. Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios ofa 2. Direction Cosines and Dìrection Ratios of a
Line
If a line makes angles a, B and Y with X-axis,
Line Passing Through Two Points
The direction cosines and direction ratios of the
Y-axis and 2-axis, respectively, then l = cos O,
m =cos B and n = cOS Y are called the line passing through the points P(x,, 4,,2,) ond
direction cosines of the line. are respectively given by
The relation between direction cosines of a line 92
is, + m? + n =l. PQ PQ PQ
Numbers proportional to the direction cosines of and (x, - X,, 9, -92, - 2,
a line are called the direction ratios of the line.
where,
If a, b and c are the direction ratios of a line,
then
ta
PQ =(x, -x)? + (y, -4,) +(2,-}
=

3. Line
/a? +b? +c?
tb A line or straight line is a curve such that al
pointsof
a2 + b' +c points on the line segment joining two
it lies on it.
uniquely,
H line in space can be determined
tc
and
+ b + c2 () its direction and the coordinates of a point on
Note For any line, direction cosines are unigue but are knoWn.
direction ratios are not unique.
) it passes through two given points.
JuickStudyNotes 223

Eguation ofa Line In vector form Shortest distance between the

4 skew-lines = a, + b, and
) point andofparallel
Eguation aline passing through a given
pa to a given vector P= a, +b, is given by
Vector Eguation The equation of a line through
a given
point A with position vector d and I(d, -a,) - Cb, x b,)|
parallelto a given vector b is given by SD =

= a + àb, where is ascalor. |b, x b,|

The shortest distance between the parallel lines
Cortesian Equation The equation of a line
pOSsing through a point ACx,, y,, 2,)and having 7= å, + 2 b and ?= d, +ub is given by
direction ratios a, b and c is
X- X y- 9, SD =
b x (d, - d,)
C |b|
If), m and n are the direction cosines of the In cartesian form The shortest distance
line, then equation of the line is between the lines
X
y-9, X

m n
b,
6) Eguotion of aline passing through two given
points
Vector EGuation The vector equation of a line y 92 2- 22
passing through two points with position vectors
and is by
a and b is given by X
C2
y2 22 2)
7= ß + à(b - ),
a
where is a scalar. SD= C2
Cartesian Eguation The equation of a line - b, c,) +(G, a,2 -C a,)2
passing through two points A(x,,y,, 2,) and
B(x, Y2, 2,) is +
(a, b,
2 -2
X2 - x, 92 2, -2 7. Angle between Two Lines
S,Skew-lines
Vector form cos =
Lines which are neither parallel nor intersecting
are called as skew-lines.
Cartesian form
6. Shortest Distance between Two
Skew-Lines a,a, t b, b, t ,2
Ihe shortest distance between two skew-lines is cos =
length of line-segment perpendicular to both
the lines.
224 i Succeed
Mathematics Cas
Chapter l2 Linear Programming
1. Linear Programming Problem (LPP) (vi) Bounded and Unbounded
Regions A
A linear progranmming problem is one that is
concerned with finding the optimal value
region of a system of linear
be bounded, if it can be inequal
enclosed itiesfe asi
isble
within asaid to
Otherwise, it is said to be
(maximum or minimum value) of a linear
function (called objective function) of several (vii) Feasible and lnfeasible
unbounded region,circle
to the given linear Solutionsproblem
Any
variables (say x and y called decision variables),
subject to the cOnstraints that the variables are
programming
also satisfies the non-negative solution
the problem is calleda feasible restrictionswhiofch
non-negative and satisfy a set of linear
inequalities (called linear constraints). Any point outside the feasible
solution,
region is
2. Mathematical Form of LPP
infeasible solution. called an
The general mathematical form of a linear (vi) Optimal Solution Afeasible solution at
iswhicalchled
the objective function has optimal value
programming problem may be written as the optinmal solution of the
linear
Maximise or Minimise 2 = CX + c,9
subject to constraints are a,x + b,y s d,,
o,x + b,y s d,, etc. and non-negative
problem.
(ix) Optimisation Technique The process of
programming
restrictions are x > 0,y 0. obtaining the optimal solution is called
optimisation technique.
3. Some Terms Related to LPP
)
4. Important Theorems
Constraints The linear inequations or )
inequalities or restrictions on the variables of a Theorem ILet R be the feasible region (convey
linear programming problem are called polygon) for a linear programming problem and
constraints. The conditions x >0, y >0 are 2 = ax + by be the objective function,
called non-negative restrictions. When 2 has an optimal value (maximum or
(i) Optimisation Problem Aproblem which seeks minimum), where the variables x and yare
to maximise or minimise a linear function subject to constraints described by linear
subject to certain constraints determined by a inequalities, this optimal value must occur at o
set of linear inequalities is called an optimisation corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
problem. Linear programming problems are (A corner point of a feasible region is a point of
special type of optimisation problems. intersection of two boundary lines in the regjon).
(i) Objective Function Alinear function of two or (ii) Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a
more variables which has to be maximised or inear programming problem and 2 = ax +by be
minimised under the given restrictions in the the objective function. If R is bounded, then the
form of linear inequations or linear constraints is objective function 2 has both a maximum and a
called the objective function.The variables used minimum value on R and each of these occurs ot
in the objective function are called decision a corner point (vertex) of R.
variables. Note Maximun or minimum value of the objective

(iv) Optimal Values The maximum or minimum tunction may or mau not exist, if the feasible
value of an objective function is known as its region is unbounded.
optimal value.
S. Graphical Method of Solving LPP
() Feasible and lnfeasible Regions The common The following steps are given below:
region determined by all the constraints Iinear
feasible region of the
including non-negative constraints x, y >0of a Stepl Find the determine t5
linear progranming problem is called the programming problem and either by
feasible region or solution region. Each point in corner points (vertices) equatins
the two
this region represents a feasible choice. The inspection or by solving that point.
region other than feasible region is called an of the lines intersecting at
infeasible region.
cuickStudyNotes 225

Evaluate thhe objective function (a) M is the maximum value of 2, if the open
Step II 2=ax + by at each corner point. Let M haif plane determined by ax+ by > M has
no point in coMmon with the feasible
and m respectively denote the largest and region. Otherwise, 2 has no maximum value.
smallest values of these points.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if
mWhen the feasible region is bounded, M the open half plane determined by
Step Ond n are the maximum and minimum ax + by < m has no point in common with
values of 2. the feasible region. Otherwise, 2 has no

Step
V When the feasible region is unbounded, then minimum value.

Chapter 3 Probability
Definitions (iv) Equally Likely Evet The given events are said
LSome Basic to be equally likely, if none of them is expected
produce
() Experiment An operation which can to occur in preference to the other.
ne wel|-defined outcomes, is called an
experiment. (v) Murtually Exclusive Event A set of events is
said to be mutually exclusive, if the happening of
:) Random Experiment An experiment in which
one excludes the happening of the other, i.e. if A
total outcomes are known in advance but
occurence of specific outcome can be told onlu and B are mutually exclusive, then
after completion of the experiment, is known as (AO B) =
arandom experiment. (vi) Exhaustive Event A set of events is said to be
exhaustive, if the perfornmance of the experiment
(i) Outcomes A possible result of a random
experiment is called its outcomes. always results in the occurrence of atleast one
(v) Sample Space The set of all possible outcomes of them. If E,, E,,... , E, are exhaustive events,
then E, UE, U...UE, = S.
of a random experiment is called its sample
space. lt is usually denoted båS. (vii)Complement of an Event Let A be an event in
(w) Trial When a random experiment is repeated asample space S, then complement of A is the
under identical conditions and it does not give set of all sample points of the space other than
the same result each time but may result in any the sample point in Aand it is denoted by A' or
one of the several possible outcomes, then such A,
experiment is calledatrial and outcomes are ie. A' = fn n e S, n A
called cases.
2,Event 4. Probability of an Event
Asubset of the sample space associated with In a random experiment, let S be the sample
a random experiment is called an event. space and E be the event. Then,
3. Types of Events P(E) Number of outcomes favourable to E
) Impossible and Sure Events The empty set Total number of all possible outcomes
and the sample space S describe events (as S n(E)
and are also subset of S).The empty set is n( S)
called an impossible event and whole sample
space S is called the sure event. () IfE is an event and S is the sample space, then
0) Simple Event If an event has only one sample (a) 0< P(E) < I
point of a sample space, then it is called a
simple or elementary event. (b) P(o) = 0
) Compound Event If an event has more than one (c) P(S) =|
Sample point, then it is called a compound event. (ii) P (E) =| P (E)
 226
than one coin, then coins
consists 0t
more are
event
S. Coin tail If on
sides, head Qnd
A coin
has two otherwise stated.
distinct, if not
cOnsidered as
coin= CH, T?
) Sample space of one (T, H), (H,H), (T, T)
of two coins = ((H, T),
(H,T, H), (T, H, H),
(H,T, T), (7,H, T), (T,T, H), (T, T, T)})
(i) Sample space H, H) CH.H,T),
(H,
of three coins =
(iDSample space
then oll
have more than one die, dice are
6. Die 3. 4. S and
6, If we
faces marked I. 2,
A die has sixdistinct, if not otherwise stated.
considered as
die = I, 2, 3, 4, S, 63 S), (4, 6)
) Sample space ofa (I, 3), (I, 4), (,
(, ),(1, 2), 4), (2, S), (2, 6)
(2, 3), (2,
|(2, ), (2, 2),
2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, S), (3, 6)
|(3,1), (3,
(i) Sample space of two
dice =
(9, 2),(9, 3), (4, 4),(4, S), (4, 6)
(4, 1),
2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, S), (5, 6)
J(S, 1),(S,
1),(6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4),(6, S), (6, 6)
|(6, Cards

7. Playing Cards
playing cards has S2 cards. There are 4 suits Colours
A pack of and club, each having 13
namely spade, heart, diamond diamond) Black
colours, red heart and Red
cards. There are two 26
each having 26 cards.
and black (spade and club), are 3 face cards namely
there
ln 13 cards of each suit, there Spade
are in all 12 face cards. Diamond Club

king, queen and jack, so cards, 4 of each suit namely

Heart
3 13
Also, there are l6 honour
13

ace, kin9, queen and jack.

Probability
8.Important Resuts on
) Addition Theorem of Probability
P(A) + P(B)P(AO B)
(a) Fortwo events Aand B, P (AU B) =
excusive events, then P (AU B) = P(A) + P(B)
IfA and B are mutually P (A B) = 0]
Lfor mutuallyexclusive,
(b) For three events A, Bandc, P (A BUC) = P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - P (An B)
- P(B oc)-P (Anc) + P (AnBOC)
C) P(A) + P(B) + PÇCJ
IfA, B and Care mutually exclusive events, then P (A UBU
for mutually exclusive events,
P(Cn
P(A O B) = P(BnO =
BoO=0
= PCA O
ouckStudyNotes 227

IfA and B
are twO events associated to n. Mutiplication Theorem of Probability
experinment,then Let Aand B are two events associated with a
arandom
) P (A O B) = P(B) -P (A o B) random experiment, the
B) = PCA) - P (An B)
P(A). P(B/A), where PA) 0
(b) P (A PCANB) = P(B) . P(A/B), where P(B) 0
) PLA O B) U(A n B)] = P(A)
P(B)- 2P (A n B)
12. Multiplication Theorem for More than Two
+

)P CA OB) =l- P(A UB) Events

(o) PCAU B) =|-P (A OB) Let E, F and G be three events of somple
B)
() PCA) = P (AnB) + P (A o space S, then
G
(o) P(B) = P(An B) +t P(B A) PCEn Fn G) =P(E)-
PPE
(exactly one of A, B occurs)
P(A) + P(B) 2P(An B) I3. Independent Events
Two events A and B are said to be independent,
= P(A U B) - P(A O B) if the occurrence or non-occurrence of
one event
affect the OcCurrence
(b) P (neither A nor B) = PAn B) does not
non-occurrence of another event.
=- P(A UB) Two events E and F are said to be independent,
A.) EA, Band Care three events, then
P(F/E) = P(F, P(E) # 0,
P (exactly one of A, B, C occurs)CA o B) and P(E/F) = P(E), P(F) * 0.
= PCA) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P
- 2P (B O C)- 2P (A n c) Note If E and F are independent events, then
P(E O F) = P(E) .P (F).
+ 3P(A nBo c)
14. Theorem of Total Probability
() (a) P(A) =l- PCA) Let S be the sample space and E,, E, Eg
(b) PCA UA) = P(S), P(¢) = 0 ..., E be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive
events associated with a random experiment.
. ConditionalProbability event which Occurs with
If E is any
Let E and F be two events associated with a
random experiment. E,, E,, Eg,., Eg:
Then, probability of occurrence of event E, when Then,
the event F has already occurred, is called P(E) = P(E,). P(E IE,) +P(E,). P(E /E,)
conditional probability of event E Over F and is P(E,). P(E/E,) + ... +P(En). P(E /E,)
denoted by P(E / F).
P(E /F) = PCE n F) where P(F) + 0.
or
P(E) = P(E,).P E,
P(F)
I0. Properties of Conditional Probability IS. Baye's Theorem
Let A,B and C be the events of a sample space Let S be the sample space and E,, E2,xi, En
S. Then, be n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events
associated with a random experiment. If A is
) P(S/A) = P(A/A) = I any event which occurs with E,, E,,.., E,n, then
) PCAUB)/C3 =PCA/C)+ P(B/C) probability of occurrence of E,, when A occurred,
-P{(AnB)/C3; PC) 0 PCE,)P(A/E,)
i) P(A'/B) =|- PCA/B), where A' is P(E,IA) ;i=1, 2,. .. , n
complement of A. gPCE,) PCAIE,)